List of people of the Three Kingdoms (G)
The following is a partial list of people significant to the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of Chinese history. Their romanised names start with the letter G.
G
Name | Courtesy name | Birth year | Death year | Ancestral home (present-day location) | Role | Allegiance | Previous allegiance(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gai Xun 蓋勳 | Yuangu 元固 | Guangzhi, Dunhuang (Guazhou County, Gansu) | Advisor, politician, general | Han dynasty | ||||
Lady Gan 甘氏 | 209 | Pei (in Jiangsu) | Noble lady | Liu Bei | Sanguozhi vol. 34. | |||
Gan Gui 甘瑰 | Linjiang, Ba (Zhong County, Chongqing) | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Gan Ji 干吉 | 200 | Langya (Jiaonan, Shandong) | Fangshi, Taoist | |||||
Gan Li 甘醴 | General | Shi Hui | Eastern Wu | |||||
Gan Ning 甘寧 | Xingba 興霸 | Linjiang, Ba (Zhong County, Chongqing) | General | Sun Quan | Liu Yan, Huang Zu | Sanguozhi vol. 55. | ||
Gan Shi 甘始 | Qingheguo, Ganling (Linqing, Shandong) | Fangshi | Cao Wei | |||||
Gao Ai 高艾 | Bandit leader | |||||||
Gao Cheng 高承 | General | Sun Ce | ||||||
Gao Dai 高岱 | Kongwen 孔文 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Politician | Han dynasty | ||||
Gao Dan 高誕 | Yu, Chenliu (South of Qi County, Henan) | Politician | Jin dynasty | |||||
Gao Ding 高定 | 225 | Qiongdu (Southeast of Xichang, Sichuan) | Tribal leader | |||||
Gao Fan 高蕃 | General | Yuan Shao | ||||||
Gao Gan 高幹 | Yuancai 元才 | 206 | Yu, Chenliu (South of Qi County, Henan) | Politician, warlord | Cao Cao | Han dynasty, Yuan Shao | Houhanshu vol. 74; Sanguozhi vol. 6, 17, 18. | |
Gao Gong 高躬 | Chenliu County, Yu (Qi County, Henan) | Politician | Han dynasty | |||||
Gao Guang 高光 | Xuanmao 宣茂 | Yu, Chenliu (South of Qi County, Henan) | Politician | Jin dynasty | ||||
Gao Gui 高軌 | Nan County (Jingzhou, Hubei) | Politician | Jin dynasty | |||||
Gao Hong 高弘 | Chenliu County, Yu (Qi County, Henan) | Politician | Han dynasty | |||||
Gao Hun 高渾 | Yu, Chenliu (South of Qi County, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Gao Jing 高靖 | Yu, Chenliu (South of Qi County, Henan) | General | Han dynasty | |||||
Gao Jun 高儁 | Yu, Chenliu (South of Qi County, Henan) | General | Cao Wei | |||||
Gao Lan 高覽 | General | Cao Cao | Yuan Shao | Sanguozhi vol. 6. | ||||
Gao Lü 高慮 | 239 | General | Cao Wei | |||||
Gao Pei 高沛 | 212 | General | Liu Zhang | |||||
Gao Qian 高遷 | General | Cao Wei | ||||||
Gao Rou 高柔 | Wenhui 文惠 | 174 | 263 | Yu, Chenliu (South of Qi County, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | Gao Gan | Sanguozhi vol. 24. |
Gao Shang 高尚 | General | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Gao Sheng 高勝 | 218 | Rebel leader | ||||||
Gao Shou 高壽 | General | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Gao Shun 高順 | 198 | General | Lü Bu | Houhanshu vol. 75; Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 7. | ||||
Gao Tong 高通 | Politician | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Gao Wan 高玩 | Bozhen 伯珍 | Shu County (Chengdu, Sichuan) | Politician | Jin dynasty | Shu Han | |||
Gao Wang 高望 | 189 | Eunuch | Han dynasty | |||||
Gao Xiang 高翔 | General | Shu Han | Huayang Guozhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 33. | |||||
Gao Xiang 高祥 | General | Shu Han | ||||||
Gao Ya 高雅 | General | Lü Bu | ||||||
Gao Yan 高焉 | Politician | Han dynasty | ||||||
Gao Yuanlü 高元呂 | Fangshi, Diviner | |||||||
Gao Zuo 高祚 | General | Cao Wei | ||||||
Gaotang Chen 高堂琛 | Pingyang, Taishan (Xintai, Shandong) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Gaotang Long 高堂隆 | Shengping 昇平 | 237 | Pingyang, Taishan (Xintai, Shandong) | Politician | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 25. | ||
Ge Guang 葛光 | Scholar | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Ge Heng 葛衡 | Sizhen 思真 | Fangshi, Taoist | ||||||
Ge Xi 葛奚 | Politician | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Ge Xuan 葛玄 | Xiaoxian 孝先 | 164 | 244 | Danyang County, Jurong (Jurong, Jiangsu) | Fangshi, Taoist | |||
Geng Bao 耿苞 | Politician | Yuan Shao | ||||||
Geng Bi 耿鄙 | Politician | Han dynasty | ||||||
Geng Ji 耿紀 | Jixing 季行 | 218 | General | Han dynasty | ||||
Geng Lin 耿臨 | General | Han dynasty | ||||||
Geng Wu 耿武 | Wenwei 文威 | 191 | General, advisor | Han Fu | Houhanshu vol. 74. | |||
Geng Zhi 耿祉 | General | Han dynasty | ||||||
Gong Du 龔都 | General | Liu Bei | Yellow Turban rebels | Sanguozhi vol. 1, 32. | ||||
Gong Heng 龔衡 | Ba County, Anhan (Nanchong, Sichuan) | General | Shu Han | |||||
Gong Jiao 龔皦 | Deguang 德光 | Ba County, Anhan (Nanchong, Sichuan) | General | Shu Han | ||||
Gong Lu 龔禄 | Dexu 德緒 | 195 | 225 | Ba County, Anhan (Nanchong, Sichuan) | General, politician | Shu Han | ||
Gong Zun 弓遵 | General, politician | Cao Wei | ||||||
Gongchou Cheng 公仇稱 | Politician | Sun Jian | ||||||
Gongsha Fu 公沙孚 | Yunci 允慈 | Jiaodong, Beihai (Pingdu, Shandong) | Politician | Han dynasty | ||||
Gongsha Lu 公沙盧 | Jiaodong, Beihai (East of Jiaolai River, Shandong) | Militia leader | Han dynasty | |||||
Gongsun Du 公孫度 | Shengji 升濟 | 204 | Xiangping, Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning) | Warlord | Han dynasty | Sanguozhi vol. 8. | ||
Gongsun Fan 公孫範 | Lingzhi, Liaoxi (Qian'an, Hebei) | General | Gongsun Zan | Houhanshu vol. 73; Sanguozhi vol. 8. | ||||
Gongsun Fang 公孫方 | Han dynasty | |||||||
Gongsun Gong 公孫恭 | Xiangping, Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning) | Warlord | Cao Wei | Han dynasty | Sanguozhi vol. 8. | |||
Gongsun Heng 公孫珩 | Politician | Gongsun Yuan | ||||||
Gongsun Huang 公孫晃 | Xiangping, Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning) | Han dynasty | ||||||
Gongsun Ji 公孫集 | General | Cao Wei | ||||||
Gongsun Kang 公孫康 | Xiangping, Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning) | Warlord | Cao Cao | Han dynasty | Sanguozhi vol. 8. | |||
Gongsun Mo 公孫模 | General | Gongsun Kang | ||||||
Gongsun Xiu 公孫脩 | 238 | Xiangping, Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning) | Gongsun Yuan | Cao Wei | ||||
Gongsun Xu 公孫續 | 199 | Lingzhi, Liaoxi (Qian'an, Hebei) | General | Gongsun Zan | Houhanshu vol. 79. | |||
Gongsun Yang 公孫陽 | General | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Gongsun Yuan 公孫淵 | Wenyi 文懿 | 238 | Xiangping, Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning) | General, warlord | Gongsun Yuan | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 8; Jin Shu vol. 1. | |
Gongsun Yue 公孫越 | 191 | Lingzhi, Liaoxi (Qian'an, Hebei) | General | Gongsun Zan | Houhanshu vol. 73; Sanguozhi vol. 8. | |||
Gongsun Zan 公孫瓚 | Bogui 伯珪 | 199 | Lingzhi, Liaoxi (Qian'an, Hebei) | General, warlord | Gongsun Zan | Han dynasty | Houhanshu vol. 73; Sanguozhi vol. 8. | |
Gongsun Zhao 公孫昭 | Politician | Han dynasty | ||||||
Gongxu Gong 公緒恭 | Shanyang County (Jining, Shandong) | Han dynasty | ||||||
Gu Cheng 顧承 | Zizhi 子直 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||
Gu Feng 顧奉 | Jihong 季鴻 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Politician | Han dynasty | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||
Gu Hui 顧徽 | Zitan 子嘆 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General, politician | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||
Gu Ji 顧濟 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | ||||
Gu Li 谷利 | General | Sun Quan | Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 47. | |||||
Gu Li 顧禮 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||||
Gu Pu 古朴 | General | Shu Han | ||||||
Gu Qian 顧謙 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||||
Gu Rong 顧榮 | Yanxian 彦先 | 312 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General, politician | Jin dynasty | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |
Gu Rong 顧容 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General | Eastern Wu | |||||
Gu Shao 顧邵 | Xiaoze 孝則 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Politician | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||
Gu Tan 顧譚 | Zimo 子默 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Politician | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||
Gu Ti 顧悌 | Zitong 子通 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General, politician | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||
Gu Xiang 顧向 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Politician | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | ||||
Gu Yan 顧彦 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||||
Gu Yong 顧雍 | Yuantan 元嘆 | 168 | 243 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | Politician | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |
Gu Yu 顧裕 | Jize 季則 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General, politician | Eastern Wu | Sanguozhi vol. 52. | |||
Lady Guan 關氏 | 204 | 271 | Xie, Hedong (Yuncheng, Shanxi) | Guan Yu's daughter | Sanguozhi vol. 36. | |||
Guan Cheng 管承 | Lai County, Changguang (Laiyang, Shandong) | Bandit leader | ||||||
Guan Du 管篤 | General | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Guan Fu 管馥 | Jin dynasty | |||||||
Guan Gong 管貢 | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guan Gu 觀鵠 | 187 | Jingzhou, Lingling (Lingling District, Hunan) | Rebel leader | |||||
Guan Hai 管亥 | General | Yellow Turban rebels | Houhanshu vol. 70; Sanguozhi vol. 49. | |||||
Guan Jing 關靖 | Shiqi 士起 | 199 | Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Advisor, politician | Gongsun Zan | Houhanshu vol. 73; Sanguozhi vol. 8. | ||
Guan Jun 灌均 | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guan Lu 管輅 | Gongming 公明 | 209 | 256 | Pingyuan (Pingyuan County, Shandong) | Diviner, fangshi | Sanguozhi vol. 29. | ||
Guan Miao 管邈 | Zhuxu, Beihai (Changle County, Shandong) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guan Ning 管寧 | You'an 幼安 | 158 | 241 | Zhuxu, Beihai (Changle County, Shandong) | Politician, scholar | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 11. | |
Guan Ping 關平 | 219 | Xie, Hedong (Yuncheng, Shanxi) | General | Liu Bei | Sanguozhi vol. 36. | |||
Guan Tong 關統 | Xie, Hedong (Yuncheng, Shanxi) | General | Shu Han | Sanguozhi vol. 36. | ||||
Guan Tong 管統 | Politician | Yuan Tan | Han dynasty | |||||
Guan Xing 關興 | Anguo 安國 | Xie, Hedong (Yuncheng, Shanxi) | Politician | Shu Han | Sanguozhi vol. 36. | |||
Guan Yan 管彦 | Beihaiguo, Yingling (Weifang, Shandong) | General | Jin dynasty | |||||
Guan Yi 關彝 | Xie, Hedong (Yuncheng, Shanxi) | Shu Han | Sanguozhi vol. 36. | |||||
Guan Yu 關羽 | Yunchang 雲長 | 219 | Xie, Hedong (Yuncheng, Shanxi) | General | Liu Bei | Cao Cao | Sanguozhi vol. 36. | |
Guanqiu Chong 毌丘重 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Guanqiu Dian 毌丘甸 | Zibang 子邦 | 255 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||
Guanqiu Jian 毌丘儉 | Zhonggong 仲恭 | 255 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | General | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 28. | ||
Guanqiu Xing 毌丘興 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guanqiu Xiu 毌丘秀 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guanqiu Xun 毌丘旬 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guanqiu Yi 毌丘毅 | General | Han dynasty | ||||||
Guanqiu Zhi 毌丘芝 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | Guanqiu Dian's daughter | ||||||
Guanqiu Zong 毌丘宗 | Ziren 子仁 | Wenxi, Hedong (Wenxi County, Shanxi) | Politician | Jin dynasty | ||||
Gui Lan 嬀覽 | Wu County, Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) | General | Sun Quan | |||||
Gui Tai 圭泰 | Nanyang County (Nanyang, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Gujin 骨進 | Tribal leader | Wuhuan | ||||||
Empress Guo 郭皇后 | 263 | Xiping (Xining, Qinghai) | Empress | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 5. See also Cao Wei family trees. | |||
Guo Ban 郭頒 | Politician | Jin dynasty | ||||||
Guo Biao 郭表 | Julu County, Guangzong (Wei County, Hebei) | General, politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Chang 郭敞 | Yangzhai, Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Chen 郭諶 | Dong County (Puyang, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Cheng 郭成 | Julu County, Guangzong (Wei County, Hebei) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Chong 郭沖 | Jincheng County (Yongjing County, Gansu) | Politician | Jin dynasty | |||||
Guo Chun 郭純 | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guo Da 郭大/郭太 | Rebel leader | Yellow Turban rebels | ||||||
Guo De 郭德 | Yansun 彥孫 | Xiping (Xining, Qinghai) | Advisor, politician | Jin dynasty | Cao Wei | |||
Guo Du 郭都 | Julu County, Guangzong (Wei County, Hebei) | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guo Dan 郭誕 | Yuanyi 元奕 | Yangzhai, Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan) | General | Cao Wei | ||||
Guo Dan 郭誕 | Politician | Eastern Wu | ||||||
Guo Daxian 郭大賢 | Rebel leader | |||||||
Guo Duan 郭端 | Dai County (Yanggao, Shanxi) | Politician | Han dynasty | |||||
Guo En 郭恩 | Yibo 義博 | Weilicao (Quzhou County, Hebei) | Scholar | Cao Wei | ||||
Guo Gong 郭貢 | Politician | Han dynasty | ||||||
Guo Huai 郭淮 | Boji 伯濟 | 187 | 255 | Yangqu, Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | General | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 26. | |
Guo Huai 郭槐 | Yuanshao 媛韶 | 237 | 296 | Yangqu, Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Jia Chong's wife | Jin dynasty | Cao Wei | |
Guo Huai 郭懷 | Jester | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guo Jia 郭嘉 | Fengxiao 奉孝 | 170 | 207 | Yangzhai, Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan) | Advisor, politician | Cao Cao | Yuan Shao | Sanguozhi vol. 14. |
Guo Jian 郭建 | Shushi 叔始 | Xiping County (Xining, Qinghai) | General, politician | Jin dynasty | Cao Wei | |||
Guo Kai 郭凱 | Fengyi (Dali County, Shaanxi) | Weiqi player | Han dynasty | |||||
Guo Li 郭立 | Xiping County (Xining, Qinghai) | General | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Lie 郭獵 | Yangzhai, Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Ma 郭馬 | Rebel leader | |||||||
Guo Man 郭滿 | Xiping County (Xining, Qinghai) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Mou 郭謀 | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guo Mu 郭睦 | Politician | Shu Han | ||||||
Guo Nüwang 郭女王 | 184 | 235 | Guangzong, Anping (Guangzong County, Hebei) | Empress | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 5. See also Cao Wei family trees. | ||
Guo Pei 郭配 | Zhongnan 仲南 | Yangqu, Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||
Guo Quan 郭全 | Yangqu, Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Politician | Han dynasty | |||||
Guo Shen 郭深 | Yangzhai, Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Sheng 郭勝 | 189 | Nanyang (Nanyang, Henan) | Eunuch | Han dynasty | ||||
Guo Shi 郭石 | Rebel leader | |||||||
Guo Shu 郭述 | Julu County, Guangzong (Wei County, Hebei) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Si 郭汜 | 197 | Zhangye (Northwest of Zhangye, Gansu) | General, warlord | Guo Si | Dong Zhuo | Houhanshu vol. 72; Sanguozhi vol. 6. | ||
Guo Tai 國泰 | Gai County, Le'an (Southeast of Yiyuan County, Shandong) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Tong 郭統 | Yangqu, Taiyuan (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Tu 郭圖 | Gongze 公則 | 205 | Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan) | Advisor, politician | Yuan Tan | Han Fu, Yuan Shao | Houhanshu vol. 74; Sanguozhi vol. 6. | |
Guo Xian 郭憲 | Youjian 幼簡 | 220 | Xiping (Xining, Qinghai) | General | Cao Wei | Han Sui | ||
Guo Xiang 郭詳 | Julu County, Guangzong (Wei County, Hebei) | General | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Xin 郭昕 | Politician | Gongsun Yuan | ||||||
Guo Xiu 郭脩/郭修 | Xiaoxian 孝先 | 253 | Xiping (Xining, Qinghai) | General, politician | Cao Wei | Shu Han | ||
Guo Xuanxin 郭玄信 | Yingchuan County, Yangzhai (Yuzhou, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Xun 郭訓 | Julu County, Guangzong (Wei County, Hebei) | General | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Xun 郭勳 | 184 | General | Han dynasty | |||||
Guo Yi 郭奕 | Boyi 伯益 | Yangzhai, Yingchuan (Yuzhou City, Henan) | Politician | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 14. | |||
Guo Yi 郭奕 | Taiye 泰業 | Taiyuan County, Yangqu (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Politician | Jin dynasty | ||||
Guo Yi 郭彝 | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||||
Guo Yong 郭永 | Guangzong, Anping (Guangzong County, Hebei) | Politician | Han dynasty | |||||
Guo Youzhi 郭攸之 | Yanchang 演長 | Nanyang (Nanyang, Henan) | Politician | Shu Han | Sanguozhi vol. 35. | |||
Guo Yu 郭豫 | Taining 泰寧 | Yangqu (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | General | Han dynasty | ||||
Guo Yuan 國淵 | Zini 子尼 | Gai County, Le'an (Southeast of Yiyuan County, Shandong) | Politician | Cao Wei | Sanguozhi vol. 11. | |||
Guo Yuan 郭援 | 202 | General | Yuan Shang | Sanguozhi vol. 18. | ||||
Guo Zhan 郭展 | Taishu 泰舒 | Yangqu (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||
Guo Zhao 郭釗 | Julu County, Guangzong (Wei County, Hebei) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Zhen 郭鎮 | Jinan 季南 | Yangqu (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Politician | Cao Wei | ||||
Guo Zheng 郭正 | Fufeng, Mei (Mei County, Shaanxi) | |||||||
Guo Zheng 郭正 | Yangqu (Taiyuan, Shanxi) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Zheng 郭政 | Dong County, Dunqiu (Xun County, Henan) | |||||||
Guo Zhi 郭芝 | Xiping (Xining, Qinghai) | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Zhi 郭智 | Junmou 君謀 | Politician | Cao Wei | |||||
Guo Ziyu 郭子瑜 | Politician | Han dynasty | ||||||
References
- Fan, Ye. Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fang, Xuanling. Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang. Zizhi Tongjian.
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