2015–16 Latakia offensive

2015–16 Latakia offensive
Part of the Syrian Civil War and the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

     Syrian Army control (including Hezbollah)

     Syrian opposition control (including al-Nusra Front)

     Ongoing confrontation or unclear situation
Date15 October 2015[1] – 12 March 2016
(4 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
LocationLatakia Governorate, Syria
Status Decisive Syrian Army and allies victory
Territorial
changes
Belligerents

Syria Syrian Arab Republic

Syrian Social Nationalist Party[10]
Syrian Resistance[10]
Hezbollah
LAAG[11]
Lions of Hussein Brigade[11]

Russia (air strikes):

Syria Free Syrian Army
Islamic Front
Al-Nusra Front
Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
Supported by:

Commanders and leaders
Abu Fatima al-Musawi[13]
(LAAG commander)
Hussein Tawfiq al-Assad[14]
(Lions of Hussein Brigade leader)		 Cpt. Basil Zamo †[15]
(1st Coastal Division leader)
‘Ali Durayi †[16]
(Jabal al-Akrad Ahrar ash-Sham commander)
Abdel-Aziz Al-Dibaykhi †[17]
(Jabal al-Akrad al-Nusra commander)
Units involved

Syrian Armed Forces

Syria Free Syrian Army:

Islamic Front:

Casualties and losses
112 Syrian soldiers killed (12–25 Jan. & 26 Feb. 2016)[22][23]
3 Russian soldiers killed[24]
1 Russian Su-24M bomber[25]
1 Russian Mi-8AMTsh helicopter[26]		 302+ killed (124 foreigners)[10][15][22][27][28][29][30][23][31]

The 2015–16 Latakia offensive was a campaign of the Syrian Civil War that was launched by government forces in November 2015 to recapture rebel-held territory in the Latakia Governorate bordering Turkey.[32]

The offensive

Initial government advances

On 15 October, government forces launched a large-scale offensive in the northern Latakia countryside.[1] On 19 October, the SAA captured Point 1112, Point 482, Tal Thamamiyah, Kawa Al-Hatab, and Tal Thalatha in the Al-Zahiyah Mountains in northern Latakia after advancing north from the hilltop of Tal Ziwayk.[33] The next day, Russian air strikes killed Basil Zamo, the commander of the rebel 1st Coastal Division, along with four other fighters according to one report. Other reports put the death toll from the attack at 45, including at least 15 civilians.[15]

On 30 October, rebels recaptured areas at Kafar Delbah in Latakia.[34] but pro-government forces denied this.[35]

Between 1 and 3 November, heavy clashes for the village of Ghannam in the Mountains of northern Latakia took place. The village was captured four times, with the rebels finally ending up controlling it again. 13 soldiers and an unknown number of rebels were killed.[36][37][38][39] Two days later, government forces captured three villages in the area[40] and on 6 November took control of Ghamam and Jabal Bakdash hill overlooking it.[41][42]

On 9 and 10 November, the rebels were reported to had recaptured some points in the area of Ghamam.[43][44] However, this was denied by military sources.[45]

Between 13 and 23 November, government troops seized 200 square kilometers of territory.[46] On 25 November, they captured three hills (including Tal Al-Yakdash hill) in the mountains of Latakia, advanced around Ghamam and captured the villages of Dayr Hanna, al-Dughmishlyia and Beit ‘Ayyash.[47][48][49][50][51][52]

Between 18 and 23 November, government forces captured 10 hills (including six in the Jeb al-Ahmar area),[53][54][55][56] three villages[57][58][59] and imposed full control over the Al-Zahi Mountains.[59]

On 24 November, rebels retook the Al-Zahi Mountains[60] and Tal al-Etyra,[61] while government forces captured a village and hilltop on Jabal Sheikh Mohammad.[62] The following day, government forces advanced in the areas of the Al-Zahi Mountains and Ateera, and recaptured Al-Zahi.[63]

Turkish shootdown of Russian plane

On 25 November, Turkish F-16's downed a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 near the Syrian-Turkish border. A Russian pilot was killed, while another Russian soldier died in the rescue operation that took place in the northern Latakia mountain area.[25] A Russian rescue helicopter was also destroyed by a TOW crew. The crew remained unharmed.[26] Later that day, the second pilot reached the military airport of Latakia after he was rescued by special forces.[64]

Jabal Turkman was subjected to intense bombardment by the Russians after the shootdown of its bomber jet by the Turkish Air Force.[65][66]

On 27 November, the al-Qaeda-linked al-Nusra Front and the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria fought against Syrian government and Hezbollah forces around Jabal Nuba,[67] as the Syrian army bombarded them with artillery and Russian warplanes bombed Jabal al-Akrad.[68] The Syrian Army's intense artillery bombardment with hundreds of rockets killed 15 fighters of the Turkistan Islamic Party along with its military leader in Jabal Turkman. Turkistan Islamic Party reported over 30 killed in clashes with government forces during the week.[27][69][70] On the same day, government forces captured two more hills and secured Jabal Al-Nuba mountain.[71]

The Turkey-based Uyghur website "Doğu Türkistan Bülteni", which supports the Turkistan Islamic Party, reported that the Uyghur diaspora in Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu were in fear after the assassination of Uzbek Imam Abdullah Bukhari and the Uyghurs were panicking over reports of Chinese loyalist Uyghur agents sent to Istanbul to hunt down separatist Uyghurs while in Lattakia, Russia, Iran, and Assad were fighting against the Turkmens and Turkestan Islamic Party Uyghur fighters.[72][73]

Continued government advances

On 1 December, government forces captured three villages[74] and the Jabal Al-Kashkar Mountains.[75] With these advances, the Army was in full control of the al-Jeb al-Ahmar area.[32][76]

Between 3 and 15 December, government forces captured up to 20 villages and hills.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87] During this time, Islamist rebels also retook several checkpoints around Jabal al-Nawabah.[84] Two rebel commanders were killed by Russian airstrikes in Latakia Northern countryside.[88]

On 16 December, government forces captured the strategic Al-Nuba Mountains (Jabal Al-Nuba) in the northern countryside of Latakia.[89] On the same day, they also seized two hilltops which are located on the border of the Idlib governorate.[90]

Between 17 and 20 December, government forces captured another 10 villages and points along the Turkish border,[91][92][93][94] while the rebels retook the Jabal Al-Sayed Mountains and partly retook the Jabal Al-Nuba mountain.[95]

On 23 and 24 December, government forces supported by Russian air-strikes, reportedly recaptured the Jabal Al-Nuba mountain[18] and the Jabal Al-Sayed Mountains.[96][97]

Between 25 December and 10 January, government forces imposed full control over two dozen more villages and hills,[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110] including the Katf Al-Alamah area.[111] Of these, the rebels managed to recapture only two villages.[112]

Capture of Salma and Rabia

On the morning of 12 January, government forces imposed full control over the strategic village of Tartiyah, situated to the east of the rebel stronghold of Salma, considered to be the rebel's most important site in the Kurdish Mountains (Jabal Al-Akrad) in the northern countryside of Latakia.[113][114] Later that day, the military fully seized Salma.[4][5][115]

The following day, the military expanded its control from Salma, capturing Mrouniyah and Marj Khawkha.[116] By 15 January, they took control of another six villages as rebel defenses collapsed.[117][118][119]

On 16 January 2016, government forces captured several hills overlooking al-Sarraf,[120] as well as another six villages.[121][122][123]

On the next day, the military seized two mountaintops near the strategic town of Rabia[124][125] and six villages throughout Jabal Al-Akrad and the Turkmen Mountain.[126][127][128][129]

On 20 January, government advances continued with the seizure of another two villages.[130] However, a rebel counter-attack between 18 and 20 January, led to their recapture of four villages and a hill. Still, their hold on these recaptured positions was weak due to government troops still occupying the strategic heights.[131][132][133]

On 21 January, a renewed Army assault commenced[134] and by 24 January, they captured 20 villages, surrounding the strategic town of Rabia on three sides. Rabia itself was seized that day.[6]

In all, between 12 and 25 January, Russian and Syrian warplanes conducted more than 522 airstrikes, while government ground forces fired more than 3,000 rocket shells and missiles, which led to them taking control of 36 towns and villages, the most important of all being Salma and Rabia, which were the main rebel strongholds in Jabal al-Akrad and Jabal al-Turkman. 72 Syrian soldiers and 124 foreign rebel fighters were killed during these two weeks of operations.[22]

SAA push towards Kinsabba

Syrian Marines in Bashura on 7 February 2016

Between 27 and 31 January, government forces captured seven villages, Ruweisat Al-Nimr hill and Jabal Al-Mulqa mountain.[135][136][137][138][139][140]

On 1 February, the rebels recaptured Nawarah (Kelez), near the Turkish border, after government forces had completely withdrawn from the village and its surrounding hills. Meanwhile, east of Jabal al-Turkman (Turkmen Mountains), government forces continued to advance north towards the rebel stronghold of Kinsabba.[141]

On 3 February, a Russian military advisor training Syrian soldiers in the use of "new weapons" was killed by rebel mortar shelling in Salma. Three other Russian soldiers were wounded.[12]

Between 6 and 7 February, government troops captured the village of Aliyah (Krouja) and its hill.[142][143] In the same day, the 103rd Brigade of the Republican Guard and other Syrian paramilitaries crossed a river capturing the village of Bashura.[144] The attack was heavily assisted by Russian airstrikes which targeted Al-Nusra Front and FSA 1st Coastal Brigade defenses.[144] On 8 February, they further advanced and seized four villages, including two in the area of Kinsabba.[145][146]

On 9 February, the Saudi national and senior Al-Nusra Front commander of the Kurdish Mountains, Abdel-Aziz Al-Dibaykhi (nom de guerre "Abu Hamza") was killed by the Republican Guard's 103rd Brigade.[17] 16 Al-Nusra Front fighters were killed by Russian air-strikes as the military regained several positions they had previously lost.[29] Two days later, the rebels recaptured two villages, including Krouja, following fighting that left 12 soldiers dead.[147] On 13 February, the military regained several positions they had lost, including a village.[148]

On 14 February, the Army seized three villages,[149][150] and the following day another seven sites as they pressed towards Kinsabba.[151] With the capture of two more villages on 16 February, the military reached Kinsabba and preparations were started for a final assault on the town.[152] Due to the re-allocation of most of the rebel forces from Tal Ghazaleh hill, that overlooks the Turkish border, to reinforce the defense of Kinsabba, government forces used the opportunity, assaulted the hill and captured it.[153] The attack on Kinsabba started on 17 February,[154] quickly capturing three villages on its western flank and leaving one road open for the rebels to retreat.[19] Kinsabba was secured the following morning. Following this advance, the next aim of the Army was the village of Kabani, one of the highest points in Jabal al-Akrad, that overlooks the Al-Ghaab Plains, and from where the rebels still had the ability to shell places like Qardaha.[30][155][156]

Final operations

Between 20 and 23 February, the Army continued its advances and captured eight villages and a hill north of Kinsabba.[157][158][159] On 26 February, government troops took control of Ayn Al-Bayda, on the provincial border between Latakia and Idlib,[160] and on the following day, they seized the village of Saraf and Tal Nawarat hill, that overlooks a Nusra-held border crossing with Turkey.[161][162]

On 2 March, the military launched an assault on Kabani[163] and its hill.[164] Elsewhere, they reportedly captured three villages and a hill.[165] Ten days later, the strategic height of Kabani hill (Hill 1154) was taken by government forces.[166] During this time, the Army also seized the Zuweiqat mountaintop overlooking Kabani.[167] Still, opposition activists reported on 9 March that the rebels had recaptured Zuweiqat.[168]

Aftermath

Al-Nusra-led rebels launched an assault in mid-April 2016, capturing parts of Jabal al-Qalat (Qalat Mountain) and al-Bayda village.[169][170] The Syrian Army mounted a counter-attack within days and re-captured all positions they had lost, continuing with the assault on the heights around Kabani again.[171][172][173] In the course of the fighting, a prominent al-Nusra Front commander was killed: Abu Shakkar, nicknamed "The Cannibal" because he ate the heart of a Syrian soldier.[174]

Between 14 and 29 April, government forces made 10 unsuccessful attempts at capturing two strategic hills on the outskirts of Kabani.[175][176] As of 30 April, there were contradictory reports who controlled height 1154[177] as a 3-day ceasefire came into effect.[178][179]

On 30 May, the Army captured the Tall Haddadeh hilltop, which overlooks the Turkish border and remaining rebel-held villages in northern Latakia.[180]

At the end of June, the al-Nusra-led Army of Conquest, supported by FSA groups, launched a counter-offensive on the Turkman and Kurd Mountains, capturing several villages before they withdrew under Russian airstrikes.[181][182][183][184] 33 rebels and 15 soldiers were killed in the fighting.[185][184][186][187] Still, a second rebel assault a few days later managed to capture Kinsabba,[188][189] as well as a dozen nearby villages and hills.[190] On 8 August, the Syrian Army regained Kinsabba and its surrounding villages and hills during a counter-offensive.[191]

Strategic Analysis

According to analysis by pro-opposition Al Jazeera, the objective of the Latakia offensive was to consolidate a potential Alawi dominated state (supported by Russia) that would extend from the Coast to Damascus, passing by Hama and Homs. This would entail forcing the population to leave the North of Latakia so that they would be replaced by government supporters. According to the same source, the offensive aims also at embarrassing and pressuring the Turkish government since most of the population in North Latakia are from Turkmen origin. The source attributes the advance by government troops to the powerful missiles used by the Russian airforce and to the lack of support from rebels in Idlib and Hama governorates.[192]

On the other hand, the Syrian government claims to be aiming to reconquer the whole of Syria. In this case, after recovering all of Latakia, the next logical step might be to move into neighboring Idlib and recover what was lost to the opposition earlier in the year.[193]

See also

References

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  111. ↑ Edward. "The factions target the regime forces on the outskirts of the capital and al-Thaala airbase and clashes in the mountains of the Syrian coast". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  112. ↑ "Jabhat Al-Nusra recaptures Sarif and Da'da'an in northern Latakia". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  113. ↑ "Breaking: Syrian Army captures Tartiyah in northeast Latakia - Salma under attack". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  114. ↑ khaled. "بعد أكثر من 120 غارة ومئات الصواريخ حزب الله وقوات النظام يدخلان معقل الفصائل في سلمى بجبل الأكراد في الريف الشمالي للاذقية". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
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  116. ↑ ABC News. "With Russian Help, Syrian Army Pushes Into Rebel Bastion". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  117. ↑ "Islamist defenses collapse in northern Latakia as the Syrian Army advances to the Turkish border". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  118. ↑ "Breaking: Syrian Army seizes two villages in northern Latakia". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  119. ↑ Edward. "Continuous heavy shelling by the regime forces, warplanes and Russian warplanes on Latakia Mountains along with the ongoing clashes". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  120. ↑ "Syrian Army captures 3 points in northern Latakia". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
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  122. ↑ "Syrian Army capitalizes on the collapsing rebel defenses in northern Latakia". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  123. ↑ khaled. "غارات تستهدف ريف إدلب الجنوبي وتقدم لقوات النظام في تلال بجبال اللاذقية". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  124. ↑ "Breaking: Syrian Army captures two mountaintops near the Turkish border". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  125. ↑ edward. "قصف لقوات النظام والطائرات الحربية يستهدف ريف حمص الشمالي ومعارك عنيفة في جبال الساحل السوري". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
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  131. ↑ khaled. "مزيد من التقدم للفصائل في جبال اللاذقية يخلف خسائر بشرية". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  132. ↑ "Agathocle de Syracuse". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  133. ↑ "Jabhat Al-Nusra captures Tal Al-Nimr in northern Latakia". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
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  135. ↑ Edward. "The regime forces advance in Jabal al-Akrad and control villages and areas, and casualties in airstrike on area in the countryside of Jisr al-Shughur". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
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  137. ↑ edward. "جبل الأكراد يشهد معاركاً متواصلة بين غرفة عمليات قوات النظام بقيادة ضباط روس ومقاتلي الفصائل". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
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  139. ↑ Leith Fadel (30 January 2016). "Syrian Army advances near Turkish border: Nuwarah village seized". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
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  142. ↑ Leith Fadel (6 February 2016). "Syrian Special Forces, Marines capture Aliyah village in northern Latakia". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
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  147. ↑ suliman. "12 قتيلاً لقوات النظام والمسلحين الموالين لها خلال تقدم للفصائل واستعادتها السيطرة على قريتين بجبل التركمان". المرصد السورى لحقوق الإنسان. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
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  162. ↑ Leith Fadel (28 February 2016). "Syrian commandos seize strategic hilltop overlooking Turkey". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
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  166. ↑ "Syria's Hill 1154 on the Idlib-Latakia border captured by Army". 12 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  167. ↑ Syria regime presses toward key Idlib town
  168. ↑ Continued clashes in Lattakia countryside
  169. ↑ "Syrian Army retreats from huge strategic importance mountain in Latakia as rebels push back". ABNA. 11 April 2016.
  170. ↑ "Syrian cease-fire strained by new clashes ahead of talks". Associated Press. 10 April 2016.
  171. ↑ Syrian Army officially reverses all rebel gains in northern Latakia
  172. ↑ قوات النظام تستعيد السيطرة على مناطق خسرتها في هجوم الفصائل الأخير وقصف يستهدف مدينة درعا
  173. ↑ Syrian Army retakes initiative in northern Latakia to cut the rebel supply line
  174. ↑ Chris Hughes, Sam Webb (6 April 2016). "Al-Qaeda 'cannibal' Abu Sakkar who ate Syrian soldier's heart in gruesome video killed in combat". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  175. ↑ Jihadists scurry reinforcements to NE Latakia before being overrun
  176. ↑ Syrian Army, Desert Hawks launch new assault in northeastern Latakia
  177. ↑ Syrian army wins back key heights overlooking kabani town in lattakia
  178. ↑ Calm prevails the eastern ghouta and the northern countryside of latakia
  179. ↑ Syria: Understanding strategic situation in Latakia province; Three-day ceasefire announced
  180. ↑ "Syrian army liberates strategic mountain overlooking Turkey". Al-Masdar News. 30 May 2016.
  181. ↑ "Jihadists and other rebels attack Syrian regime positions in Latakia province". The Long War Journal. 28 June 2016.
  182. ↑ Syrian Army recovers lost points in northern Latakia as jihadists retreat to Turkey
  183. ↑ Syrian Army seizes hilltop village near Turkish border
  184. 1 2 Hit-and-run clashes continue in the northern countryside of Latakia and casualties in the countryside of Idlib
  185. ↑ 31 rebels killed during clashes against regime forces in Lattakia countryside
  186. ↑ More than 30 fighters killed during clashes in northern Lattakia
  187. ↑ Human losses in rebels during clashes in Lattakia
  188. ↑ Syria rebels retake key town in western coastal province: monitor, rebels
  189. ↑ Rebels capture Kinsibba in Lattakia province
  190. ↑ Factions keep on advancing in the countryside of Latakia and expel the regime forces from Kinsabba town
  191. ↑ Charkatli, Izat (2016-08-08). "Syrian Army makes major advances in Latakia (Video+Map)". Retrieved 2016-08-09.
  192. ↑ عمر أبو خليل. "لماذا يصر النظام وروسيا على إخضاع ريف اللاذقية؟". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
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