List of sovereign states in 1990

Sovereign states by year
List of sovereign states in 1989	Events of 1990	List of sovereign states in 1991

Internationally recognized sovereign states

A

• Afghanistan - Republic of Afghanistan, UN member State
• Albania – People's Socialist Republic of Albania, UN member State
•  Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, UN member State
•  Andorra – Principality of Andorra
• Angola – People's Republic of Angola, UN member State
•  Antigua and Barbuda – UN member State
•  Argentina – Argentine Republic, UN member State
•  Australia – Commonwealth of Australia, UN member State
•  Austria – Republic of Austria, UN member State

B

•  The Bahamas – Commonwealth of the Bahamas, UN member State
• Bahrain – State of Bahrain, UN member State
•  Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh, UN member State
•  Barbados – UN member State
•  Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium, UN member State
•  Belize – UN member State

 Benin

• People's Republic of Benin (to 1 March), UN member State
• Republic of Benin (from 1 March), UN member State
•  Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan, UN member State
•  Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia, UN member State
•  Bophuthatswana – Republic of Bophuthatswana (nominally independent South African bantustan)
•  Botswana – Republic of Botswana, UN member State
•  Bougainville – Republic of Bougainville (de facto independent state, from 17 May)
•  Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil, UN member State
•  Brunei – State of Brunei, Abode of Peace, UN member State

 Bulgaria

• People's Republic of Bulgaria (to 15 November), UN member State
• Republic of Bulgaria (from 15 November), UN member State
•  Burkina Faso - UN member State

Burma Myanmar

•  Burundi - Republic of Burundi, UN member State
•  Byelorussia – Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, UN member State (Republic within the Soviet Union)

C

Cambodia Kampuchea

• Cambodia, State of (partially recognized de facto independent state)
•  Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon, UN member State
•  Canada – UN member State
•  Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde, UN member state
•  Central African Republic, UN member State
•  Chad – Republic of Chad, UN member State
•  Chile – Republic of Chile, UN member State
•  China, People's Republic of – UN member State
•  China, Republic of (partially recognized de facto independent state)
•  Ciskei – Republic of Ciskei (nominally independent South African bantustan)
•  Colombia – Republic of Colombia, UN member State
•  Comoros - Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, UN member State
• Congo - People's Republic of Congo, UN member State

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Zaire

•  Cook Islands (A state in free association with New Zealand)
•  Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica, UN member State

Côte d'Ivoire Ivory Coast

•  Cuba – Republic of Cuba, UN member State
•  Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus, UN member State

 Czechoslovakia

• Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (to 29 March)
• Czechoslovak Federative Republic (from 29 March to 20 April)
• Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (from 23 April)

D

•  Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark, UN member State
•  Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti, UN member State
•  Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica, UN member State
•  Dominican Republic, UN member State

E

•  Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador, UN member State
•  Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt, UN member State
•  El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador, UN member State
•  Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea, UN member State
•  Ethiopia - People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, UN member State

F

 Fiji

• Republic of Fiji (to 25 July), UN member State
• Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji (from 25 July), UN member State
•  Finland – Republic of Finland, UN member State
•  France – French Republic, UN member State

G

•  Gabon – Gabonese Republic, UN member State
•  The Gambia – Republic of the Gambia, UN member State
•  East Germany – German Democratic Republic (to 3 October)
• West Germany - Federal Republic of Germany (to 3 October)
•  Germany - Federal Republic of Germany (from 3 October)
•  Ghana – Republic of Ghana, UN member State
•  Greece – Hellenic Republic, UN member State
•  Grenada - UN member State
•  Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala, UN member State
•  Guinea – Republic of Guinea, UN member State
•  Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau, UN member State
•  Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana, UN member State

H

•  Haiti – Republic of Haiti, UN member State

Holy See Vatican City

•  Honduras – Republic of Honduras, UN member State
•  Hungary – Republic of Hungary, UN member State

I

•  Iceland – Republic of Iceland, UN member State
•  India – Republic of India, UN member State
•  Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia, UN member State
•  Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran, UN member State
• Iraq - Republic of Iraq, UN member State
•  Ireland – Republic of Ireland, UN member State
•  Israel – State of Israel, UN member State (wasn't recognized by 21 UN member States)
•  Italy – Italian Republic, UN member State
•  Ivory Coast – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, UN member State

J

•  Jamaica - UN member State
•  Japan - UN member State
•  Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, UN member State

K

Democratic Kampuchea / Cambodia

• Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (to 3 February), UN member State
• National Government of Cambodia (from 3 February), UN member State
•  Kenya – Republic of Kenya, UN member State
•  Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati
• North Korea – Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Permanent observer at UN (wasn't recognized by 4 UN member States)
• South Korea – Republic of Korea, Permanent observer at UN (wasn't recognized by 3 UN member States at greatest extent)
•  Kuwait – State of Kuwait (to 8 August), UN member State

L

•  Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic, UN member State
•  Lebanon – Lebanese Republic, UN member State
•  Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho, UN member State
•  Liberia – Republic of Liberia, UN member State
• Libya – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, UN member State
•  Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein, UN member State from 18 September
•  Lithuania - Republic of Lithuania (from 11 March, de facto independent state)
•  Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, UN member State

M

• Madagascar - Democratic Republic of Madagascar, UN member State
•  Malawi – Republic of Malawi, UN member state
•  Malaysia - UN member State
•  Maldives – Republic of Maldives, UN member State
•  Mali – Republic of Mali, UN member State
•  Malta – Republic of Malta, UN member State
•  Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands (A state under Compact of Free Association with the United States)
•  Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania, UN member State
• Mauritius - UN member State
•  Federated States of Micronesia (A state under Compact of Free Association with the United States)
•  Mexico – United Mexican States, UN member State
• Mindanao – Federal Republic of Mindanao (de facto independent state from 4 October to 6 October)
•  Monaco – Principality of Monaco, Permanent observer at the UN
•  Mongolia – Mongolian People's Republic, UN member State
•  Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco, UN member State

 Mozambique

• People's Republic of Mozambique (to 30 November), UN member State
• Republic of Mozambique (from 30 November), UN member State
• Myanmar – Union of Myanmar, UN member State

N

•  Namibia – Republic of Namibia (from 21 March), UN member State
•  Nauru – Republic of Nauru, UN member State
• Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal, UN member State
•  Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands, UN member State
•  New Zealand - UN member State
•  Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua, UN member State
•  Niger – Republic of Niger, UN member State
•  Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria, UN member State
•  Niue (A state in free association with New Zealand)
•  Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (partially recognized de facto independent state)
•  Norway – Kingdom of Norway, UN member State

O

•  Oman – Sultanate of Oman, UN member State

P

•  Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan, UN member state
•  Palestine - State of Palestine (Disputed region consisting of three occupied territories: the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem)
•  Panama – Republic of Panama, UN member State
•  Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea, UN member State
•  Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay, UN member State
•  Peru – Republic of Peru, UN member State
•  Philippines – Republic of the Philippines, UN member State
•  Poland – Republic of Poland, UN member State
•  Portugal – Portuguese Republic, UN member state

Q

•  Qatar – State of Qatar, UN member State

R

•  Romania – UN member State
•  Russia - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (from 12 June, de facto independent sovereign state, Republic within the Soviet Union)
•  Rwanda – Rwandese Republic, UN member state

S

•  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Partially recognized de facto independent state)
•  Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, UN member State
• Saint Lucia, UN member State
•  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, UN member State

Samoa Western Samoa

•  San Marino – Republic of San Marino
•  São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, UN member State
•  Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, UN member State
•  Senegal – Republic of Senegal, UN member State
•  Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles, UN member State
•  Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone, UN member State
•  Singapore – Republic of Singapore, UN member State
•  Solomon Islands - UN member State
• Somalia - Somali Democratic Republic, UN member State
•  South Africa – Republic of South Africa, UN member State
•  Soviet Union – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, UN member State
•  Spain – Kingdom of Spain, UN member State
•  Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, UN member State
•  Sudan – Republic of the Sudan, UN member State
•  Suriname – Republic of Suriname, UN member State
•  Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland, UN member State
•  Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden, UN member State
•   Switzerland – Swiss Confederation, Permanent observer at UN
•  Syria – Syrian Arab Republic, UN member State

T

Taiwan China, Republic of

•  Tamil Eelam (unrecognized de facto self-governing entity)
•  Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania, UN member State
•  Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand, UN member State
•  Togo – Togolese Republic, UN member State
•  Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga, UN member State
•  Transkei – Republic of Transkei (nominally independent South African bantustan)
•  Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, UN member State
•  Tunisia – Tunisian Republic, UN member State
•  Turkey – Republic of Turkey, UN member State
• Tuvalu

U

•  Uganda – Republic of Uganda, UN member State
•  Ukraine – Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, UN member State (Republic within the Soviet Union)
•  United Arab Emirates - UN member State
•  United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UN member State
•  United States – United States of America, UN member State
•  Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay, UN member State

USSR Soviet Union

V

•  Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu, UN member State
•   Vatican City – Vatican City State, Permanent observer at UN
•  Venda – Republic of Venda (nominally independent South African bantustan)
•  Venezuela – Republic of Venezuela, UN member State
•  Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam, UN member State

W

•  Western Samoa - Independent State of Western Samoa, UN member State

Y

•  Yemen – Republic of Yemen (from 22 May), UN member State
•  North Yemen – Yemen Arab Republic (to 22 May), UN member State
•  South Yemen - People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (to 22 May), UN member State
•  Yugoslavia – Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, UN member State

Z

•  Zaire - Republic of Zaire, UN member State
• Zambia - Republic of Zambia, UN member State
•  Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe, UN member State

Non-sovereign territories

Australia

• Ashmore and Cartier Islands - The Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Uninhabited external territory)
• Australian Antarctic Territory (Uninhabited external territory)
•  Christmas Island - The Territory of Christmas Island (External territory)
•  Cocos (Keeling) Islands - The Territory of the Cocos Islands (External territory)
• Coral Sea Islands - The Coral Sea Islands Territory (Uninhabited external territory)
• Heard Island and McDonald Islands – Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Uninhabited external territory)
•  Norfolk Island – Territory of Norfolk Island (External territory)

Denmark

•  Faroe Islands (Constituent country)
•  Greenland (Constituent country)

Finland

• Åland (Neutral and demilitarised region)

France

•  French Polynesia (Overseas territory), with Clipperton Island
•  French Southern and Antarctic Lands - The Territory of French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Overseas territory)
•  Mayotte (Overseas territory)
• New Caledonia (Overseas territory)
•  Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Overseas territory)
• Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean (Overseas territory), consisting of five uninhabited possessions:
  • Bassas da India (Disputed by Madagascar)
  • Europa Island (Disputed by Madagascar)
  • Glorioso Islands (Disputed by Madagascar, Comoros and the Seychelles)
  • Juan de Nova Island (Disputed by Madagascar)
  • Tromelin Island (Disputed by Mauritius and the Seychelles)
•  Wallis and Futuna - The Territory of the Wallis and Futuna (Overseas territory)

Greece

•  Mount Athos (Autonomous monastic state)

Netherlands

•  Aruba (Autonomous country)
•  Netherlands Antilles (Autonomous country)

New Zealand

• Ross Dependency (Suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
•  Tokelau

Norway

• Bouvet Island
• Peter I Island (Suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
• Queen Maud Land (Suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)

Portugal

• Macau (Chinese territory administered by Portugal)

United Kingdom

• Akrotiri and Dhekelia - Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Dependent territory)
•  Anguilla (Dependent territory)
•  Bermuda (Dependent territory)
•  British Antarctic Territory (Dependent territory suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
•  British Indian Ocean Territory (Dependent territory disputed by Mauritius and the Seychelles)
•  British Virgin Islands (Dependent territory)
•  Cayman Islands (Dependent territory)
•  Falkland Islands (Dependent territory disputed by Argentina)
•  Gibraltar (Dependent territory)
•  Hong Kong (Dependent territory)
•  Montserrat (Dependent territory)
•  Pitcairn Islands (Dependent territory)
•  Saint Helena (Dependent territory), with two dependencies:
  •  Ascension Island
  •  Tristan da Cunha
• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Dependent territory disputed by Argentina)
•  Turks and Caicos Islands (Dependent territory)
•  Guernsey - The Bailiwick of Guersney (Crown depedency), with three dependencies:
  •  Alderney
  •  Sark
  •  Herm
•  Isle of Man (Crown depedency)
•  Jersey - The Bailiwick of Jersey (Crown depedency)

United States

•  American Samoa (Insular area including Swains Island, disputed by Tokelau)
•  Guam (Insular area)
•  Northern Mariana Islands - The Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (Insular area)
• Puerto Rico - The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Insular area)
•  United States Virgin Islands - Virgin Islands of the United States (Insular area)
• Baker Island (Uninhabited unincorporated territory)
• Howland Island (Uninhabited unincorporated territory)
• Jarvis Island (Uninhabited unincorporated territory)
• Johnston Atoll (Uninhabited unincorporated territory)
• Kingman Reef (Uninhabited unincorporated territory)
• Midway Atoll (Uninhabited unincorporated territory)
• Navassa Island (Uninhabited unincorporated territory claimed by Haiti)
• Wake Island (Uninhabited unincorporated territory claimed by the Marshall Islands)
•  Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, consisting of one territory
  •  Palau

Other states

•  Antarctica as a whole had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these had reciprocally recognised one another's claims.^[1] These claims, which were regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.^[2]
•  Estonia was administered as a part of the Soviet Union, but its annexation was not widely recognized. A government in exile claimed independence for Estonia, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
•  Latvia was administered as a part of the Soviet Union, but its annexation was not widely recognized. A government in exile claimed independence for Latvia, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
•  Lithuania was administered as a part of the Soviet Union until this year, but its annexation was not widely recognized. A government in exile claimed independence for Lithuania, but aside from its embassies in the West it controlled no territory.
• The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was an entity claiming sovereignty. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome.^[3] The order's Constitution stated: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions." ^[4] Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population..
• West Berlin was a political enclave that was closely aligned with – but not actually a part of – West Germany. It consisted of three occupied sectors administered by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. West Berlin was incorporated into the reunified Germany on 3 October.

References