Housekeeping gene

This article is about the general topic of housekeeping genes. For a list of housekeeping genes that should be used as reference standard, see reference genes.

In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions.[1][2][3] Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively constant levels in most non-pathological situations, other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions.[4]

The origin of the term "housekeeping gene" remains obscure. Literature from 1976 used the term to describe specifically tRNA and rRNA.[5] For experimental purposes, the expression of one or multiple housekeeping genes is used as a reference point for the analysis of expression levels of other genes. The key criterion for the use of a housekeeping gene in this manner is that the chosen housekeeping gene is uniformly expressed with low variance under both control and experimental conditions. Validation of housekeeping genes should be performed before their use in gene expression experiments such as RT-PCR.

Common housekeeping genes in humans

The following is a partial list of "housekeeping genes." For a more complete list, see this list compiled by Eli Eisenberg and Erez Lavanon.[6] Entries that appear without a reference are from this updated list from 2013.

Gene expression

Transcription factors

Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein
Repressors

RNA splicing

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B'

Translation factors

tRNA synthetases
RNA binding protein

Ribosomal proteins

RPS19BP1

Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins

RNA polymerase

Protein processing

Heat shock proteins

Histone

Cell cycle

There is significant overlap in function with regards to some of these proteins. In particular, the Rho-related genes are important in nuclear trafficking (i.e.: mitosis) as well as with mobility along the cytoskeleton in general. These genes of particular interest in cancer research.

Apoptosis

Oncogenes

DNA repair/replication

Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism[7]

Citric Acid Cycle

Lipid metabolism

Amino acid metabolism

NADH dehydrogenase

Cytochrome C oxidase

(Note that COX1, COX2, and COX3 are mitochondrially encoded)

ATPase

Lysosome

Proteasome

Ribonuclease

Thioreductase

Structural

Cytoskeletal

[1][9] [10]

Organelle synthesis

A specialized form of cell signaling

Mitochondrion

Surface

Cell adhesion

Channels and transporters

Receptors

HLA/immunoglobulin/cell recognition

Kinases/signalling

Growth factors

Tissue necrosis factor

Casein kinase

Miscellaneous

tetratricopeptide

Open_reading_frame

Sperm/Testis

Although this page is devoted to genes that should be ubiquitously expressed, this section is for genes whose current name reflects their relative upregulation in testes

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 Eisenberg E, Levanon EY (July 2003). "Human housekeeping genes are compact". TRENDS in Genetics. 19 (7): 362–365. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00140-9. PMID 12850439.
  2. ↑ kon Butte, AJ.; et al. (2001). "Further defining housekeeping, or "maintenance," genes focus on 'a compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues'.". Physiol.Genomics. 7 (2): 95–96. PMID 11773595.
  3. ↑ Zhu, J.; et al. (2008). "On the nature of human housekeeping genes.". Trends in Genetics. 24 (10): 481–484. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.004. PMID 18786740.
  4. ↑ Greer S, Honeywell R, Geletu M, Arulanandam R, Raptis L (Feb 19, 2010). "Housekeeping genes; expression levels may change with density of cultured cells.". J Immunol Methods. 355 (1–2): 76–9. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2010.02.006. PMID 20171969.
  5. ↑ Rifkind RA.; Marks, PA; Bank, A; Terada, M; Maniatis, GM; Reuben, R; Fibach, E; et al. (Nov–Dec 1976). "Erythroid differentiation and the cell cycle: some implications from murine foetal and erythroleukemic cells". Ann Immunol (Paris). 127 (6): 887–93. PMID 1070288.
  6. ↑ Eisenberg E, Levanon EY (October 2013). "Human housekeeping genes, revisited". TRENDS in Genetics. 29 (10): 569–574. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.010. PMID 23810203.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 Velculescu VE, Madden SL, Zhang L, Lash AE, Yu J, Rago C, Lal A, Wang CJ, Beaudry GA, Ciriello KM, Cook BP, Dufault MR, Ferguson AT, Gao Y, He TC, Hermeking H, Hiraldo SK, Hwang PM, Lopez MA, Luderer HF, Mathews B, Petroziello JM, Polyak K, Zawel L, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhou W, Haluska FG, Jen J, Sukumar S, Landes GM, Riggins GJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (Dec 1999). "Analyses of Human Transcriptomes". Nat Genet. 23 (4): 387–388. doi:10.1038/70487. PMID 10581018.
  8. ↑ Hsiao LL, Dangond F, Yoshida T, Hong R, Jensen RV, Misra J, Dillon W, Lee KF, et al. (Dec 21, 2001). "A compendium of gene expression in normal human tissues". Physiol Genomics. 7 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00040.2001. PMID 11773596.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quiagen. "RT2 Profiler PCR Array (96-Well Format and 384-Well Format". Qiagen catalog no. 330231 PAHS-00ZA.
  10. 1 2 3 Caradec J, Sirab N, Keumeugni C, et al. (2010). "'Desperate house genes': the dramatic example of hypoxia". British Journal of Cancer. 102 (6): 1037–43. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605573. PMC 2844028Freely accessible. PMID 20179706.

External links

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