List of philosophers (R–Z)

Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Note: This list has a minimal criteria for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

R

• François Rabelais, (1493–1553)^[4]
• Gustav Radbruch, (1878–1949)^[4]
• Janet Radcliffe Richards, (born 1944)^[3]
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888–1975)^[3][4]
• Assi Rahbani, (1923–1986)
• Karl Rahner, (1904–1984)^[4]
• Ramanuja, (1017–1137)^[1][3][4]
• Frank P. Ramsey, (1903–1930)^[1][3][4][5]*
• Ian Thomas Ramsey, (1915–1972)^[4]
• Paul Ramsey, (1913–1988)
• Petrus Ramus, (1515–1572)^[1][4][5]*
• Jacques Rancière, (born 1940)
• Ayn Rand (1905–1982)^[4]
• Hastings Rashdall, (1858–1924)^[1][3][4]
• Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813–1900)^[4]
• John Rawls, (1921–2002)^[1][3][4]
• John Ray, (1627–1705)^[1]
• Daniel Raymond
• Joseph Raz (born 1939)
• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (or Rhazes), (865-925)^[1][4]
• Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, (1149–1209)^[4]
• Paul Ree, (1849–1901)^[3]
• Pierre-Sylvain Regis, (1632–1707)^[4]
• August Wilhelm Rehberg ^[5]*
• Wilhelm Reich, (1897–1957)^[3]
• Hans Reichenbach, (1891–1953)^[1][3][4]
• Thomas Reid, (1710–1796)^[1][3][4][5]
• Hermann Samuel Reimarus, (1694–1768)^[1]
• Adolf Reinach, (1883–1917)^[4]
• Karl Leonhard Reinhold, (1757–1823)^[1][4][5]
• Karl Renner, (1870–1950)^[4]
• Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815–1903)^[1][3][4]
• Nicholas Rescher, (born 1928)^[3]
• Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (or Gyeltsap darma rinchen) (1364–1432)^[4]
• David Ricardo, (1772–1823)
• Richard of Middleton, (c. 1249 – 1306)^[4]
• Richard of St. Victor, (died 1173)^[4]
• Richard Rufus of Cornwall (or Richardus Sophista) (1231–1259)^[1][4][5]
• I. A. Richards, (1893–1979)
• Radovan Richta, (1924–1983)
• Heinrich Rickert, (1863–1936)^[5]*
• Paul Ricœur, (1913–2005)^[1][3][4][5]
• Bernhard Riemann, (1826–1866)
• R.R. Rockingham Gill
• Jacques Rohault, (1617–1672)^[4]
• Erwin Rohde, (1845–1898)
• Francisco Romero (1891–1962)^[3]
• Avital Ronell
• Richard Rorty, (1931–2007)^[1][3][4][5]
• Vasily Rozanov, (1856–1919)
• Roscelin of Compiègne, (c. 1050 – c. 1120)^[1][4]
• Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805–1879)
• Franz Rosenzweig, (1886–1929)^[1][3][4]
• Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, (1797–1855)^[1][4][5]
• Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899–1979)^[4]
• William David Ross, (1877–1971)^[1][3][4]
• Gian-Carlo Rota, (1932–1999)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau, (1712–1778)^[1][3][4]
• Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, (1760–1825)
• Joseph Rovan, (1918–2004)
• Josiah Royce, (1865–1916)^[1][3][4][5]
• Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, (1763–1845)
• Vasily Rozanov, (1856–1919)^[4]
• Ruan Ji, (210-263)^[1]
• Arnold Ruge, (1802–1880)^[4]
• Michael Ruse, (born 1940)
• Bertrand Russell, (1872–1970)^[1][3][4][5]
• Jan van Ruysbroek, (1293–1381)
• Gilbert Ryle, (1900–1976)^[1][3][4]

S

• Sandeep Rathaur (born 10aug 1988)
• Saadia Gaon, (892-942)^[1][3][4][5]
• Mulla Hadi Sabzevari, (1797–1873)^[4]
• William S. Sahakian, (1922–1986)
• Mark Sainsbury, (born 1943)^[3]
• Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, (1760–1825)^[1][3][4]
• Émile Saisset, (1814–1863)
• Syed Zafarul Hasan, (1885–1949)
• Nathan Salmon, (born 1951)
• Wesley Salmon, (1925–2001)^[3]
• Francisco Sanches, (1551–1623)^[1][4]
• Michael Sandel, (born 1953)^[3]
• George Santayana, (1863–1952)^[1][3][4][5]
• Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar, (1921–1990)
• Jean-Paul Sartre, (1905–1980)^[1][3][4][5]
• Crispin Sartwell, (born 1958)
• John Ralston Saul, (born 1947)
• Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857–1913)^[1][4]
• Fernando Savater, (born 1947)
• Friedrich Karl von Savigny, (1779–1861)^[4]
• Julius Caesar Scaliger, (1484–1558)
• Thomas Scanlon, (born 1940)
• Richard Schacht, (born 1941)^[3]
• Max Scheler, (1874–1928)^[1][3][4]
• Friedrich Schelling, (1775–1852)^[1][3][4][5]
• F. C. S. Schiller, (1864–1937)^[4]
• Friedrich Schiller, (1759–1805)^[1][3][4]
• Friedrich Schlegel, (1772–1829)^[1][4][5]*
• Hubert Schleichert
• Friedrich Schleiermacher, (1768–1834)^[1][4][5]
• Moritz Schlick, (1882–1936)^[3][4]
• Carl Schmitt, (1888–1985)^[4]
• J.B. Schneewind, (born 1930)
• Arthur Schopenhauer, (1788–1860)^[1][3][4][5]
• Erwin Schrödinger, (1887–1961)^[1]
• Gottlob Ernst Schulze, (1761–1833)^[1]
• Joseph Schumpeter, (1883–1950)^[4]
• Anna Maria van Schurman, (1607–1678)^[4]
• Alfred Schütz, (1899–1959)^[3][4][5]
• Albert Schweitzer, (1875–1965)
• Roger Scruton, (born 1944)^[3]
• John Searle, (born 1932)^[1][3][4]
• Charles Secrétan, (1815–1895)
• Michal Sedziwój, (1566–1636)
• John Selden, (1584–1654)^[4]
• Roy Wood Sellars, (1880–1973)^[3]
• Wilfrid Sellars, (1912–1989)^[1][3][4][5]
• Amartya Sen, (born 1933)^[3]
• Seneca the Younger, (c. 4 BC-AD 65)^[3][4]
• Sengzhao, (384-414)^[4]
• John Sergeant, (1623–1704)^[4]
• Michel Serres, (born 1930)
• Sextus Empiricus, (2nd/3rd century)^[1][3][4]
• Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, (1671–1713)^[1][3][4][5]
• Shah Wali Allah (or Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim or Waliullah), (1703–1762)^[4]
• Shang Yang (or Gongsun Yang), (died 338 BC)^[1]
• Adi Shankara, (788-820)^[1][3][4]
• Shao Yung, (1011–1077)^[1][4]
• Darius Shayegan
• Shen Buhai, (died 337 BC)^[1]
• Shen Dao (or Shen Tzu), (c. 350-275 BC)^[1]
• Lev Shestov, (1866–1938)^[4]
• Shinran, (1173–1261)^[4]
• Sydney Shoemaker, (born 1931)^[3]
• Daryush Shokof, (born 1954)
• Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879–1937)^[1][4]
• Henry Sidgwick, (1838–1900)^[1][3][4][5]
• Sigerus of Brabant, (1240–1284)^[1][4]
• Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart, (1789–1844)
• Abu Sulayman Muhammad al-Sijistani, (c. 932-c. 1000)^[4]
• Francesco Silvestri (or Francis Sylvester of Ferrara), (1474–1528)^[4]
• Georg Simmel, (1858–1918)^[1][4]
• Simon of Faversham, (c. 1260 – 1306)^[5]
• Simplicius of Cilicia, (early 6th century)^[1][4][5]*
• Kurt Singer, (1886-1962)
• Peter Singer, (born 1946)^[3]
• B. F. Skinner, (1904–1990)^[4]
• Thoralf Skolem, (1887–1963)^[1]
• Hryhori Skovoroda, (1722–1794)^[4]
• Peter Sloterdijk, (born 1947)
• J. J. C. Smart, (born 1920)^[1][3][4]
• Adam Smith, (1723–1790)^[1][3][4]
• Barry Smith, (born 1952)
• Huston Smith, (born 1919)
• Joseph Smith, (1805–1844)
• Michael Smith, (born 1954)
• Raymond Smullyan, (born 1919)
• Joseph D. Sneed
• Jan Sniadecki, (1756–1830)
• Scott Soames, (born 1946)
• Elliott Sober
• Socrates, (470 BC-399 BC)^[1][3][4][5]
• Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger, (1780–1890)
• Joseph Soloveitchik, (1903–1993)^[4][5]*
• Vladimir Solovyov, (1853–1900)^[1][3][4]
• Georges Sorel, (1847–1922)^[1][3][4]
• William Ritchie Sorley, (1855–1935)
• Abdolkarim Soroush
• Ernest Sosa, (born 1940)^[3]
• Domingo de Soto, (1494–1560)^[1][4]
• Othmar Spann, (1878–1950)
• Herbert Spencer, (1820–1903)^[1][3][4][5]
• Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823–1887)
• Oswald Spengler, (1880–1936)
• Speusippus, (410-339 BC)^[3][4][5]
• Herbert Spiegelberg, (1904–1990)
• Baruch Spinoza, (1632–1677)^[1][3][4][5]
• Afrikan Spir, (1837–1890)^[1]
• Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, (born 1942)
• Lysander Spooner, (1808–1887)
• Timothy L.S. Sprigge, (born 1932)^[3]
• Walter Terence Stace, (1886–1967)
• Edward Stachura, (1937–1979)
• Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, (1766–1817)^[4]
• James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, (1619–1695)^[4]
• Robert Stalnaker, (born 1940)^[3]
• Henry Stanton, (1805–1887)
• Olaf Stapledon, (1886–1950)
• Stanislaw Staszic, (1755–1826)
• L. Susan Stebbing, (1885–1943)
• Edith Stein, (1891–1942)
• George Steiner (born 1929)
• Rudolf Steiner, (1861–1925)^[1][4]
• Leslie Stephen, (1832–1904)^[1]
• Charles Leslie Stevenson, (1908–1979)^[3][4]
• Dugald Stewart, (1753–1828)^[3][4]
• Stephen Stich, (born 1944)^[3]
• Stilpo
• James Hutchison Stirling, (1820–1909)
• Max Stirner, (1806–1856)^[1][3][4][5]
• George Frederick Stout, (1860–1944)^[1][3]
• David Stove, (1927–1994)
• Strato of Lampsacus, (c. 340-c. 268 BC)^[1][4]
• David Friedrich Strauss, (1808–1874)^[4]
• Leo Strauss, (1899–1973)^[4]
• Galen Strawson, (born 1952)
• P. F. Strawson, (1919–2006)^[1][3][4]
• Barry Stroud, (born 1935)^[3]
• Carl Stumpf, (1848–1936)
• Francisco Suárez, (1548–1617)^[1][3][4][5]*
• Gabrielle Suchon, (1631–1703)^[4]
• Sun Tzu
• Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925)^[1]
• Henry Suso, (1300–1366)^[4]
• Karen Swassjan
• Emanuel Swedenborg, (1688–1772)^[4]
• Richard Swinburne, (born 1934)^[1][3]
• Syrianus ^[5]*
• David Sztybel, (born 1967)

T

• Allama Tabatabai, (1903–1981)
• Javad Tabatabaei
• Debendranath Tagore, (1817–1905)
• Rabindranath Tagore, (1861–1941)^[3][4]
• Tai Chen (or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-Yuan), (1724–1777)^[1][2][4]
• Hippolyte Taine, (1828–1893)^[4]
• T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864–1898)^[1]
• Tanabe Hajime, (1885–1962)^[3][4]
• T'ang Chun-i, (1909–1978)^[1]
• Alfred Tarski, (1901–1983)^[1][3][4][5]*
• Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, (1886–1980)
• Johannes Tauler, (c. 1300 – 1361)^[4]
• Nicolaus Taurellus
• Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, (c. 930-1023)^[4]
• Charles Taylor, (born 1931)^[1][3][4]
• Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807–1858)^[1][4][5]
• Richard Taylor, (1919–2003)^[3]
• Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)^[1]
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881–1955)^[1][4]
• Bernardino Telesio, (1509–1588)^[1][4][5]
• Placide Tempels, (1906–1977)
• William Temple, (1881–1944)^[4]
• Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866–1957)^[4]
• Teresa of Avila, (1515–1582)^[1]
• Tertullian, (c. 160-c. 220)^[1][4]
• Johannes Nikolaus Tetens, (1736–1807)^[1][4]
• Thales, (c. 635 BC-543 BC)^[1][3][4]
• Themistius, (317-387)^[4]
• Theodorus of Cyrene, (c. 465-398 BC)
• Theophrastus, (372-287 BC)^[3][4]
• Helmut Thielicke, (1908–1986)^[4]
• Thierry of Chartres, (fl. c. 1130-1150)^[4]
• Thomas à Kempis, (1380–1471)^[4]
• Thomas of Erfurt, (14th century)^[5]
• Thomas of York, (13th century)^[4]
• Christian Thomasius, (1655–1728)^[4]
• William Thompson, (1775–1833)
• Judith Jarvis Thomson, (born 1929)^[1][3]
• Henry David Thoreau, (1817–1862)^[1][3][4][5]
• Thrasymachus, (5th century BC)^[1][4][5]
• Thucydides, (c. 460-c. 400 BC)^[4]
• Paul Tillich, (1886–1965)^[1][4]
• Timaeus of Locri, (5th century BC)
• Timon of Phlius, (c. 300 BC)^[4][5]
• Matthew Tindal, (1657–1733)^[4]
• Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805–1859)^[4]
• Tzvetan Todorov, (born 1939)^[4]
• John Toland, (1670–1722)^[3][4]
• Francisco de Toledo, (1515–1584)^[1][4]
• Leo Tolstoy, (1828–1910)^[4]
• Tominaga Nakamoto, (1715–1746)^[4]
• Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg
• Ernst Troeltsch, (1865–1923)^[1][4]
• Leon Trotsky, (1879–1940)^[3][4]
• Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, (1651–1708)^[4]
• Je Tsongkhapa (or Dzongkaba or Rinpoche), (1357–1419)^[4]
• Abraham Tucker, (1705–1774)^[4]
• Benjamin Tucker, (1854–1939)
• Peter Tudvad
• Ernst Tugendhat, (born 1930)^[3]
• Raimo Tuomela, (born 1940)
• Alan Turing, (1912–1954)^[3][4][5]
• George Turnball, (1698–1748)^[1][4]
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, (1201–1274)^[2][4]
• Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866–1938)^[3][4]
• Michael Tye
• TK Neezar Ahmed

U

• Pietro Ubaldi, (1886–1972)
• Udayana, (11th century)^[4]
• Uddyotakara, (6th century)^[4]
• Uisang, (625-702)^[4]
• Ulrich of Strasbourg, (1220–1277)^[4]
• Hermann Ulrici
• Miguel de Unamuno, (1864–1936)^[1][3][4]
• Peter Unger
• Dimitri Uznadze, (1886–1950)

V

• Hans Vaihinger, (1852–1933)^[1][3][4]
• Valentinius (or Valentinus), (c. 100-c. 153)^[1]
• Lorenzo Valla, (1406–1457)^[1][3][4][5]*
• Vallabhacharya, (1479–1531)^[4]
• Bas C. van Fraassen, (born 1941)^[3]
• Peter van Inwagen
• Giulio Cesare Vanini, (1585–1619)^[1]
• Francisco Varela, (1946–2001)
• Vasubandhu, (4th century)^[1][4]
• Vatsyayana, (5th century)^[4]
• Emerich de Vattel, (1714–1767)
• Gianni Vattimo, (born 1936)^[4]
• Vauvenargues, (1715–1747)^[1]
• Gabriel Vazquez, (1549–1604)^[1]
• John Venn, (1834–1923)^[4]
• Henry Babcock Veatch, (1911–1997)
• Nicoletto Vernia, (1442–1499)^[4]
• Giambattista Vico, (1668–1744)^[1][3][4][5]
• Milan Vidmar, (1885–1962)
• Michel Villey, (1914–1988)^[4]
• Vital Du Four, (1260–1327)^[4]
• Francisco de Vitoria, (1492–1546)^[1][3][4]
• Juan Luís Vives, (1492–1540)^[1][4]
• Gregory Vlastos, (1907–1991)^[3][4]
• Eric Voegelin, (1901–1985)^[4]
• Voltaire, (1694–1778)^[3][4]
• Georg Henrik von Wright, (1916–2003)^[1][3][4]
• Lev Vygotsky, (1896–1934)^[3][4]
• Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, (1877–1954)^[4]

W

• Jean Wahl, (1888–1974)
• Friedrich Waismann, (1896–1959)
• Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823–1913)^[4]
• Michael Walzer, (born 1935)^[3]
• Ernest Wamba dia Wamba, (born 1942)
• Wang Bi, (226-249)^[1]
• Wang Ch'ung, (27-97)^[1][4]
• Wang Fuzhi (or Wang Fu-Chih or Wang Chuanshan), (1619–1692)^[1][4]
• Hao Wang, (1921–1995)^[3]
• Wang Yangming, (1472–1529)^[1][3][4]
• James Ward, (1843–1925)^[1]
• Geoffrey J. Warnock, (1923–1996)^[3]
• Mary Warnock, (born 1924)^[3]
• John B. Watson, (1878–1958)^[3]
• Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889–1960)^[3][4][5]
• Alan Watts, (1915–1973)
• Max Weber, (1864–1920)^[1][3][4][5]*
• Eric Weil, (1904–1977)
• Simone Weil, (1909–1943)^[1][3][4]
• Ota Weinberger, (1919–2009)^[4]
• Otto Weininger, (1880–1903)
• Christian Hermann Weisse
• Victoria, Lady Welby, (1837–1912)
• Felix Weltsch, (1884–1964)
• Cornel West, (born 1953)
• Edvard Westermarck, (1862–1939)^[1]
• Hermann Weyl, (1885–1955)^[4]
• Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879–1951)^[4]
• William Whewell, (1794–1866)^[1][3][4][5]
• Benjamin Whichcote, (1609–1683)
• Thomas White, (1593–1676)^[4]
• Alfred North Whitehead, (1861–1947)^[1][3][4][5]
• David Wiggins, (born 1933)^[3]
• William of Alnwick, (1270–1333)^[1]
• William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, (1180–1249)^[1][4][5]*
• William of Auxerre, (died 1231)^[1][4]
• William of Champeaux, (c. 1070 – 1121)^[4][5]
• William of Conches, (c. 1080 – 1154)^[4]
• William of Moerbeke, (c. 1215 – 1286)^[1]
• William of Shyreswood (or William of Sherwood), (1190–1249)^[1][4]
• Bernard Williams, (1929–2003)^[1][3][4][5]
• Timothy Williamson, (born 1955)
• Colin Wilson, (1931-2013)
• John Cook Wilson, (1849–1915)^[1]
• Peter Winch, (1926–1997)^[3]
• Wilhelm Windelband, (1848–1915)^[1][5]*
• Kwasi Wiredu, (born 1931)
• John Wisdom, (1904–1993)^[3]
• John Witherspoon, (1723–1794)^[4]
• Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885–1939)
• Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889–1951)^[1][3][4][5]
• Adam de Wodeham, (1298–1358)^[1][4]
• Christian Wolff, (1679–1754)^[1][3][4]
• William Wollaston, (1659–1724)^[1][4]
• Richard Wollheim, (1923–2003)^[3]
• Mary Wollstonecraft, (1759–1797)^[1][3][4]
• Nicholas Wolterstorff, (born 1932)
• Wonchuk, (613-696)^[4]
• Timothy K. Wong, (625-644)
• Wonhyo Daisa, (617-686)^[4]
• Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui), (1865–1953)
• Chauncey Wright, (1830–1875)^[1][3][5]
• Crispin Wright, (born 1942)^[3]
• Dorothy Maud Wrinch, (1894–1976)
• Jerzy Wróblewski, (1926–1990)^[4]
• Wilhelm Wundt, (1832–1920)^[1][4][5]*
• John Wyclif, (c. 1330 – 1384)^[1][3][4][5]

X

• Xenocrates, (396-314 BC)^[3][4][5]
• Xenophanes of Colophon, (570-480 BC)^[1][3][4][5]
• Xenophon, (427-355 BC)^[1][4]
• Xun Zi (or Hsun Tzu), (c. 310-237 BC)^[1][3][4][5]*

Y

• Yamuna vihar Nishkam imaging solution
• Yajnavalkya, (c. 1800 BC)
• Yang Chu, (370-319 BC)^[1][4]
• Yang Xiong (or Yang Hsiung) (53 BC-AD 18)^[1][4]
• Yen Yuan (1635–1704)^[1]
• Yi Hwang (or Toegye) (1501–1570)^[4]
• Yi I (or Yi Yulgok or Yi Yi) (1536–1584)^[4]
• Yi Kan (1677–1727)^[4]
• Francis Parker Yockey, (1917–1960)
• Arthur M. Young, (1905–1995)
• Iris Marion Young, (1949–2006)

Z

• Jacopo Zabarella, (1533–1589)^[1][4][5]
• Edward N. Zalta, (born 1952)
• Peter Wessel Zapffe, (1899–1990)
• Zeami Motokiyo, (c. 1363 – c. 1443)^[4]
• Eduard Zeller, (1814–1908)
• Zeno of Citium, (333 BC – 264 BC)^[3][4]
• Zeno of Elea, (c. 495 BC – c. 430 BC)^[3][4]
• Zeno of Sidon, (1st century BC)
• Zeno of Tarsus
• Ernst Zermelo, (1871–1953)^[4]
• Philip Zhai
• Zhiyi (538-597)^[4]
• Zhou Guoping
• Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi), (1130–1200)^[1][3][4]
• Zhuang Zi (or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Chou), (circa 300 BC)^[1][3][5]
• Slavoj Žižek, (1949-)
• Florian Znaniecki, (1882–1958)
• Zongmi (780-841)^[4]
• Zou Yan, (3rd century BC)^[1]
• Xavier Zubiri, (1889–1983)

Notes

<div class="reflist" " style=" list-style-type: decimal;">

1. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
2. Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Second Edition). Martin Gale; 2006. ISBN 0-02-865780-2
3. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0-19-866132-0
4. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 1998. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3
5. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. January 16, 2010