Differential pulse voltammetry

Differential Pulse Voltammetry, DPV, (or Differential Pulse Polarography, DPP) is often used to make electrochemical measurements. It can be considered as a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry or staircase voltammetry, with a series of regular voltage pulses superimposed on the potential linear sweep or stairsteps. The current is measured immediately before each potential change, and the current difference is plotted as a function of potential. By sampling the current just before the potential is changed, the effect of the charging current can be decreased.

By contrast, in normal pulse voltammetry the current resulting from a series of ever larger potential pulses is compared with the current at a constant 'baseline' voltage. Another type of pulse voltammetry is squarewave voltammetry, which can be considered a special type of differential pulse voltammetry in which equal time is spent at the potential of the ramped baseline and potential of the superimposed pulse.

Electrochemical Cell Set-Up

The system of this measurement is usually the same as that of standard voltammetry. The potential between the working electrode and the reference electrode is changed as a pulse from an initial potential to an interlevel potential and remains at the interlevel potential for about 5 to 100 milliseconds; then it changes to the final potential, which is different from the initial potential. The pulse is repeated, changing the final potential, and a constant difference is kept between the initial and the interlevel potential. The value of the current between the working electrode and auxiliary electrode before and after the pulse are sampled and their differences are plotted versus potential

Uses

These measurements can be used to study the redox properties of extremely small amounts of chemicals because of the following two features:

(1) In these measurements, the effect of the charging current can be minimized, so high sensitivity is achieved.

(2) Only faradaic current is extracted, so electrode reactions can be analyzed more precisely.

Characteristics

Differential pulse voltammetry has these characteristics:

(1) Reversible reactions show symmetrical peaks, and irreversible reactions show asymmetrical peaks.

(2) The peak potential is equal to E_1/2^r-ΔE in reversible reactions, and the peak current is proportional to the concentration.

(3) The detection limit is about 10⁻⁸ M.

External links

Electroanalytical methods

Techniques	Adsorptive stripping voltammetry Amperometric titration Anodic stripping voltammetry Bulk electrolysis Cathodic stripping voltammetry Chronoamperometry Coulometry Cyclic voltammetry Differential pulse voltammetry Electrogravimetry Hydrodynamic technique Linear sweep voltammetry Normal pulse voltammetry Polarography Potentiometry Rotated electrode voltammetry Squarewave voltammetry Staircase voltammetry Voltammetry

Instrumentation	Amperostat Auxiliary electrode Dropping mercury electrode Electrode Electrolytic cell Galvanic cell Hanging mercury drop electrode Ion selective electrode Mercury coulometer pH meter Potentiostat Reference electrode Rotating disk electrode Rotating ring-disk electrode Salt bridge Saturated calomel electrode Silver chloride electrode Standard hydrogen electrode Ultramicroelectrode Voltameter Working electrode

Theory	Activity coefficient Butler–Volmer equation Cell notation Cottrell equation Debye–Hückel equation Double layer Faraday's laws of electrolysis Half-reaction Ionic strength Nernst equation

Analytical Chemistry

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Differential pulse voltammetry

Electrochemical Cell Set-Up

Uses

Characteristics

See also

External links