Science and technology in Romania

On May 14, 1981 Romania became the 11th country in the world to have an astronaut in space. That astronaut, Dumitru Prunariu is today's president of Romanian Space Agency.

Countries whose citizens have flown in space as of 2006

Henri Coandă was a Romanian inventor and pioneer of aviation. He discovered the Coanda effect of fluidics.

George Emil Palade is a Romanian-born cell biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974[1] for his study of internal organization of such cell structures as mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and for the discovery of the ribosomes.[2] He also won the National Medal of Science in 1986.

George Constantinescu created the theory of sonics, while Lazăr Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and also invented the modern method of refining crude oil.

Several mathematicians distinguished themselves as well, among them: Acad. Gheorghe Țițeica, Spiru Haret, Acad. Grigore Moisil (multi-valued logics), Acad. Miron Nicolescu, Acad. Nicolae Popescu (category theory applications to rings and modules, and number theory; Popesco-Gabriel Theorem), George Georgescu (Łukasiewicz logic algebras in categories), Florin Boca (quantum groups and C*-algebras), Liliana Elena Popescu (category theory and computing/modelling theory), Madalina Buneci (groupoid and double groupoid representations) and Ştefan Odobleja; the latter is also regarded as the ideological father behind cybernetics.

Atomic Dichotomy- a new phenomenon discovered by Romanian quantum theoretician, Professor Mihai Gavrilă . The wave function of atomic hydrogen in a high frequency, ultra-high intensity laser field, represented in a plane passing through the symmetry axis of the laser field; α0 = I1/2ω−2, where I is the laser field intensity, and ω is its frequency in atomic units.

Notable Romanian physicists and inventors also include: Horia Hulubei in atomic physics, Șerban Țițeica in theoretical physics, especially thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, Mihai Gavrilă in quantum theory,[3][4][5][6][7] Alexandru Proca known for the first meson theory of nuclear forces and Proca's equations of the vectorial mesonic field,[8][9] formulated independently of the pion theory of Nobel laureate Hideki Yukawa (who predicted the existence of the pion in 1947), Ştefan Procopiu known for the first theory of the magnetic moment of the electron in 1911 (now known as the Bohr-Procopiu magneton), Theodor V. Ionescu- the inventor of a multiple-cavity magnetron in 1935, a hydrogen maser in 1947, 3D imaging for cinema/television in 1924, quantum emission in hot plasmas and hot deuterium plasma beams for controlled nuclear fusion in 1969,[10] Ionel Solomon known for the nuclear magnetic resonance theory in solids in 1955, Solomon equations,[11][12] solid state physics,[13] semiconductors in 1979,[14][15] and photovoltaics since 1988,[16] Mircea Sabău[17][18] and Florentina I. Mosora known for their contributions to Nuclear Medicine, Petrache Poenaru, Nicolae Teclu and Victor Toma, with the latter known for the invention and construction of the first Romanian computer, the CIFA-1 in 1955.[19] At the beginning of the second millennium, there was a boom in Romania in the number of computer programmers. Romania is reported to be among the countries with the highest number of computer programmers in the world.[20] Some examples of successful software include RAV (Romanian AntiVirus) which was bought in 2003 by Microsoft for use in their development of Windows Defender;[21] or BitDefender which is considered the number one antivirus software and internet security software at TopTenReviews.[22]

Aviation

Main article: Aviation in Romania
Traian Vuia 2

On March 18, 1906 Traian Vuia said he achieved a short hop at a height of about 1 foot. His flight was performed in Montesson near Paris and was about 12 meters long.[23]

Henri Coandă exhibited the non-flying Coanda-1910 at the Second International Aeronautical Exhibition in Paris around October 1910, and built his first flying aircraft in 1911. He discovered the Coanda effect of fluidics.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ George E. Palade - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 at Nobelprize.org
  2. ↑ Nicole Kresge, Robert D. Simoni, and Robert L. Hill George Emil Palade: How Sucrose and Electron Microscopy Led to the Birth of Cell Biology J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 22, 19, June 3, 2005
  3. ↑ Mihai Gavrila: Relativistic K-Shell Photoeffect, Physical Review, 113 (2), 514–526 (1959)
  4. ↑ James McEnnan și M. Gavrila: Radiative corrections to the atomic photoeffect, Physical Review A, 15 (4), 1537–1556 (1977)
  5. ↑ A. Costescu și M. Gavrila: Compton scattering by L-shell electrons, Revue Roumaine de Physique, 18 (4), 493–521 (1973). M. Gavrila și M.N. Țugulea: Compton scattering by L-shell electrons. II, Revue Roumaine de Physique, 20 (3), 209–230 (1975)
  6. ↑ V. Florescu și M. Gavrila: Elastic scattering of photons by K-shell electrons at high energies, Physical Review A, 14 (1), 211–235 (1976).
  7. ↑ Viorica Florescu și Mihai Gavrila: Extreme-relativistic Compton scattering by K-shell electrons, Physical Review A, 68 (5), 052709:1–17 (2003)
  8. ↑ Alexandru Proca. "On the relativistic theory of Dirac's electron" PhD thesis defended by Alexandru Proca under Nobel laureate Louis de Broglie at the Sorbonne University
  9. ↑ Brown, Laurie M.; Rechenberg, Helmut (1996), The origin of the concept of nuclear forces, CRC Press, p. 185, ISBN 978-0-7503-0373-6
  10. ↑ Th.V.Ionescu et al. (1969). "Les oscillations ioniques dans les cathodes creuses dans un champ magnetique.", transmise par M. Louis Neel, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris, 270: 1321-1324
  11. ↑ I. Solomon. Relaxation Processes in a system of Two spins. Phys. Rev. 99, 559 (1955)
  12. ↑ http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.99.559 doi:10.1103/PhysRev.99.559
  13. ↑ http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i2/p559_1 Phys. Rev. 99, 559–565 (1955) Relaxation Processes in a System of Two Spins
  14. ↑ I. Solomon. "Amorphous Semiconductors", In "Topics in Applied Physics", Ed. Springer Verlag, Berlin (1979)
  15. ↑ I. Solomon, M.P. Schmidt, H. Tran Quoc. Selective low-power plasma decomposition of silane-methane mixtures for the preparation of methylated amorphous silicon. Phys. Rev. B ,38: 9895 (1988)
  16. ↑ I. Solomon, B. Drevillon, H. Shirai, N. Layadi. Plasma deposition of microcrystalline silicon: the selective etching model., J. Non-crystalline Solids, 164-166, p. 989 (1993)
  17. ↑ http://www.glascomun.info/?p=2116 George Roca. In Memoriam: Prof. Dr. Mircea Sabău. Glas Comun-Revistă Cultural-creștină, Iulie 31, 2009
  18. ↑ http://www.public.asu.edu/~gzl747/nl-may99.html AMERICAN ROMANIAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Newsletter, vol. 10: 1, May 1999
  19. ↑ Victor Toma- "Tatăl calculatoarelor din țările socialiste". România liberă, July 13, 2007
  20. ↑ Townsend, Eileen (2002), Global IT IQ Report (PDF), Brainbench, Inc.
  21. ↑ Microsoft to Acquire Antivirus Technology From GeCAD Software
  22. ↑ 2008 Internet Security Suite Report
  23. ↑ Traian I. Vuia at earlyaviators.com
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