Cao Wei family trees
This article contains the family trees of members of the Cao clan, who ruled the state of Cao Wei (220-265) in the Three Kingdoms period (220-280) in China. Only Cao Cao's lineage is shown in this article. The lineages of his relatives, such as Cao Ren, Cao Zhen and others, are not included here.
Cao Song
| Cao Teng1 曹騰 Jixing 季興 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Song 曹嵩 Jugao 巨高 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Xiahou Yuan 夏侯淵 Miaocai 妙才 | Marquis Ai of Haiyang 海陽哀侯 (name unknown) | Cao Bin 曹彬 | Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Cao De2 曹德 | Son (name unknown) | Son3 (name unknown) | Sun Jian 孫堅 Wentai 文台 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Xiahou Heng 夏侯衡 Boshu 伯叔 | Daughter (name unknown) | Cao Jun4 曹均 | Cao Anmin5 曹安民 | Daughter (name unknown) | Sun Kuang 孫匡 Jizuo 季佐 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Song was a foster son of the eunuch Cao Teng and he had at least four sons: Cao Cao, Cao Bin, Cao De,[1] and a fourth one whose personal name was not recorded and was only known by his posthumous title "Marquis Ai of Haiyang". The marquis's daughter married Xiahou Yuan's eldest son Xiahou Heng.[2]
- 1 Cao Teng was a eunuch. He adopted Cao Song as his foster son. See Cao Song#Family background for information on Cao Song's heritage.
- 2 Cao De's name was recorded as "Cao Ji" (曹疾) in the Houhanshu.[3]
- 3 The Sanguozhi mentioned that Sun Kuang married the daughter of Cao Cao's younger brother, whose name was not recorded.[4] It might be possible that this younger brother of Cao Cao was the same person as either of Cao Cao's three other younger brothers.
- 4 Cao Jun was actually Cao Cao's son. He was adopted by his uncle Cao Bin because the latter had no heir.[5]
- 5 Cao Cao had a nephew, Cao Anmin, who was killed at the Battle of Wan in 197. Cao Anmin was stated to be a son of Cao Cao's younger brother, whose name was not recorded.[6] It might be possible that this younger brother of Cao Cao was the same person as either of Cao Cao's three other younger brothers.
Cao Cao, his wives, and his children
Lady Bian
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Lady Bian 卞氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Pi 曹丕 Zihuan 子桓 | Cao Zhang 曹彰 Ziwen 子文 | Cao Zhi 曹植 Zijian 子建 | Cao Xiong 曹熊 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Bing 曹炳 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Lady Bian had four sons: Cao Pi, Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi and Cao Xiong.[7]
Cao Xiong was succeeded by his son Cao Bing. Cao Bing had no heir.[8]
Cao Zhang
| Sun Ben 孫賁 Boyang 伯陽 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Zhang 曹彰 Ziwen 子文 | Lady Sun 孫氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Kai 曹楷 | Daughter (name unknown) | Wang Chang 王昌 Gongbo 公伯 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Zhang married Sun Ben's daughter (personal name unknown).[4] Cao Zhang's son was Cao Kai.[9] Cao Zhang also had a daughter (personal name unknown) who married Wang Chang.[10] It is not known whether Cao Zhang's two children were born to Lady Sun (Sun Ben's daughter) or not.
* Note that Cao Zhang's name was erroneously recorded as 曹章 in Sun Ce's biography in the Sanguozhi.
Cao Zhi
| Cui Yan 崔琰 Jigui 季珪 | Cui Yan's brother | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Zhi 曹植 Zijian 子建 | Lady Cui 崔氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Miao 曹苗 | Cao Zhi 曹志 Yungong 允恭 | Cao Jinhu 曹金瓠 | Cao Xingnü 曹行女 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Zhi married the daughter of Cui Yan's elder brother.[11] He had two sons — Cao Miao and Cao Zhi (courtesy name "Yungong").[12][13][14] He also had two daughters — Cao Jinhu and Cao Xingnü.[15][16] It is not known whether Cao Zhi's four children were born to Lady Cui or not.
Lady Liu
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Lady Liu 劉氏 | Xiahou Dun 夏侯惇 Yuanrang 元讓 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Ang 曹昂 Zixiu 子脩 | Cao Shuo 曹鑠 | Princess Qinghe 清河公主 (name unknown) | Xiahou Mao 夏侯楙 Zilin 子林 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Wan1 曹琬 | Cao Song2 曹竦 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Lian 曹廉 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Lady Liu had two sons and a daughter: Cao Ang, Cao Shuo and Princess Qinghe (personal name unknown).[17][18] Princess Qinghe married Xiahou Dun's son Xiahou Mao.[19]
Cao Ang's successor was Cao Wan, a son of his half-brother Cao Jun (曹均). Cao Wan's son was Cao Lian.[20] Cao Shuo's successor was Cao Song, a son of his half-brother Cao Mao (曹茂).[21]
- 1 Cao Wan was actually a son of Cao Ang's half-brother Cao Jun. Cao Ang died without an heir so Cao Wan was chosen to be his successor.
- 2 Cao Song was actually a son of Cao Shuo's half-brother Cao Mao. Cao Shuo died without an heir so Cao Song was chosen to be his successor.
Lady Huan
| Lady Huan 環氏 | Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Lady Bian 卞氏 | Bian Bing 卞秉 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Chong 曹沖 Cangshu 倉舒 | Cao Ju 曹據 | Cao Yu 曹宇 Pengzu 彭祖 | Bian Lin 卞琳 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Cong1 曹琮 | Cao Huan 曹奐 Jingming 景明 | Empress Bian 卞皇后 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Lady Huan had three sons: Cao Chong, Cao Ju and Cao Yu.[22]
Cao Chong's successor was Cao Cong, a son of his brother Cao Ju.[23] Cao Yu's son was Cao Huan.[24][25] Cao Huan married Bian Lin's daughter Empress Bian. Bian Lin was a son of Bian Bing, a younger brother of Lady Bian (another of Cao Cao's wives).[26]
- 1 Cao Cong was actually a son of Cao Chong's brother Cao Ju. Cao Chong died without an heir so Cao Cong was chosen to be his successor.
Lady Du
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Lady Du 杜氏 | Qin Yilu 秦宜祿 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Gun 曹袞 | Cao Lin 曹林 | Qin Lang 秦朗 Yuanming 元明 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Fu 曹孚 | Cao Wei 曹緯 | Daughter (name unknown) | Ji Kang 嵇康 Shuye 叔夜 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Lady Du had two sons: Cao Lin and Cao Gun.[27] Lady Du and her ex-husband Qin Yilu had a son, Qin Lang, who was adopted by Cao Cao after his mother's remarriage.[28]
Cao Gun's son was Cao Fu.[29] Cao Lin had a son (Cao Wei)[30] and a daughter (personal name unknown). The daughter married Ji Kang.[31]
Lady Qin
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Lady Qin 秦氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Jun 曹峻 Zi'an 子安 | Cao Xuan 曹玹 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Ao 曹澳 | Cao Zan1 曹贊 | Cao Yi2 曹壹 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Heng 曹恒 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Lady Qin had two sons: Cao Xuan and Cao Jun.[32]
Cao Xuan's successor was Cao Zan, a son of his half-brother Cao Lin. Cao Zan's successor was his younger brother Cao Yi. Cao Yi's son was Cao Heng.[33]
Cao Jun's son was Cao Ao.[34]
- 1 Cao Zan was actually a son of Cao Xuan's half-brother Cao Lin. Cao Xuan died without an heir so Cao Zan was chosen to be his successor.
- 2 Cao Zan also died without an heir so his younger brother Cao Yi was chosen to be his successor. Cao Yi was hence the successor to Cao Xuan's line.
Lady Yin
| He Jin 何進 Suigao 遂高 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Lady Yin 尹氏 | He Xian 何咸 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Ju 曹矩 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Min1 曹敏 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Kun 曹焜 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Princess Jinxiang2 金鄉公主 (name unknown) | He Yan 何晏 Pingshu 平叔 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Lady Yin had a son: Cao Ju.[35] Lady Yin and her ex-husband He Xian,[36] a son of He Jin, had a son, He Yan, who was adopted by Cao Cao after his mother's remarriage. He Yan married Cao Cao's daughter Princess Jinxiang (personal name unknown).[37][38]
Cao Ju's successor was Cao Min, a son of his half-brother Cao Jun (曹均). Cao Min's son was Cao Kun.[39]
- 1 Cao Min was actually a son of Cao Ju's half-brother Cao Jun. Cao Ju died without an heir so Cao Min was chosen to be his successor.
- 2 The identity of Princess Jinxiang's mother is not confirmed. The Wei Mo Zhuan (魏末傳) claimed that Princess Jinxiang was He Yan's half-sister and that she was born to the same mother as the Prince of Pei (Cao Lin). Pei Songzhi pointed out that the Sanguozhi stated that Cao Lin's mother was Lady Du. He Yan's mother was Lady Yin. Therefore, if Princess Jinxiang shared the same mother as Cao Lin, she could not have been He Yan's half-sister.[38][40]
Consort Sun
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Consort Sun 孫姬 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Biao 曹彪 Zhuhu 朱虎 | Cao Zishang 曹子上 | Cao Ziqin 曹子勤 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Jia 曹嘉 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Consort Sun had three sons: Cao Zishang, Cao Ziqin and Cao Biao.[41]
Both Cao Zishang[42] and Cao Ziqin[43] died without heirs. Cao Biao was succeeded by his son Cao Jia.[44]
Consort Li
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Consort Li 李姬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Zizheng 曹子整 | Cao Zicheng 曹子乘 | Cao Zijing 曹子京 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Fan1 曹範 | Cao Chan2 曹闡 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao and Consort Li had three sons: Cao Zicheng, Cao Zizheng and Cao Zijing.[45]
Both Cao Zicheng[46] and Cao Zijing[47] died without heirs. Cao Zizheng's successor was Cao Fan, a son of his half-brother Cao Ju (曹據). Cao Fan was succeeded by his younger brother Cao Chan.[48]
- 1 Cao Fan was actually a son of Cao Zizheng's half-brother Cao Ju. Cao Zizheng died without an heir so Cao Fan was chosen to be his successor.
- 2 Cao Fan also died without an heir so his younger brother Cao Chan was chosen to be his successor. Cao Chan was hence the successor to Cao Zizheng's line.
Cao Cao's other wives and children
| Lady Wang 王昭儀 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Ding 丁氏 | Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Xun Yu 荀彧 Wenruo 文若 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consort Zhou 周姬 | Consort Song 宋姬 | Consort Liu 劉姬 | Consort Zhao 趙姬 | Consort Chen 陳妾 | Princess Anyang 安陽公主 (name unknown) | Xun Yun 荀惲 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Jun 曹均 | Cao Hui 曹徽 | Cao Ji 曹棘 | Cao Mao 曹茂 | Cao Gan 曹幹 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Kang 曹抗 | Cao Xi 曹翕 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Chen 曹諶 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liu Xie 劉協 Bohe 伯和 | Cao Xian 曹憲 | Cao Jie 曹節 | Cao Hua 曹華 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Cao had five other sons who were born to five different mothers: Consort Zhou bore Cao Jun;[49] Consort Liu bore Cao Ji;[50] Consort Song bore Cao Hui;[51] Consort Zhao bore Cao Mao;[52] Consort Chen bore Cao Gan. Cao Cao also had two other wives: Lady Wang, who raised Cao Gan after Consort Chen's death;[53][54] Lady Ding, who raised Cao Ang after the death of Lady Liu (Cao Ang's biological mother).[55] Cao Cao also had four daughters whose mothers were not known: Cao Xian, Cao Jie, Cao Hua and Princess Anyang (personal name unknown). Cao Xian, Cao Jie and Cao Hua married Liu Xie (Emperor Xian of Han)[56] while Princess Anyang married Xun Yu's son Xun Yun.[57]
Cao Ji died without an heir.[58] Cao Jun was succeeded by his son Cao Kang, who in turn was succeeded by his son Cao Chen.[59] Cao Hui was succeeded by his son Cao Xi.[60]
Cao Pi, his wives, and his children
Lady Zhen
| Cao Pi 曹丕 Zihuan 子桓 | Lady Zhen 甄氏 | ||||||||||||
| Cao Rui 曹叡 Yuanzhong 元仲 | Princess Dongxiang 東鄉公主 (name unknown) | ||||||||||||
Cao Pi and Lady Zhen had a son and a daughter: Cao Rui and Princess Dongxiang (personal name unknown).[61][62]
Consort Xu
| Cao Pi 曹丕 Zihuan 子桓 | Consort Xu 徐姬 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Li 曹禮 | Princess Linfen 臨汾公主 (name unknown) | Daughter (name unknown) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Ti1 曹悌 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Pi and Consort Xu had a son: Cao Li.[63] Cao Li's successor was Cao Ti, a son of his cousin Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son).[64] Consort Xu also bore Cao Pi two daughters: Princess Linfen (personal name unknown) and a second daughter (name unknown) who died at a young age.[65]
- 1 Cao Ti was actually a son of Cao Li's cousin Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son). Cao Li died without an heir so Cao Ti was chosen to be his successor.
Ladies Pan, Zhu, and Qiu
| Cao Cao 曹操 Mengde 孟德 | Lady Bian 卞氏 | Bian Bing 卞秉 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Pi 曹丕 Zihuan 子桓 | Bian Lan 卞蘭 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Pan 潘淑媛 | Lady Zhu 朱淑媛 | Lady Qiu 仇昭儀 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bian Long 卞隆 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Rui 曹蕤 | Cao Jian 曹鑒 | Cao Lin 曹霖 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Zan1 曹贊 | Cao Qi 曹啟 | Cao Mao 曹髦 Yanshi 彥士 | Empress Bian 卞皇后 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Three of Cao Pi's wives: Lady Pan, Lady Zhu and Lady Qiu - bore him children as such: Lady Pan bore Cao Rui;[66] Lady Zhu bore Cao Jian;[67] Lady Qiu bore Cao Lin.[68]
Cao Rui's successor was Cao Zan, a son of Cao Min, Cao Ju's heir and Prince of Langya.[69] Cao Jian had no heir.[70] Cao Lin had two sons: Cao Qi and Cao Mao.[71] Cao Mao married Empress Bian, Bian Long's daughter. Bian Long was Bian Lan's son, Bian Lan was Bian Bing's son. Bian Bing was a younger brother of Cao Pi's mother Lady Bian.[72]
- 1 Cao Zan was actually a son of Cao Min. Cao Rui died without an heir so Cao Zan was chosen to be his successor.
Consorts Li, Su, Zhang, and Song
| Cao Pi 曹丕 Zihuan 子桓 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consort Li 李貴人 | Consort Su 蘇姬 | Consort Zhang 張姬 | Consort Song 宋姬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Xie 曹協 | Cao Yong 曹邕 | Cao Gong 曹貢 | Cao Yan 曹儼 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Xun 曹尋 | Cao Wen1 曹溫 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Four of Cao Pi's wives – Consorts Li, Su, Zhang and Song – bore him children as such: Consort Li bore Cao Xie;[73] Consort Su bore Cao Yong;[74] Consort Zhang bore Cao Gong;[75] Consort Song bore Cao Yan.[76]
Cao Xie's son was Cao Xun.[77] Cao Yong's successor was Cao Wen, a son of his cousin Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son).[78] Both Cao Gong[70] and Cao Yan[70] died without heirs.
- 1 Cao Wen was actually a son of Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son). Cao Yong died without an heir so Cao Wen was chosen to succeed him.
Cao Pi's other wives and children
| Liu Xie 劉協 Bohe 伯和 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Liu 劉氏 | Lady Liu 劉氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Guo Yong 郭永 | Lady Dong 董氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consort Yin 陰貴人 | Consort Chai 柴貴人 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Pi 曹丕 Zihuan 子桓 | Guo Nüwang 郭女王 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Ren 任氏 | Lady Li 李氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Jie 曹喈 Zhongyong 仲雍 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Pi had seven other wives: the two Ladies Liu, Consort Yin, Consort Chai,[79] Lady Ren,[80] Lady Li[81] and Guo Nüwang.[82][83] The two Ladies Liu were the daughters of Liu Xie (Emperor Xian of Han).[82] Guo Nüwang was the daughter of Guo Yong and Lady Dong.[84]
Cao Pi had a son, Cao Jie.[85] The identity of Cao Jie's mother is not known.
Cao Rui
| Mao Jia 毛嘉 | Guo Man 郭滿 | Lady Du 杜氏 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mao Zeng 毛曾 | Empress Mao 毛皇后 | Empress Guo 郭皇后 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Zhang 張才人 | Lady He 何才人 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Rui 曹叡 Yuanzhong 元仲 | Lady Yu 虞妃 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Jiong 曹冏 | Cao Mu 曹穆 | Cao Yin 曹殷 | Cao Fang1 曹芳 Lanqing 蘭卿 | Cao Xun2 曹詢 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ren Kai3 任愷 Yuanbao 元褒 | Princess Qichang 齊長公主 (name unknown) | Cao Shu 曹淑 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Rui had five wives: Empress Mao, Empress Guo, Lady Zhang,[86] Lady He[86] and Lady Yu.[87] Empress Mao was Mao Jia's daughter and she had a younger brother, Mao Zeng.[88] Empress Guo was the daughter of Guo Man and Lady Du.[89]
Cao Rui had three sons (Cao Jiong,[90] Cao Mu[91] and Cao Yin[92]) and two daughters (Cao Shu[93] and Princess Qichang). Princess Qichang (personal name unknown) married Li Feng's son Li Tao (李韜) initially, but was later remarried to Ren Kai.[94][95]
Cao Rui also had two adoptive sons: Cao Fang,[96] who was allegedly a son of Cao Zhang's son Cao Kai;[97] Cao Xun.[98]
- 1 Cao Fang was Cao Rui's adoptive son. His biological father was alleged to be Cao Zhang's son Cao Kai.
- 2 Cao Xun was Cao Rui's adoptive son.
- 3 Princess Qichang married Li Tao initially, but she was later remarried to Ren Kai.
Cao Fang
| Zhen Yan 甄儼 | Zhang Ji 張既 Derong 德容 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Zhen's father (name unknown) | Zhang Ji 張緝 Jingzhong 敬仲 | Wang Kui 王夔 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Zhen 甄皇后 | Empress Zhang 張皇后 | Empress Wang 王皇后 | Lady Zhang 張美人 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Fang 曹芳 Lanqing 蘭卿 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Li Hua 李華 | Liu Xun 劉勳 | Yuwan 禺婉 | Lady Xing 邢氏 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cao Fang had eight wives: Empress Zhen, a granddaughter of Zhen Yan (Lady Zhen's elder brother);[99] Empress Zhang, a daughter of Zhang Ji (Jingzhong);[100] Empress Wang, Wang Kui's daughter;[101] Lady Zhang;[102] Lady Xing, who later remarried Sun Huan's son Sun Yi (孫壹);[103] Li Hua,[104] Liu Xun;[104] Yuwan.[102]
See also
References
- ↑ (世語曰：嵩在泰山華縣。太祖令泰山太守應劭送家詣兗州，劭兵未至，陶謙密遣數千騎掩捕。嵩家以為劭迎，不設備。謙兵至，殺太祖弟德於門中。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (長子衡，尚太祖弟海陽哀侯女，恩寵特隆。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (及子操起兵，不肯相隨，乃與少子疾避亂琅邪，為徐州刺史陶謙所殺。) Houhanshu vol. 78.
- 1 2 (是時哀紹方彊，而策并江東，曹公力未能逞，且欲撫之。乃以弟女配策小弟匡，又為子章取賁女， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 46.
- ↑ (樊安公均，奉叔父薊恭公彬後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (二年春正月，公到宛。張繡降，旣而悔之，復反。公與戰，軍敗，為流矢所中，長子昂、弟子安民遇害。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (... 卞皇后生文皇帝、任城威王彰、陳思王植、蕭懷王熊， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (子哀王炳嗣，食邑二千五百戶。六年薨，無子，國除。) Sanguozhi vol. 19.
- ↑ (子楷嗣，徙封中牟。) Sanguozhi vol. 19.
- ↑ (王昌，字公伯，為東平相散騎常侍，早卒。婦任城王曹子文女。) Xi Zuochi. Xiangyang Ji (襄陽記), vol. 2, Biographies of Wang Chang and his mother.
- ↑ (植，琰之兄女壻也。) Sanguozhi vol. 12.
- ↑ (詔書封臣息男苗為高陽鄉公，志為穆鄉公。) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 7, Memorial to express gratitude for the enfeoffment of my two sons as dukes (封二子為公謝恩章).
- ↑ (子志嗣，徙封濟北王。) Sanguozhi vol. 19.
- ↑ (志別傳曰：志字允恭， ...) Zhi Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 19.
- ↑ (金瓠，予之首女， ...) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 10, Lamenting Jinhu (金瓠哀辭).
- ↑ (行女生於季秋，而終於首夏。) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 10, Lamenting Xingnü (行女哀辭).
- ↑ (... 劉夫人生豐愍王昂、相殤王鑠， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (魏略曰：太祖始有丁夫人，又劉夫人生子脩及清河長公主。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (初，太祖以女妻楙，即清河公主也。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (三年，以樊安公均子琬奉昂後， ... 琬薨，謚曰恭王。子廉嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (無子，國除。正元二年，以樂陵王茂子陽都鄉公竦繼鑠後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 環夫人生鄧哀王沖、彭城王據、燕王宇， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 命宛侯據子琮奉沖後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (常道鄉公奐，宇之子，入繼大宗。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (陳留王諱奐，字景明，武帝孫，燕王宇子也。) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
- ↑ (初，太后弟秉， ... 秉薨，子蘭嗣。 ... 封蘭弟琳為列侯， ... 琳女又為陳留王皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (... 杜夫人生沛穆王林、中山恭王衮， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (獻帝傳曰：朗父名宜祿， ... 朗隨母氏畜于公宮，太祖甚愛之，每坐席，謂賔客曰：「豈有人愛假子如孤者乎？」) Xiandi Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 3.
- ↑ (子孚嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (林薨，子緯嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (案嵇氏譜：嵇康妻，林子之女也。) Ji Shipu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 秦夫人生濟陽懷王玹、陳留恭王峻， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (早薨，無子。二十年，以沛王林子贊襲玹爵邑，早薨，無子。文帝復以贊弟壹紹玹後。 ... 壹薨，謚曰悼公。子恒嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (子澳嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 尹夫人生范陽閔王矩， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (晏字平叔，南陽宛人，何進之孫，何咸之子也。) Siku Quanshu, Classics Section (經部), vol. 35.
- ↑ (晏，何進孫也。母尹氏，為太祖夫人。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- 1 2 (魏末傳曰：晏婦金鄉公主，即晏同母妹。公主賢，謂其母沛王太妃曰：「晏為惡日甚，將何保身？」母笑曰：「汝得無妬晏邪！」) Wei Mo Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (范陽閔王矩，早薨，無子。 ... 以樊安公均子敏奉矩後， ... 敏薨，謚曰原王。子焜嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (臣松之案：魏末傳云晏取其同母妹為妻，此搢紳所不忍言，雖楚王之妻媦，不是甚也已。設令此言出於舊史，猶將莫之或信，況厎下之書乎！案諸王公傳，沛王出自杜夫人所生。晏母姓尹，公主若與沛王同生，焉得言與晏同母？) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (... 孫姬生臨邑殤公子上、楚王彪、剛殤公子勤， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (臨邑殤公子上，早薨。太和五年，追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (剛殤公子勤，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (正元元年詔曰：「故楚王彪， ... 其封彪世子嘉為常山真定王。」) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 李姬生穀城殤公子乘、郿戴公子整、靈殤公子京， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (穀城殤公子乘，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (靈殤公子京，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (二十三年薨。無子。 ... 以彭城王據子範奉整後。 ... 無後。四年，詔以範弟東安鄉公闡為郿公，奉整後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 周姬生樊安公均， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 劉姬生廣宗殤公子棘， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 宋姬生東平靈王徽， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 趙姬生樂陵王茂。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (魏略曰：幹一名良。良本陳妾子，良生而陳氏死，太祖令王夫人養之。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 王昭儀生趙王幹， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (魏略曰：太祖始有丁夫人，又劉夫人生子脩及清河長公主。劉早終，丁養子脩。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (獻穆曹皇后諱節，魏公曹操之中女也。建安十八年，操進三女憲、節、華為夫人， ...) Houhanshu vol. 10.
- ↑ (太祖以女妻彧長子惲，後稱安陽公主。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
- ↑ (廣宗殤公子棘，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (子抗嗣。 ... 子諶嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (子翕嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 甄氏皇后生明帝， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (及兾州平，文帝納后於鄴，有寵，生明帝及東鄉公主。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (... 徐姬生元城哀王禮， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (五年，以任城王楷子悌嗣禮後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (徐姬者，京兆新豐人也，有容色。太祖將定冀州，文帝之在黎陽，納以為姬，甚有寵。生二女，長即臨汾公主，次早卒。建安十三年，生元城王禮。) Hang Shijun (杭世駿). Sanguozhi buzhu (三國志補注; Additional notes on Records of the Three Kingdoms), vol. 1.
- ↑ (... 潘淑媛生北海悼王蕤， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 朱淑媛生東武陽懷王鑒， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 仇昭儀生東海定王霖， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (二年，以琅邪王子贊奉蕤後，封昌鄉公。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- 1 2 3 (無子。國除。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (子啟嗣。 ... 高貴鄉公髦，霖之子也，入繼大宗。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (初，太后弟秉， ... 秉薨，子蘭嗣。 ... 蘭子隆女為高貴鄉公皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (... 李貴人生贊哀王恊， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 蘇姬生邯鄲懷王邕， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 張姬生清河悼王貢， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (... 宋姬生廣平哀王儼。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (三年，子殤王尋嗣。 ... 無子。國除。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (五年，以任城王楷子溫嗣邕後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
- ↑ (是時柴貴人亦有寵，后教訓獎導之。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (其後帝欲遣任氏，后請於帝曰：「任旣鄉黨名族，德、色，妾等不及也，如何遣之？」帝曰：「任性狷急不婉順，前後忿吾非一，是以遣之耳。」后流涕固請曰：「妾受敬遇之恩，衆人所知，必謂任之出，是妾之由。上懼有見私之譏，下受專寵之罪，願重留意！」帝不聽，遂出之。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (魏略曰：明帝旣嗣立，追痛甄后之薨，故太后以憂暴崩。甄后臨沒，以帝屬李夫人。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- 1 2 (黃初元年十月，帝踐阼。踐阼之後，山陽公奉二女以嬪于魏，郭后、李、陰貴人並愛幸， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (文帝定為嗣，后有謀焉。太子即王位，后為夫人，及踐阼，為貴嬪。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (魏書曰：父永，官至南郡太守，謚敬侯。母姓董氏， ...) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (曹喈字仲雍，魏太子之仲子也。) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 10, Lamenting Zhongyong (仲雍哀辭).
- 1 2 (初，張當私以所擇才人張、何等與爽。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (初，明帝為王，始納河內虞氏為妃， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (明悼毛皇后，河內人也。 ... 后父嘉，拜騎都尉，后弟曾，郎中。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (明元郭皇后， ... 追封謚太后父滿為西都定侯，以立子建紹其爵。封太后母杜為郃陽君。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (辛巳，立皇子冏為清河王。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
- ↑ (乙酉，立皇子穆為繁陽王。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
- ↑ (乙酉，皇子殷生，大赦。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
- ↑ (太和六年，明帝愛女淑薨，追封謚淑為平原懿公主，為之立廟。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (初，豐自以身處機密，息韜又以列侯給事中，尚齊長公主，) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
- ↑ (愷少有識量，尚魏明帝女， ... 有司收太官宰人檢覈，是愷妻齊長公主得賜魏時御器也。) Jin Shu vol. 45.
- ↑ (齊王諱芳，字蘭卿。明帝無子，養王及秦王詢；宮省事祕，莫有知其所由來者。) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
- ↑ (魏氏春秋曰：或云任城王楷子。) Wei Shi Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 4.
- ↑ (秋七月，洛陽崇華殿災，八月庚午，立皇子芳為齊王，詢為秦王。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
- ↑ (后兄儼孫女為齊王皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
- ↑ (緝以中書郎稍遷東莞太守。嘉平中，女為皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 15.
- ↑ (夏四月，立皇后王氏，大赦。五月，封后父奉車都尉王夔為廣明鄉侯、 ...) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
- 1 2 (甄后崩後，帝欲立王貴人為皇后。 ... 後卒待張皇后疏薄。太后遭郃陽君喪，帝日在後園，倡優音樂自若，不數往定省。 ... 皇太后還北宮，殺張美人及禺婉，帝恚望， ...) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 4.
- ↑ (魏以壹為車騎將軍、儀同三司，封吳侯，以故主芳貴人邢氏妻之。) Sanguozhi vol. 51.
- 1 2 (於陵雲臺曲中施帷，見九親婦女，帝臨宣曲觀，呼懷、信使入帷共飲酒。懷、信等更行酒，婦女皆醉，戲侮無別。使保林李華、劉勳等與懷、信等戲，清商令令狐景呵華、 ...) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 4.
- Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fan, Ye. Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Fang, Xuanling. Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
- Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).