Loop (music)

	Loop example: "Home Base Groove" by Kevin MacLeod (recurring after 22 seconds)
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In electroacoustic music, a loop is a repeating section of sound material. Short sections of material can be repeated to create ostinato patterns. A loop can be created using a wide range of music technologies including digital samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, drum machines, tape machines, delay units, or they can be programmed using computer music software.

Definitions

• "Loops are short sections of tracks (probably between one and four bars in length), which you believe might work being repeated." A loop is not "any sample, but...specifically a small section of sound that's repeated continuously." Contrast with a one-shot sample (Duffell 2005, p. 14).
• "A loop is a sample of a performance that has been edited to repeat seamlessly when the audio file is played end to end" (Hawkins 2004, p. 10).

Origins

While repetition is used in the musics of all cultures, the first musicians to use loops were electroacoustic music pioneers such as Pierre Schaeffer, Halim El-Dabh (Holmes 2008, p. 154), Pierre Henry, Edgard Varèse and Karlheinz Stockhausen (Decroupet and Ungeheuer 1998, pp. 110, 118–19, 126). In turn, El-Dabh's music influenced Frank Zappa's use of tape loops in the mid-1960s (Holmes 2008, pp. 153–54), and Stockhausen's music influenced The Beatles to experiment with tape loops; their use of loops in early psychedelic works (most notably "Tomorrow Never Knows" in 1966 and the avant-garde "Revolution 9" in 1968) brought the technique into the mainstream. The stereo version of The Kinks' 1967 song "Autumn Almanac" (which appears on the 1972 compilation The Kink Kronikles) also features a psychedelic tape loop during the fadeout.

Another approach was the use of pre-recorded loops, exemplified by Yellow Magic Orchestra (Condry 2006, p. 60), who released one of the first albums to feature mostly samples and loops (1981's Technodelic) (Carter 2011), and Grandmaster Flash's turntablism. Producers and artists, both mainstream and underground, often create their own sound loops then incorporate them into songs.

Modern looping

Today, many musicians use digital hardware and software devices to create and modify loops, often in conjunction with various electronic musical effects.

In the early 1990s, dedicated digital devices were invented specifically for use in live looping, i.e. loops that are recorded in front of a live audience.

Many hardware loopers exist, some in rack unit form, but primarily as effect pedals. The discontinued Lexicon JamMan, Gibson Echoplex and Looperlative LP1 are 19" rack units. The Boomerang "Rang III" Phrase Sampler, DigiTech JamMan (Ross 2010), Boss RC-300 and the Electro-Harmonix 2880 are examples of popular pedals. As of December 2015, the following pedals are currently in production: TC Ditto, TC Ditto X2, TC Ditto Mic, TC Ditto Stereo, Boss RC-1, Boss RC-3, Boss RC-30, Boss RC-300 and Boss RC-505 (Anon. n.d.).

There is also a lot of software real time loopers, SooperLooper is an emulation of the Echoplex, it runs in Jack as Linux or OS X standalone, or as a plugin. Logelloop is a standalone multitrack emulation of the Echoplex running under Mac OS X.

The musical loop is one of the most important features of video game music. It is also the guiding principle behind devices like the several Chinese Buddhist music boxes that loop chanting of mantras, which in turn was the inspiration of the Buddha machine, an ambient-music generating device. The Jan Linton album "Buddha Machine Music" used these loops along with others created by manually scrolling through CDs on a CDJ player (Entropy Records 2011).

Loop-based music software

Music software to create music using loops range in features, user friendliness, and price. Some of the most widely used are AVID's (formerly Digidesign's) Pro Tools, M-Audio's Ignite Sony's ACID and Sound Forge, Steinberg's Cubase Cakewalk Sonar, Apple inc.'s GarageBand and Logic Pro, Image-Line's FL Studio (formerly "Fruity Loops"), Propellerhead's Reason and ReCycle, Ableton Live, and Cockos's REAPER.

See also

• Break (music), break beats are drum loops
• Phasing
• Live looping, the melodic layering of just-recorded musical loops (usually beatboxing) as live performance.

References

• Anon. (n.d.). "Looper Pedal: Reviews and Performances". LooperMusic.com (accessed 29 December 2015).
• Carter, Monica (2011). "It's Easy When You're Big in Japan: Yellow Magic Orchestra at the Hollywood Bowl". The Vinyl District (30 June, accessed 22 July 2011).
• Condry, Ian (2006). Hip-hop Japan: Rap and the Paths of Cultural Globalization. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3892-0. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 
• Decroupet, Pascal, and Elena Ungeheuer (1998). "Through the Sensory Looking-Glass: The Aesthetic and Serial Foundations of Gesang der Jünglinge", translated by Jerome Kohl. Perspectives of New Music 36, no. 1 (Winter): pp. 97–142. doi:10.2307/833578.
• Duffell, Daniel (2005). Making Music with Samples: Tips, Techniques, and 600+ Ready-to-Use Samples. San Francisco: Backbeat. ISBN 0-87930-839-7. 
• Entropy Records (2011). "Jan Linton: Buddha Machine Music". Entropy Records. 
• Hawkins, Erik (2004). The Complete Guide to Remixing: Produce Professional Dance-Floor Hits on Your Home Computer. Boston: Berklee Press. ISBN 0-87639-044-0. 
• Holmes, Thom (2008). "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-95781-8. Retrieved 2014-06-10. 
• Ross, Michael (29 July 2010), DigiTech JML2 JamMan Stereo Review: Up to 6 Hours of Looping at the Touch of a Button, Gearwire Forums, Archived from the original on November 25, 2012  CS1 maint: Unfit url (link) Archive from 25 November 2012 (accessed 10 June 2014).

Further reading

• Baumgärtel, Tilman (2015). Schleifen. Zur Geschichte und Ästhetik des Loops. Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos. ISBN 978-3-86599-271-0. Retrieved 11 July 2015. 

External links

• Music loops at DMOZ
• Loopsbuch.org - Material for the book Schleifen. Zur Geschichte und Ästhetik des Loops by Tilman Baumgärtel, German and English

Electronic and electroacoustic music
People	Milton Babbitt Louis and Bebe Barron Easley Blackwood, Jr. Konrad Boehmer John Cage Wendy Carlos Nicolas Collins Mario Davidovsky Herbert Eimert Halim El-Dabh Brian Eno Johannes Fritsch Karel Goeyvaerts Pierre Henry Bernard Herrmann Ryoji Ikeda Mauricio Kagel Gottfried Michael Koenig Kraftwerk Otto Luening Hugh Le Caine Bruno Maderna Mesías Maiguashca John McGuire Robert Moog Werner Meyer-Eppler Luigi Nono Bernard Parmegiani Henri Pousseur Steve Reich Terry Riley Keith Rowe Pierre Schaeffer Karlheinz Stockhausen Morton Subotnick Josef Tal Vladimir Ussachevsky Edgard Varèse Iannis Xenakis La Monte Young
Compositions	Artikulation Cosmic Pulses Déserts Forbidden Planet Freitag aus Licht Gesang der Jünglinge Hymnen Klang Konkrete Etüde Kontakte Kraanerg Mikrophonie I & II Mixtur Nummer 5 Oktophonie Philomel Poème électronique Scambi Silver Apples of the Moon Sirius Strahlen Studie I Studie II Switched-On Bach Symphonie pour un homme seul Telemusik Time's Encomium Twelve Microtonal Etudes for Electronic Music Media Unsichtbare Chöre Williams Mix
Techniques	Circuit bending Computer music Experimental music Hyperinstrument Loop Tape loop Microsound Musique concrète Noise music Octophonic sound
Instruments	ARP synthesizer Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments Electronic Music Studios Hammond organ Laser harp Korg Modular synthesizer Moog synthesizer Oberheim Electronics Ondes Martenot RCA Mark II Roland Sequential Circuits Telharmonium Theremin Trautonium Yamaha
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Active organizations	Computer Music Center Electronic Music Foundation Groupe de Recherches Musicales Institute of Sonology IRCAM SEAMUS STEIM Toonzaal Studio WORM studio