Kilo-class submarine
Russian Black Sea Fleet's B-265 Krasnodar Improved Kilo-class submarine on the eve of Submariner Day. | |
Class overview | |
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Builders: |
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Operators: | |
Preceded by: | Tango class |
Succeeded by: | Lada class |
In commission: | December 1980 |
Building: | 3 |
Completed: | 62 |
Active: | 53 |
Retired: | 2 |
General characteristics | |
Displacement: |
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Length: | 70.0–74.0 m (229 ft 8 in–242 ft 9 in) |
Beam: | 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in) |
Draft: | 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) |
Installed power: | Diesel-electric |
Propulsion: |
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Speed: |
|
Range: |
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Endurance: | 45 days |
Test depth: |
|
Complement: | 52 |
Armament: |
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The Kilo class is the NATO reporting name for a naval diesel-electric submarine that is made in Russia. The original version of the vessels were designated Project 877 Paltus (Halibut) in Soviet Union. There is also a more advanced version, designated as Improved Kilo-class submarine in the West, and Project 636 Varshavyanka in Russia.
Role
These attack submarines are mainly intended for anti-shipping and anti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (with NATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).
Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Arfa also upgraded to MG-519EM. The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.
Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.[1] These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the sub may be detected by passive sonar.[2]
Future
The Kilo class was to have been succeeded by the Lada class. In November 2011, the Russian Navy announced that the Lada class will not enter service because trials with the lead boat of the new class, Sankt Peterburg (B-585) had shown major deficiencies. Construction of two further boats was suspended.[3]
On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines will resume, having undergone design changes.[4]
Variants
One Kilo-class submarine, B-871, was equipped with pump-jet propulsion.[5][6]
The version Kilo 636MV (exported to Vietnam) contains a GE2-01 radar and an improved MGK 400E sonar. In this version, the submarine is also able to operate in more weather conditions than the original Kilo-class submarines.[7]
Operators
The first submarine entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today. As of September 2011, 17 vessels were believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy, while 7 vessels were thought to be in reserve.[8] 36 vessels have been exported to several countries:
- Algeria : 2 Original Kilo (Project 877), 4 Improved Kilo (Project 636).[9][10][11][12][13][14]
- People's Republic of China : 2 Original Kilo (Project 877), 10 Improved Kilo (Project 636).[15][16][17]
- India : 10 Original Kilo (Project 877), 1 sustained major casualty;[18][19] – Designated as the Sindhughosh class
- Poland : 1 Original Kilo (Project 877) – ORP Orzeł.[20]
- Iran : 3 Original Kilo (Project 877).[21]
- Romania : 1 Original Kilo (Project 877) – Delfinul.[22]
- Russia : 22 Original Kilo (Project 877),[23] 4 Improved Kilo (Project 636), 2 Improved Kilo (Project 636) on order[24] + 6 Improved Kilo (636.3) for Pacific fleet to be delivered 2019-2021.[25][26][27]
- Vietnam : 5 Improved Kilo (Project 636), 1 Improved Kilo (Project 636) on order.[28][29]
Possible operators
- The government of Venezuela expressed interest in buying 3 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines[30]
- The government of Indonesia in 2007-2008 planned to acquire at least 2 Kilo-class submarines. In October 2013, the ministry of defence of Indonesia reported the possibility of a grant from the Russian government involving up to ten ex-Russian navy Kilo-class submarines. Army General Moeldoko, Indonesian Armed Forces chief of staff, announced that a team will be sent to Russia last month to inspect the condition of future submarines.[31]
Specifications
There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three variants of the ship.[18]
- Displacement:
- 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
- 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
- Dimensions:
- Length: 70–74 meters
- Beam: 9.9 meters
- Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
- Maximum speed
- 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
- 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
- Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5,900 shp (4,400 kW)
- Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
- Endurance
- 400 nautical miles (700 km) at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
- 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 7 knots (13 km/h) snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
- 45 days sea endurance
- Armament
- Air defence: 8 Strela-3 or 8 Igla-1, but after sea trial it has been rejected by the navy.
- Six 533 mm torpedo tubes with 18 53-65 ASuW or TEST 71/76 ASW torpedoes or VA-111 Shkval supercavitating "underwater missiles", or 24 DM-1 mines,
- Kalibr-PL (export name Club-S) anti-ship, anti-submarine and land attack cruise missile
- Crew: 52
- Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid approx. US$1.5-2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)
Gallery
- Russian Kilo-class submarine Vologda
- An Algerian Kilo-class submarine
- A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
- ORP Orzeł, the control room of an 877E class submarine
- The Iranian Kilo-class submarine Yunes, during delivery in 1995.
Project 877 units
Operator | # | Name | Shipyard | Project | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fleet | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russia | B-248 | x | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 16 March 1980 | 12 September 1980 | 31 December 1980 | in reserve | |
Russia | B-260 | Chita | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 22 February 1981 | 23 August 1981 | 30 December 1981 | PF | active as of 2010 |
Russia | B-227 | Vyborg | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 23 February 1982 | 16 September 1982 | 23 February 1983 | BF | active |
Russia | B-229 | x | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 23 February 1983 | 15 July 1983 | 30 October 1983 | in reserve | |
Russia | B-404 | x | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 7 May 1983 | 24 September 1983 | 30 December 1983 | in reserve | |
Russia | B-401 | Novosibirsk | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877 | 6 October 1982 | 15 March 1984 | 30 September 1984 | NF | active as of 2010 |
Russia | B-402 | Vologda | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877 | 24 August 1983 | 29 September 1984 | 30 December 1984 | NF | active as of 2010 |
Russia | B-405 | (ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets) | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 20 April 1984 | 21 September 1984 | 30 December 1984 | decommissioned and sold for scrap in 2007 | |
Poland | 291 (ex-B-351) | Orzeł | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877E | 1984 | 1985 | 1985 | active as of 2010 | |
Romania | 581 (ex-B-801) | Delfinul | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877E | 1984 | 1985 | 1985 | unknown (in reserve from 1995) | |
India | S55 | Sindhughosh | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 29 May 1983 | 29 July 1985 | 25 November 1985 | active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2002–2005 | |
Russia | B-470 | x | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 6 May 1985 | 27 August 1985 | 30 December 1985 | decommissioned and sold for scrap in 2007 | |
Russia | B-806 | x | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877EKM | 15 October 1984 | 30 April 1986 | 25 September 1986 | BF | active as of 2009, status in 2010 unknown |
India | S56 | Sindhudhvaj | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 1 April 1986 | 27 July 1986 | 25 November 1986 | active as of 2010 | |
Algeria | 012 | Rais Hadj Mubarek | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877EKM | 1985 | 1986 | 29 November 1986 | Upgraded in 2010, able to launch Klub missiles | |
Russia | B-439 | x | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 4 April 1986 | 31 July 1986 | 30 December 1986 | in reserve | |
India | S57 | Sindhuraj | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877EKM | 1986 | 1987 | 2 September 1987 | active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001 | |
Algeria | 013 | El Hadj Slimane | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877EKM | 1986 | 1987 | 25 November 1987 | Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Klub missiles | |
India | S58 | Sindhuvir | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 15 May 1987 | 13 September 1987 | 25 December 1987 | active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999 | |
Russia | B-445 | Svyatoi Nikolai Chudotvorets | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 21 March 1987 | 26 September 1987 | 30 January 1988 | PF | unknown (in reserve from 2007 or active) |
India | S59 | Sindhuratna | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877EKM | 1987 | 1988 | 14 August 1988 | active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003 | |
India | S60 | Sindhukesari | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 20 April 1988 | 16 August 1988 | 29 October 1988 | active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001 | |
Russia | B-808 | Yaroslavl | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877 | 29 September 1986 | 30 July 1988 | 27 December 1988 | NF | active as of 2010 |
Russia | B-394 | x | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 15 April 1988 | 3 September 1988 | 30 December 1988 | PF | unknown (in reserve from 2007 or active) |
Russia | B-800 | Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets) | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877LPMB | 5 March 1987 | 7 May 1989 | 30 September 1989 | NF | refit as of 2012(refit finished), active |
India | S61 | Sindhukirti | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 5 April 1989 | 26 August 1989 | 30 October 1989 | in modernization to project 08773 from 2007 | |
Russia | B-464 | Ust'-Kamchatsk | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 26 May 1989 | 23 September 1989 | 30 January 1990 | PF | in reserve from 2007 |
Russia | B-459 | Vladikavkaz | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877 | 25 February 1988 | 29 April 1990 | 30 September 1990 | NF | refitted in 2011-2015, active |
India | S62 | Sindhuvijay | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 6 April 1990 | 27 July 1990 | 27 October 1990 | active as of 2010, modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007 | |
Russia | B-871 | Alrosa | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877V | 17 May 1988 | September 1989 | 30 December 1990 | BSF | active as of 2010 |
Russia | B-471 | Magnitogorsk | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877 | 26 October 1988 | 22 September 1990 | 30 December 1990 | NF | active as of 2010 |
Russia | B-494 | Ust'-Bolsheretsk | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 5 May 1990 | 4 October 1990 | 30 December 1990 | PF | unknown (in reserve from 2008 or active) |
Iran | 901 | Tareg | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 5 April 1991 | 25 September 1991 | 25 December 1991 | active as of 2012[32] Upgraded in Iran shipyard[33] | |
Russia | B-187 | x | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 7 May 1991 | 5 October 1991 | 30 December 1991 | PF | in reserve from 2007 |
Russia | B-177 | Lipetsk | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877 | 3 November 1989 | 27 July 1991 | 30 December 1991 | NF | active as of 2010 |
Russia | B-190 | Krasnokamensk | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 8 May 1992 | 25 September 1992 | 30 December 1992 | PF | active as of 2010 |
Iran | 902 | Noor | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 30 April 1992 | 16 October 1992 | 31 December 1992 | unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard) | |
Russia | B-345 | Mogocha | Komsomolsk-on-Amur | 877 | 22 April 1993 | 6 October 1993 | 22 January 1994 | PF | active as of 2010 |
People's Republic of China | 364 | Yuan Zheng 64 Hao | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877EKM | ??? | 1994 | 10 November 1994 | active as of 2007 | |
People's Republic of China | 365 | Yuan Zheng 65 Hao | Nizhniy Novgorod | 877EKM | ??? | 1995 | 14 August 1995 | active as of 2007 | |
Iran | 903 | Yunes | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 5 February 1992 | 12 July 1994 | 2 September 1996 | active as 2011[34] (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard) | |
India | S63 | Sindhurakshak | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 16 February 1995 | 26 June 1997 | 2 October 1997 | On 29 January 2013, the Sindhurakshak began shipment to India from Severodvinsk, Russia after repairs. On 14 August 2013, there was an explosion and fire on the Sindhurakshak suspected to have occurred from the munitions onboard - killing 3 officers and 15 sailors at the Indian Navy's Dockyard at Mumbai Port. The submarine is reported to have been completely destroyed.[35] | |
India | S65 | Sindhurashtra | Saint Petersburg | 877EKM | 12 December 1998 | 14 October 1999 | 16 May 2000 | active as of 2010 |
Project 636 units
Operator | # | Name | Shipyard | Project | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fleet | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
People's Republic of China | 366 | Yuan Zheng 66 Hao | Saint Petersburg | 636 | 16 July 1996 | 26 April 1997 | 26 August 1997 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 367 | Yuan Zheng 67 Hao | Saint Petersburg | 636 | 28 August 1997 | 18 June 1998 | 25 October 1998 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 368 | Yuan Zheng 68 Hao | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 18 October 2002 | 27 May 2004 | 20 October 2004 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 369 | Yuan Zheng 69 Hao | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 18 October 2002 | 19 August 2004 | 2005 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 370 | Yuan Zheng 70 Hao | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 2004 | May 2005 | 2005 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 371 | Yuan Zheng 71 Hao | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 2004 | 2005 | 2005 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 372 | Yuan Zheng 72 Hao | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 2005 | 2005 | 2006 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 373 | Yuan Zheng 73 Hao | Nizhniy Novgorod | 636M | July 1992 | 8 May 2004 | 5 August 2005 | active as of 2007 | |
People's Republic of China | 374 | Yuan Zheng 74 Hao | Severodvinsk | 636M | 29 May 2003 | 21 May 2005 | 30 December 2005 | active as of 2006 | |
People's Republic of China | 375 | Yuan Zheng 75 Hao | Severodvinsk | 636M | 29 May 2003 | 14 July 2005 | 30 December 2005 | active as of 2006 | |
Algeria | 021 | Messali el Hadj | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 2006 | 20 November 2008 | 28 August 2009 | active | |
Algeria | 022 | Akram Pacha | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 2007 | 9 April 2009 | 29 October 2009 | active | |
Russia | B-261 | Novorossiysk | Saint Petersburg | 636.3 | 20 August 2010[36] | 28 November 2013[37] | 22 August 2014[38][39] | BSF | active |
Russia | B-237 | Rostov-na-Donu | Saint Petersburg | 636.3 | 21 November 2011[40] | 26 June 2014[41] | 30 December 2014 | BSF | active |
Russia | B-262 | Stary Oskol[42] | Saint Petersburg | 636.3 | 17 August 2012[43] | 28 August 2014[44] | 25 June 2015 | BSF | active |
Russia | B-265 | Krasnodar | Saint Petersburg | 636.3 | 20 February 2014 | 25 April 2015[45] | 5 November 2015 | BSF | active |
Russia | B-268 | Veliky Novgorod | Saint Petersburg | 636.3 | 30 October 2014 | 18 March 2016[46] | 25 October 2016[47] | BSF | active |
Russia | B-271 | Kolpino | Saint Petersburg | 636.3 | 30 October 2014 | 31 May 2016[48] | 24 November 2016 | BSF | active |
Vietnam | HQ-182 | Hà Nội | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 25 August 2010 | 28 August 2012[49] | 15 January 2014[50] | active[51][52] | |
Vietnam | HQ-183 | Hồ Chí Minh City | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 28 September 2011 | 28 December 2012 | 4 April 2014 | active[53][54] | |
Vietnam | HQ-184 | Hải Phòng | Saint Petersburg | 636M | August 2013[55] | 2014 | active[56][57] | ||
Vietnam | HQ-185 | Khánh Hoà | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 2013 | 28 March 2014 [58] | July 2015 | active[59] | |
Vietnam | HQ-186 | Đà Nẵng | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 28 December 2014 | 2016 | delivered [60] | ||
Vietnam | HQ-187 | Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu | Saint Petersburg | 636M | 28 May 2014 [61] | 28 September 2015 | pl.2016[50] | launched |
See also
- Amur-class submarine
- S1000 submarine class
- Russian submarine Losharik
- Patrick Robinson – author of the novels Nimitz Class and Kilo Class; both describe hypothetical situations involving Kilo class submarines.
- List of ships of Algeria
Notes
- ↑ Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sonar sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.
- ↑ Kilo-class Submarines
- ↑ "ВМФ отказался от новейших подлодок проекта "Лада"". Izvestia. 23 November 2011.
- ↑ http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20120727/174805860.html
- ↑ "Russian submarine towed to port after engine malfunction | Defense | RIA Novosti". En.rian.ru. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Kilo Class Submarine "ALROSA" :: Black Sea Fleet, Russian Federation". Alrosa.net. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ http://khucquanhanh.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68:so-sanh-kilo-636-cua-viet-nam-636mv-voi-trung-quoc-636mk&catid=15:ky-thuat-quan-su
- ↑ "877 / 636 Kylo class | Russian Military Analysis". Warfare.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "Algeria – Navy". Country-data.com. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "Algeria looking to procure two additional Improved Kilo Project 636M Diesel Submarines from Russia". Navyrecognition.com. 2012-09-24. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ Алжир может закупить российские подводные лодки | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер" (in Russian). Vpk-news.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Наука и техника: Алжир докупит у России две "Варшавянки"". Lenta.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "PDF file" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Алжир заказал Рособоронэкспорту две подводные лодки". KM.RU. 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Kilo Class (Project 636/877EKM) Diesel-Electric Submarine". SinoDefence.com. 23 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM) Attack Submarine". Naval Technology. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ John Pike. "Kilo-class submarine – People's Liberation Army Navy". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- 1 2 "Kilo Class – Project 636". Fas.org. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Polish Navy" (in Polish). Navy.mw.mil.pl. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM) Attack Submarine". Naval Technology. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ Traunreut PsycINFO . "Romanian Naval Forces". Dic.academic.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "877 / 636 Kylo class | Russian Military Analysis". Warfare.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "ВЗГЛЯД / ВМФ России до 2016 года получит шесть дизельных подлодок". Vzglyad.ru. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Названы сроки постройки серии дизельных подлодок для Тихоокеанского флота". lenta.ru. 2016-09-02.
- ↑ https://sputniknews.com/military/20160907/1045054038/russia-shipyard-admiralty.html
- ↑ "Russia dominates Asian market with 28 diesel subs". Rusnavy.com. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "Vietnam receives first Russian-made submarine". xinhuanet.com. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ↑ "Venezuela acquiring Russian submarines". UPI.com. 10 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "Butuh Kapal Selam, TNI Kirim Tim ke Rusia". tempo.co. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
- ↑ "Iran relaunches Russian-made submarine". Fox News. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ 29 Май 2012. "Иран вернул на флот подводную лодку российской постройки". Flot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Иранские подводные лодки отправятся в 90-дневный поход". Flot.com. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "BBC News - Indian submarine hit by explosion at Mumbai port". Bbc.co.uk. 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Submarine Novorossiysk has been laid down at Admiralteyskie Verfi". Rusnavy.com. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "Russia Floats Out 'Stealth' Submarine for Black Sea Fleet | Defense | RIA Novosti". En.ria.ru. 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ http://flotprom.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=170176
- ↑ "Russia's first Varshavyanka-class submarine "Novorossiisk" joined Black Sea Fleet". 18 September 2014.
- ↑ 21 Ноя 2011. "Подводная лодка "Ростов-на-Дону" заложена на Адмиралтейских верфях". Flot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-launches-new-ultra-quiet-submarine-for-black-sea-fleet/502589.html
- ↑ 15 Май 2012. "НАПЛ "Санкт-Петербург" выходит из ремонта". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ 15 Авг 2012. "Подводная лодка "Старый Оскол" для Черноморского флота будет заложена на Адмиралтейских верфях 17 августа". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ http://admship.ru/?p=4957
- ↑ http://www.vz.ru/news/2015/4/25/742151.html
- ↑ "Armaments of improved Kilo-class submarines suit Russian Navy — commander". TASS. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
- ↑ "Fifth Varshavyanka submarine joins Russia's Navy". TASS. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
- ↑ New Russian submarine launched, Richard Tomkins, SpaceWar.com, 31 May 2016, accessed 3 June 2016
- ↑ 28 Авг 2012. "Головная подводная лодка для ВМС Вьетнама спущена на воду". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- 1 2 "Вьетнам получит первую российскую подводную лодку через три года". Flotprom.ru. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ↑ "First Type 636 diesel submarine (SSK) ordered by Vietnam arrived at Cam Ranh base". 2 January 2014.
- ↑ "Vietnam Navy receives 2 Russia-made project 636 Kilo class diesel electric submarines". 6 April 2014.
- ↑ "Vietnam received the second project 636 submarine". 20 March 2014.
- ↑ "Ho Chi Minh City submarine arrived in Cam Ranh". 20 March 2014.
- ↑ Россия поставит Вьетнаму 2 подводные лодки до конца года | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер" (in Russian). Vpk-news.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
- ↑ "Vietnam Navy has taken delivery of 3rd Kilo-class submarine HQ 184 Hải Phòng".
- ↑ "HQ-184 Haiphong Submarine on the Way to Vietnam". 17 December 2014.
- ↑ "The fourth submarine for the Vietnam People's Navy will be launched on March 28th". 22 March 2014.
- ↑ "Tàu ngầm Kilo 185 tiến vào quân cảng Cam Ranh". VNEXPRESS TIN NHANH VIETNAM. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- ↑ "Cá quả mang tên Đà Nẵng (SSK-186) đã về nhà". Đơn vị tác chiến điện tử (Comrade Commissar). Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ↑ "Russia Laid Down the 6th and last Kilo-Class Diesel Electric Submarine for Vietnam". 3 June 2014.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kilo class submarines. |
- SSK Kilo Class (Type 636), Russian Federation(Naval technology)
- SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM), Russian Federation(Naval technology)
- "Kilo class – Project 636". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- "China Defence Today – Kilo Class Diesel-Electric Submarine". SinoDefence.com. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- "Серия 877 Варшавянка". Encyclopedia of Ships (Russian language). Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- "Rubin". Rubin. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- "Kilo Class "Alrosa" Photoalbum: 100 Photos". Russian Black Sea Fleet. Retrieved 5 October 2007.