Wildlife of Mali

Nubian bustard (Neotis nuba) a near threatened species in Mali

The wildlife of Mali, composed of its flora and fauna, is widely varying from the Saharan desert zone (covering about 33%of the country) to the Sahelian east–west zone, to Mali, a landlocked francophone country in North Africa; large swathes of Mali remain unpopulated but has three sub-equal vegetation zones; the country has Sahara Desert in the north, the Niger River Basin at its center and the Senegal River on the south.[1]

The vegetation zones are the Saharan, the Sahel, and the Sudan–Guinea Savanna. Mali has many protected areas which include two national parks, one biosphere reserve, six faunal reserves, two partial faunal reserves, two sanctuaries (one is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site), one chimp sanctuary, and six game reserves.[2] and three Ramsar Sites.[3][4]

Protected area in Mali, under legal acts and regulations (Law No. 86-43/AN-RM for trade and conservation of parks and reserves and Law No. 86-42/AN-RM for forest code), cover about 5,760.035 square kilometres (2,223.962 sq mi), which is 4.7% area of the country. Adding the buffer zone and the peripheral zone of the Biosphere of Baoul, it becomes 6.2% of the total area of the country.[2][5] The rich biodiversity of the country is reflected in its more than 1,700 plant species and about 1,000 animal species.[1]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Mali
October, 1996: the dark green vegetation is lush when water from the summer rains passes through the region, causing floods. It provides a strong visual contrast with the surrounding desert countryside. By April 1997, the wetlands dry up, and the inland delta attains a uniform tan colour. The white box outlines the area covered by view.[6]

Niger River valley

The Niger River valley, which dominates the topography of Mali, drained by the Niger River and its tributaries. Along its course, the central southern region is the narrowest and is known as the Inner Delta or the Inundation Zone of the Niger, formed of 38,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi) of flood-plains, along a river length of 570 kilometres (350 mi)); these form its wetlands of great ornithological interest.[3]

Saharan zone

Habitat wise, the Saharan zone occupies a third of the country, and is made up of Sahara Desert and the Sahel (which is a zone of transition between the two). There is hardly any vegetation as the habitat comprises "unvegetated regs, hamadas, dunes and wadis" and also a few oases.[3]

On the south-eastern part of this zone is the Adrar des Iforhas Massif rising to a height of 900 metres (3,000 ft), which is part of the Ahaggar Massif in southern Algeria. Average precipitation in the zone is reported to be less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in).[3]

Sahelian zone

The Sahelian zone, widest in an east-west direction, has the Dogon plateau (777 metres (2,549 ft)) elevation) and the Hombori mountains (1,155 metres (3,789 ft), highest location in Mali) with the Inundation Zone of the Niger River located to its west. Average annual rainfall varies from about 600 millimetres (24 in) in the south to under 200 millimetres (7.9 in) in the north; the vegetation also changes accordingly from acacia-wooded grassland and deciduous bushland to thin coverage of annual grasslands (of Cenchrus biflorus).[3]

Sunset over the Bani River in Mali.

Sudan–Guinea zone

The Sudan–Guinea zone is part of south-western region of Mali. The Senegal River and the Bafing and Baoulé Rivers rise here, and the basin is known for the lowest-lying land in the country of 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) area which is below the 100 metres (330 ft) contour.[3]

The zone also includes the Manding plateau (near Bamako, the capital of Mali) which is part of Fouta Djallon Mountains (700 metres (2,300 ft) elevation) of Guinea. This forms the upper region of the catchment area that lies between the Senegal and Niger River systems. Geological formation reported is of sandstone. Vegetation in this zone is mainly of Isoberlinia sp.[3]

Protected areas

There is very little wild life and a few national parks in Mali. The reserve and largest national park is the Boucle du Baoulé National Park (7,710 square kilometres (2,980 sq mi)).[7] located to the northeast of Bamako. There is hardly any wild life left in this park due to intense poaching of elephants, giraffes, buffalo, chimpanzees and lions. Monkeys are the only animals seen now.

The Reserve de Ansongo Menaka is in the southeast, near the border with Niger. The Reserve de Douentza is the most interesting in terms of wildlife. Bafing National Park (5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi)).[7] is in the south west bordering with Guinea which is a dry area between Mopti and Gao; it is home for desert elephants which move with change of seasons.

The other notable parks are the Wongo National Park and the Kouroufing National Park.[8] The Bafing Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 5,215 square kilometres (2,014 sq mi) and the Bafing Chimpanzee Sanctuary is exclusive to conserve chimpanzees.[5]

Flora

The dominant vegetation in the inland delta of the Niger consists of hygrophilous grassland species of Eragrostis atrovirens, Panicum anabaptistum, Panicum fluviicola, Vetiveria nigritana, Echinochloa stagnina, wild rice Oryza barthii, Andropogon gayanus, Cynodon dactylon and Hyparrhenia dissolute. The many tree species reported are in patches. Dominant species of grasses in the transition zone between the higher levels of flood plains and its flooded zones are Acacia nilotica with Mimosa and Ziziphus spp. and Guiera senegalensis, Borassus and Hyphaene.[3] Cram cram grasses are scattered in Mali.[9]

Fauna

Mammals

Left: African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus); right: cattle crossing the Niger River near Segou, Mali.

There are 146 species of mammals in Mali of which 2 are critically endangered (CR), 3 are endangered (EN), 10 are vulnerable (VU), and 3 are near-threatened (NT).[10] The threatened species are the following.

Chimpanzees are found in the southern most forests and monkeys are found in the Parc national de la Boucle du Baoule. Elephants in the Gourma region, known as the Sahelian herds of 360 to 630 numbers, migrate over 870 kilometres (540 mi) (round trip) during the dry season between Burkina Faso and Mali to lake areas and return to Mali during the rainy season. Mali lions are found only around the Faleme River in the far west of cerde of Kenieba. Papio papio (Guinea baboon) and Geochelone sulcata (African spurred tortoise) are also reported.[11]

The African manatee (also known as the sea cow and West African manatee) is found all along the Niger River was hunted for meat in the past but its meat is now not marketed, which may be due its decreasing numbers or due to the legal protection given for its conservation.[12]

Reptiles

The reptile species reported are Cerastes cerastes (desert horned viper), Massoutiera mzabi (Mzab gundi),[13] Other species of snakes or cobra are: Bitis arietans puff adder, Cerastes cerastes horned viper, Dispholidus typus boomslang, Echis jogeri Joger's carpet viper, Echis leucogaster white-bellied carpet viper, Echis ocellatus West African carpet viper, Naja katiensis West African brown spitting cobra, Naja melanoleuca forest cobra, Naja nigricollis black-necked spitting cobra, and Naja senegalensis Senegalese cobra.[14]

Mali Uromastyx.

Mali Uromastyx Uromastyx maliensis species is a widely known species of lizard in Mali.[15]

Aqua fauna and amphibians

There are approximately 200 fish species in Mali.[9] Fishing is a common practice in the Niger and other rivers in Mali, and the most popular variety of fish is capitaine. The Mecistops cataphractus (African slender-snouted crocodile) is also reported.[13]

Among the amphibians, Tomopterna milletihorsini (Mali screeching frog) and Bufo chudeaui (Bata marsh toad) are notable in Mali.[16]

Insects and worms

Termites are a unique feature of Mali found in many uncleared locations. Their habitat is notably along with specific trees and plants, and alates or flying ants are the species housed in the ppant hills. A documentary on these termite hills has been made under the title “Termites: Castles of Clay”, which is about the "Soul of the White ant".[11] Other insects reported are Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm) and Necator americanus (hook worm).[13] Scorpions are noted; the female Anopheles mosquito carries malaria.[9]

Birds

Main article: List of birds of Mali

Seventeen Important Bird Areas (IBAs) have been designated in Mali, encompassing an area of 28,692 square kilometres (11,078 sq mi) (about 2.3% of the surface area of the country). Ten include wetlands, nine are in the Inner Delta of the Niger river (key bird area), four (under the A3 criterion) include the Sudan–Guinea ecoregion of the Savanna biome, four are in the Sahel biome, and two in the Sahara–Sindian biome.[3] The Kulicoro firefinch, also known as the Mali firefinch (Lagonostica virata), is the only endemic bird of Mali, found in rocky and grassy areas near Mopti and Bamako.[11]

In these IBAs 622 birds species have been record, including 335 resident birds out of which 202 breed in Mali. Of these, 137 species of the 243 migratory species are of Palearctic origin. There are twelve species which are of global conservation concern and seven are vagrants (Palearctic migrants).[3]

These are Marmaronetta angustirostris (VU), Aythya nyroca (VU), Circus macrourus (NT), Falco naumanni (VU), Neotis nuba (Nubian bustard) (NT), Gallinago media (NT), Glareola nordmanni (NT), Acrocephalus paludicola (VU), Lagonosticta virata (NT), Prinia fluviatilis (DD), Ceratogymna elata (NT). The Inner Delta is also rich in heron species, particularly Bubulcus ibis and Casmerodius albus.[3] Poicephalus senegalus (Senegal parrot), Serinus mozambicus (yellow-fronted canary) and Haliaeetus vocifer (African fish eagle) are some of the other species reported in Mali.[13]

Threats

Further information: Environmental issues in Mali

The threats to the wildlife of Mali are on account of deforestation (in 1997, the economic damage amounted to an estimated 5.35 per cent of GDP,[1]) intensive hunting pressure, proliferation of livestock farming, extension of agricultural land and also due to desertification (Sahara desert extending, erosion and drought due to climate change). In the past, droughts in the 1970s and 1980s (last great drought was in 1984) have also contributed to the decline of wildlife resources of the country.[2][7]

Increased anthropogenic and livestock pressures, due to people moving to the southern part of the country and settling on river banks, has also compounded the threats. Particular mention of effect on the fauna in the wild is of antelope species which are threatened. Other significant contributors to biodiversity degradation relate to pollution, mining, crop cultivation and also indiscriminate traditional slash and burn farming. Another aspect in the past was of concentrating protection measures only in the southwestern savannah region.[2][7]

Conservation

The conservation of the protected areas is the responsibility of the National Parks Department of Mali. However, conservation and preservation of forest lands (including gazetted forest) rests with the Forest Service and both these agencies fall under the purview of the Department of Water and Forests of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Livestock. In the past, the traditional practice of protecting the forests and its flora and fauna rested with the Village elders. However, with Islam making inroads into the country, traditional rules have been relegated to a backseat and has resulted in over exploitation of the forest resources, which has been further aggravated by increased anthropological pressures.[3]

A major conservation effort has been launched with funding provided by the Global Environmental Facility (under the aegis of the UNDP) to be completed by 2014 with the objective of substantially increasing the area under protection estate and reinforce the management instruments to achieve effective protection area, particularly the southwest region in respect of endangered mammal species of Derby eland and the western chimpanzee.[17]

Gallery

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Republic of Mali" (PDF). UNEP Organization. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Application for Funding". UNDP. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Mali" (pdf). BirdLife International organization. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  4. ↑ "Haddoud" (pdf). FAO organization. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  5. 1 2 Julian Oliver Caldecott; Lera Miles (2005). World Atlas of Great Apes And Their Conservation. University of California Press. pp. 375–. ISBN 978-0-520-24633-1. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  6. ↑ "Figure 4.8". NASA, Govt. of US. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 R. East (1999). African Antelope Database 1998. IUCN. pp. 18, 42–. ISBN 978-2-8317-0477-7. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  8. ↑ Ettagale Blauer; Jason Lauré (2008). Mali. Marshall Cavendish. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-7614-2568-7. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 Dipiazza, Francesca Davis (2007). Mali in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-8225-6591-8. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  10. ↑ "List of mammals in Mali". Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 Ross Velton (2009). Mali: The Bradt Safari Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 8–12. ISBN 978-1-84162-218-7. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  12. ↑ "Trichechus senegalensis (VU)". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Red List Organization. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Taxon Information". Mali. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  14. ↑ "Snake Antivenoms". WHO Organization. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  15. ↑ "Mali Uromastyx". Reptilechannel.com. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  16. ↑ "Mali: Checklist of Endemic Amphibian Species". Living National Treasures.com. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  17. ↑ "Full sized Project : The GEF Trust Fund" (pdf). GEF Organization. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
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