Nicaraguan general election, 1996

A general election was held in Nicaragua to elect a president and parliament on October 20, 1996.

Presidential election results[1]

Candidate Party/Alliance Votes %
Arnoldo Alemán Liberal Alliance (AL) = Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC) / Independent Liberal Party for National Unity (PLIUN) / Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN) / Neoliberal Party (PALI) 896,207 50.99%
Daniel Ortega Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) 664,909 37.83%
Guillermo Antonio Osorno Molina Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path (PCCN) 71,908 04.09%
Noel José Vidaurre Argüello Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCN) 39,983 02.27%
Benjamin Ramón Lanzas Selva National Project (PRONAL) 9,265 00.53%
Sergio Ramírez Mercado Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS) 7,665 00.44%
Francisco José Mayorga Balladares Bread and Strength Alliance (Pan y Fuerza) = National Action Party (PAN) / Republican Strength 96 Alliance (ASR) 7,102 00.40%
Francisco José Duarte Tapia National Conservative Action (ACN) 6,178 00.35%
Edgar Enrique Quiñónes Tuckler Nicaraguan Resistance Party (PRN) 5,813 00.33%
Andrés Abelino Robles Pérez Nicaraguan Workers, Peasants and Professionals Unity Party (PUNOCP) 5,789 00.33%
Virgilio Abelardo Godoy Reyes Independent Liberal Party (PLI) 5,692 00.32%
Jorge Alberto Díaz Cruz National Justice Party (PJN) 5,582 00.32%
Alejandro Serrano Caldera Unity Alliance (AU) = Social Christian Party (PCS) / Revolutionary Unity Movement (MUR) / Social Democratic Party (PSD) 4,873 00.28%
Elí Altamirano Pérez Communist Party of Nicaragua (PC de N) 4,802 00.27%
Miriam Auxiliadora Argüello Morales Popular Conservative Alliance (APC) 4,632 00.26%
Ausberto Narváez Argüello Liberal Unity Party (PUL) 3,887 00.22%
Alfredo César Aguirre National Opposition Union 96(UNO 96) = National Democratic Party (PND) / Conservative Action Movement (MAC) / Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN) 3,664 00.21%
Allan Antonio Tefel Alba National Renovation Movement (MORENA) 2,641 00.15%
James Odnith Webster Pitts Democratic Action Party (PAD) 1,895 00.11%
Sergio Abilio Mendieta Castillo Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC) 1,653 00.09%
Issa Moises Hassán Morales Renovating Action Movement (MAR) 1,393 00.08%
Gustavo Ernesto Tablada Zelaya Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) 1,352 00.08%
Roberto Urcuyo Muñoz Nicaraguan Democratic Party (PADENIC) 890 00.05%
Total valid votes 1,757,775 100%
Spoilt and invalid votes 91,587 04.95%
Total votes/Turnout 1,849,362 76.39%
Registered voters 2,421,067
Population 4,706,000

Legislative election [2]

Parties and alliances Votes / National % Seats Votes / Departmental % Seats Total seats*
Liberal Alliance (AL) = Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC) / Independent Liberal Party for National Unity (PLIUN) / Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN) / Neoliberal Party (PALI) 789,533 45.97% 09 781,068 45.25% 33 42
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) 626,178 36.46% 08 629,939 36.50% 27 36**
Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path (PCCN) 63,867 03.72% 01 63,986 03.71% 02 04***
National Project (PRONAL) 40,656 02.37% 01 36,417 02.11% 01 02
Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCN) 36,543 02.13% 01 39,153 02.27% 01 03****
Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS) 22,789 01.33% 00 23,554 01.36% 01 01
Nicaraguan Resistance Party (PRN) 21,068 01.23% 00 27,970 01.62% 01 01
Unity Alliance (AU) = Social Christian Party (PCS) / Revolutionary Unity Movement (MUR) / Social Democratic Party (PSD) 14,001 00.82% 00 13,848 00.80% 01 01
Independent Liberal Party (PLI) 12,459 00.73% 00 13,697 00.79% 01 01
National Opposition Union 96 (UNO 96) = National Democratic Party (PND) / Conservative Action Movement (MAC) / Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN) 10,706 00.62% 00 12,720 00.74% 01 01
National Conservative Action (ACN) 9,811 00.57% 00 13,011 00.75% 00 00
National Action Party (PAN) 9,724 00.57% 00 12,016 00.70% 00 00
National Justice Party (PJN) 8,155 00.47% 00 8,527 00.49% 00 00
Liberal Unity Party (PUL) 7,531 00.44% 00 9,893 00.57% 00 00
Popular Conservative Alliance (APC) 6,726 00.39% 00 6,335 00.37% 01 01
Communist Party of Nicaragua (PC de N) 6,360 00.37% 00 6,970 00.40% 00 00
Nicaraguan Workers, Peasants and Professionals Unity Party (PUNOCP) 5,641 00.33% 00 5,067 00.29% 00 00
Democratic Action Party (PAD) 5,272 00.31% 00 6,254 00.36% 00 00
National Renovation Movement (MORENA) 4,988 00.29% 00 3,788 00.22% 00 00
Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) 2,980 00.17% 00 3,228 00.19% 00 00
Central American Integrationist Party (PIAC) 2,834 00.17% 00 2,406 00.14% 00 00
Marxist-Leninist Popular Action Movement (MAP ML) 2,446 00.14% 00 520 00.03% 00 00
Renovating Action Movement (MAR) 2,418 00.14% 00 2,992 00.17% 00 00
Nicaraguan Democratic Alliance (ADN) 1,730 00.10% 00 2,060 00.12% 00 00
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 724 00.04% 00 00
Total valid votes 1,717,416 100% 20 1,726,143 100% 70 93*
Spoilt and invalid votes 113,391 06.19% 113,169 06.15%
Total votes/Turnout 1,830,807 75.62% 1,839,312 75.97%
Registered voters 2,421,067 2,421,067
Population 4,706,000 4,706,000

References

  1. Elections in the Americas : a data handbook / ed. by Dieter Nohlen, Vol. 1. [Oxford] [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. Pp.503.
  2. Elections in the Americas : a data handbook / ed. by Dieter Nohlen, Vol. 1. [Oxford] [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. Pp.497.

Bibliography

Alcántara Sáez, Manuel. Sistemas políticos de América Latina. Madrid: Tecnos. Two volumes. Volume two is “México, América Central y el Caribe.” Largely rewritten and updated second edition. 1999.

Anderson, Leslie and Lawrence C. Dodd. “ Nicaragua votes: the elections of 2001.” Journal of democracy 13, 3:80-93 (July 2002).

Blandón, María Teresa. “The Coalición Nacional de Mujeres: an alliance of left-wing women, right-wing women, and radical feminists in Nicaragua.” Radical women in Latin America: left and right. 2001. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University.

Booth, John A. and Patricia Bayer Richard. “The Nicaraguan elections of October 1996.” Electoral studies 16, 3:386-393 (September 1997).

Booth, John A. “Electoral observation and democratic transition in Nicaragua.” Electoral observation and democratic transitions in Latin America. 1998. La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego.

Booth, John A. and Thomas W. Walker. Understanding Central America. Boulder: Westview Press. Third edition. 1999.

Butler, Judy, David R. Dye, Jack Spence, and George Vickers. La democracia y sus descontentos: los nicaragüenses en la hora de las elecciones. Cambridge: Hemisphere Initiatives, Washington Office on Latin America. Also published in English as Democracy and its discontents: Nicaraguans face the election. 1996.

Chamorro, Carlos F. “Polarización política y elecciones en Nicaragua.” Elecciones y democracia en América Latina 1992-1996: urnas y desencanto político. 1998. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. 1998.

Close, David. Nicaragua : the Chamorro years. Boulder: Lynne Reinner. 1999.

Elections in the Americas A Data Handbook Volume 1. North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Edited by Dieter Nohlen. 2005.

Fiallos Oyanguren, Mariano. “Nicaragua: sistema de elección de los diputados ante la Asamblea Nacional.” Sistemas de elecciones parliamentarias y su relación con la gobernabilidad democrática. 2000. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.

Fisk, Daniel W. The 1998 Nicaraguan Atlantic Coast elections: post-election report. Washington, D.C.: CSIS Americas Program. 1998.

González, Victoria. “Mujeres somocistas: ‘La Pechuga’ y el corazón de la dictadura nicaragüense (1936–1979).” Entre silencios y voces: género e historia en América Central, 1750-1990. 1997. San José: Centro Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Mujer y la Familia.

Hoyt, Katherine. The many faces of Sandinista democracy. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. 1997.

Isbester, Katherine. Still fighting: the Nicaraguan women’s movement, 1977-2000. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2001.

Kampwirth, Karen. Feminism and the legacy of revolution: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2004.

Luciak, Ilja A. “Women in the transition. The revolutionary left, gender equality, and democratization: a comparison of El Salvador and Nicaragua.” Pensamiento propio series 2, 6:207-242 (enero-abril 1998). Spanish edition published separately in this issue.

Luciak, Ilja A. After the revolution: gender and democracy in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Also published as Después de la revolución. San Salvador: UCA Editores). 2001.

McCoy, Jennifer L. and Shelley A. McConnell. “ Nicaragua: beyond the revolution.” Current history 96, 607:75-80 (February 1997).

Metoyer, Cynthia Chavez. Women and the state in post-Sandinista Nicaragua. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 2000.

Millett, Richard L. “ Nicaragua: the politics of frustration.” Latin American politics and development. 2000. Boulder: Westview Press. Fifth edition, fully revised and updated. 2000.

Núñez Vargas, Eduardo. “Nicaragua: elecciones generales, 20 de octubre de 1996.” Boletín electoral latinoamericano 16:37-68 (julio-diciembre 1996).

Ortega Hegg, Manuel. “Participación y democracia en Nicaragua.” Pasos hacia una nueva convivencia: democracia y participación en Centroamérica. 2001. San Salvador: FUNDAUNGO.

Patterson, Henry. “The 1996 elections and Nicaragua’s fragile transition.” Government and opposition 32, 3: 380-398 (summer 1997).

Payne, Douglas W. The 1996 Nicaragua elections: post-election report. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies. 1996.

Political handbook of the world 1996. New York, 1997.

Rios Rocha, Hilda Mercedes and Gloria Esther Tenorio S. “Las mujeres y las elecciones de 1996.” Mujeres, realidad y nuevas perspectivas. 1997. Managua: Instituto de Investigaciones Mujer y Cambio.

Saballos, Marvin. “ Nicaragua 1996: conteo rápido electoral. Educación democrática para una sociedad en transición.” Boletín electoral latinoamericano 17:159-184 (enero-junio 1997).

Traña Galeano, Marcia. Apuntes sobre la historia de Managua. Managua: Aldilá Editor. 2000.

Vargas, Oscar-René. “Resultados de las elecciones en Nicaragua: crisis o un gran acuerdo.” Pensamiento propio series 2, 2:72-92 (septiembre-diciembre 1996).

Vargas, Oscar-René. El Sandinismo: veinte años después. Managua: Centro Nicaragüense de Escritores. 1999.

Walker, Thomas W. “ Nicaragua: transition through revolution.” Repression, resistance, and democratic transition in Central America. 2000. Wilmington: SR Books.

Wheaton, Philip. E. Hope in the midst of chaos: contradictions for peace & reconciliation in Nicaragua. Uppsala: Life and Peace Institute. 2002.

Zub K., Roberto. Protestantismo y participación política en Nicaragua: un análisis de las raíces, characterísticas e influencias de la participación individual y partidaria. Managua: CIEETS, UENIC-MLK. 2002.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/28/2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.