FS Class 690 II

For the first use (1905–1907) of FS Class 690, see FS Class 670.

FS Class 690

FS locomotive 69001 (later 690.001)

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Builder	Ernesto Breda (20), Officine Meccaniche (3), Gio. Ansaldo & C. (10)
Build date	1911–1914
Total produced	33

Specifications
UIC class	2′C1′ h4
Gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge
Leading dia.	1,090 mm (42.91 in)
Driver dia.	2,030 mm (79.92 in)
Trailing dia.	1,360 mm (53.54 in)
Length	13,430 mm (44 ft ³⁄₄ in)
Axle load	17.1 tonnes (16.8 long tons; 18.8 short tons)
Loco weight	87.2 tonnes (85.8 long tons; 96.1 short tons)
Tender weight	49.6 tonnes (48.8 long tons; 54.7 short tons)
Fuel type	Coal
Fuel capacity	6,000 kg (13,000 lb)
Water cap	22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	3.5 m² (38 sq ft)
Boiler pressure	12 kg/cm² (1,180 kPa; 171 psi)
Heating surface	210 m² (2,300 sq ft)
Superheater:
• Heating area	67 m² (720 sq ft)
Cylinders	Four, simple
Cylinder size	450 mm × 680 mm (17.72 in × 26.77 in)
Valve gear	Walschaerts

Performance figures
Maximum speed	130 km/h (81 mph)
Power output	1,400 CV (1,030 kW; 1,380 hp)
Tractive effort	12,400 kgf (122 kN; 27,300 lbf)

The Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS; Italian State Railways) Class 690 (Italian: Gruppo 690) was a 4-6-2 'Pacific' steam locomotive for express trains.

Design and construction

The Class 690 was designed just as the superheater technology was becoming available, allowing the FS to discard what had been a widespread feature on many Italian locomotives, the compound engine, deeming the advantages of the more simple single-expansion engine coupled with superheated steam to be superior.^[1]

The English author Peter Michael Kalla-Bishop claims that, just before the production run, a prototype (numbered FS 6901) was built with a number of different features, but was so unsuccessful that it was withdrawn and quietly scrapped after just a few months. However, there is no reference for this claim, which is not repeated in any other document.^[2]

The first nine locomotives, all with right-hand drive, were built in 1911 by Ernesto Breda (6) and the Officine Meccaniche (3); the following twenty-four, built in 1914 by Breda (14) and Gio. Ansaldo & C. (10) had left-hand drive. All of them had been designed for an axle load of 18 tons, but since this value was too high for even the current mainline railways, they all entered service with the load on the driving wheels lightened to 17.1 tons. They were the first Italian four-cylinder simple-expansion locomotives that had the feature of having the adjacent cylinders paired together and both served by a single piston valve through crossed ports (a feature shared by the more numerous Class 685). The firebox had to be placed between the rearmost driving wheels and was therefore of trapezoidal shape and relatively small; this feature would prove to be the locomotive's weakness, as it caused poor steaming and was expensive to maintain.^[3]^[2]^[4]

Operations

Limited by their high axle load to the Milan-Venice and Milan-Bologna-Florence mainlines, the Class 690 did not prove to be satisfactory, as its poor steaming qualities greatly hampered the performance. While fast (being the first Italian locomotive certified for a mainline top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph) and powerful in absolute terms, relatively speaking its performance was modest – 1400 CV at 90 km/h (1,030 kW; 1,380 hp at 56 mph), while the Class 685 (which was smaller and had a shorter boiler) had a power of 1250 CV at 75 km/h (920 kW; 1,230 hp at 47 mph).^[3]^[5]

As a result, by the end of the 1920s a new three-cylinders Pacific locomotive (to be classified as Class 695) was designed; however, although more powerful than the Class 690, it would have required considerable strengthening of bridges and other infrastructures of the railways it was supposed to work on, because of an axle load of 21 tons. Therefore, a less ambitious plan to rebuild the Class 690 by replacing the boiler and firebox with those of the FS Class 746 was approved. From 1928 to 1934 all thirty-three locomotives were rebuilt into the new Class 691.^[6]^[7]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to FS 690.

↑ Cornolò 2014, p. 334.
1 2 Kalla-Bishop 1986, p. 61.
1 2 Cornolò 2014, pp. 335–336.
↑ Pedrazzini 1976, pp. 7–8.
↑ Pedrazzini 1976, p. 9.
↑ Cornolò 2014, p. 340–341.
↑ Pedrazzini 1976, pp. 11–12.

Cornolò, Giovanni (July 2014). "Locomotive a vapore". TuttoTreno (3).
Kalla-Bishop, P. M. (1986). Italian state railways steam locomotives : together with low-voltage direct current and three-phase motive power. Abingdon: Tourret Publishing. ISBN 0905878035.
Pedrazzini, Claudio (1976). Pacific F.S. Parma: Ermanno Albertelli.

Classes of Ferrovie dello Stato locomotives

Steam

Tender locomotives	100 102 103 110^I 110^II 111 112 113 114 116 117 118 119^I 119^II 120 121 122 136 139 140 150 155 158 160 161 162 163 164 170 180 181^I 181^II 182^I 182^II 183 185 186 187 190 193 194 195 196 197 198 200 201 206 207 208 209 211 212 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 255 260 261 262 265 268 269 270 271 272 290 291 292 293 310 320 380 385 388 390 391 394 395 396 397 400 410 420 421 422 423 424 425 450 451 452 453 454 455 460 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 482 499^I 499^II 500 510 512 513 530 540^I 540^II 542 543 545 550 552 553 554 555 556 560 600 601 603 604 605 606 607 623 625 626 630 640^I 640^II 645 650 652 653 656 660 666 670 671 672 675 676 677 680 681 682 683^I 683^II 685 686 687 688 690^I 690^II 691 720 728 729 730 731 735 736 737 740 741^I 741^II 743^I 743^II 744 745 746 747^I 747^II 750

Tank locomotives	800^I 800^II 801 802^I 802^II 803^I 803^II 804 805 806 809 810^I 810^II 811 812 813 814 815^I 815^II 815^III 816 817 818 819 820^I 820^II 821^I 821^II 822 823 824 825 826^I 826^II 827 828^I 828^II 828^III 829 830^I 830^II 831 835 842 848 849 850^I 850^II 851 870 871 874^I 874^II 875 876 877 880^I 880^II 881 882 885 893 894 895 896^I 896^II 897 898 899^I 899^II 900 902 904 905 906 910 912 915 940 950 980 981 999

Narrow gauge locomotives	R.201 R.202 R.300 R.301 R.302 R.305 R.306 R.310 R.370 R.401 R.402 R.410 R.440 R.441 R.442 R.443 R.600 P U

Electric

Rechargeable battery	E.421

650 V DC Third rail	E.220 E.320 E.321 E.420 E.620

3,6 kV AC Three-Phase	E.330 E.331 E.332 E.333 E.360 E.380 E.390 E.430 E.431 E.432 E.550 E.551 E.552 E.554

10,6 kV AC Three-Phase	E.470 E.471 E.472 E.570

3 kV DC	E.321 E.322 E.323 E.324 E.326 E.400 E.402A E.402B E.403 E.404 E.405 E.412 E.414 E.424 E.428 E.434 E.444 E.444R E.447 E.453 E.454 E.464 E.621 E.625 E.626 E.632 E.633 E.636 E.645 E.646 E.652 E.655 E.656

25 kV AC	E.491 E.492

Diesel

Light shunters	206 207 208^I 208^II 209 210 211 R.212 213^I 213^II 214 215 216 218^I

Shunters	218^II 225 234 235 236 245 250 255

Heavy shunters	Ne 120 D.141 RD.142 D.143 D.145 D.146 D.147 356 372 Ne 700

Train locomotives	D.341 D.342 D.343 D.345 D.442 D.443 D.445 D.449 D.461

see also Category:Rolling stock of Italy

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