White horse (mythology)

The 3,000-year-old Uffington White Horse hill figure in England.

White horses have a special significance in the mythologies of cultures around the world. They are often associated with the sun chariot,[1] with warrior-heroes, with fertility (in both mare and stallion manifestations), or with an end-of-time saviour, but other interpretations exist as well. Both truly white horses and the more common grey horses, with completely white hair coats, were identified as "white" by various religious and cultural traditions.

Portrayal in myth

The Hindu world saviour Kalki with his white Horse. Punjab Hills, Guler, c. 1765.

From earliest times, white horses have been mythologised as possessing exceptional properties, transcending the normal world by having wings (e.g. Pegasus from Greek mythology), or having horns (the unicorn). As part of its legendary dimension, the white horse in myth may be depicted with seven heads (Uchaishravas) or eight feet (Sleipnir), sometimes in groups or singly. There are also white horses which are divinatory, who prophesy or warn of danger.

As a rare or distinguished symbol, a white horse typically bears the hero- or god-figure in ceremonial roles or in triumph over negative forces. Herodotus reported that white horses were held as sacred animals in the Achaemenid court of Xerxes the Great (ruled 486–465 BC),[2] while in other traditions the reverse happens when it was sacrificed to the gods.

In more than one tradition, the white horse carries patron saints or the world saviour in the end times (as in Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam), is associated with the sun or sun chariot (Ossetia) or bursts into existence in a fantastic way, emerging from the sea or a lightning bolt.

Though some mythologies are stories from earliest beliefs, other tales, though visionary or metaphorical, are found in liturgical sources as part of preserved, on-going traditions (see, for example, "Iranian tradition" below).

Mythologies and traditions

European

Celtic

In Celtic mythology, Rhiannon, a mythic figure in the Mabinogion collection of legends, rides a "pale-white" horse.[3] Because of this, she has been linked to the Romano-Celtic fertility horse goddess Epona and other instances of the veneration of horses in early Indo-European culture.[4]

Bellerophon riding Pegasus

White horses are the most common type of hill figure in England. Though many are modern, the Uffington White Horse at least dates back to the Bronze Age.

In Scottish folklore, the kelpie or each uisge, a deadly supernatural water demon in the shape of a horse, is sometimes described as white, though other stories say it is black.

Greek

In Greek mythology, the white winged horse Pegasus was the son of Poseidon and the gorgon Medusa. Poseidon was also the creator of horses, creating them out of the breaking waves when challenged to make a beautiful land animal.

Norse

The Tjängvide image stone is thought to show Odin entering Valhalla riding on Sleipnir.

In Norse mythology, Odin's eight-legged horse Sleipnir, "the best horse among gods and men", is described as grey.[5] Sleipnir is also the ancestor of another grey horse, Grani, who is owned by the hero Sigurd.[6]

Slavic

In Slavic mythology, the war and fertility deity Svantovit owned an oracular white horse; the historian Saxo Grammaticus, in descriptions similar to those of Tacitus centuries before, says the priests divined the future by leading the white stallion between a series of fences and watching which leg, right or left, stepped first in each row.[7]

Finno-Ugric

One of the titles of God in Hungarian mythology was Hadúr, who, according to an unconfirmed source, wears pure copper and is a metalsmith. The Hungarian name for God was, and remains "Isten" and they followed Steppe Tengriism. The ancient Magyars sacrificed white stallions to him before a battle.[8] Additionally, there is a story (mentioned for example in Gesta Hungarorum) that the Magyars paid a white horse to Moravian chieftain Svatopluk I (in other forms of the story, it is instead the Bulgarian chieftain Salan) for a part of the land that later became the Kingdom of Hungary. Actual historical background of the story is dubious because Svatopluk I was already dead when the first Hungarian tribes arrived. On the other hand, even Herodotus mentions in his Histories an Eastern custom, where sending a white horse as payment in exchange for land means casus belli. This custom roots in the ancient Eastern belief that stolen land would lose its fertility.

Iranian

In Zoroastrianism, one of the three representations of Tishtrya, the hypostasis of the star Sirius, is that of a white stallion (the other two are as a young man, and as a bull). The divinity takes this form during the last 10 days of every month of the Zoroastrian calendar, and also in a cosmogonical battle for control of rain. In this latter tale (Yasht 8.21–29), which appears in the Avesta's hymns dedicated to Tishtrya, the divinity is opposed by Apaosha, the demon of drought, which appears as a black stallion.[9]

White horses are also said to draw divine chariots, such as that of Aredvi Sura Anahita, who is the Avesta's divinity of the waters. Representing various forms of water, her four horses are named "wind", "rain", "clouds" and "sleet" (Yasht 5.120).

Hindu

White horses appear many times in Hindu mythology. The Vedic horse sacrifice or Ashvamedha was a fertility and kingship ritual involving the sacrifice of a sacred grey or white stallion.[10] Similar rituals may have taken place among Roman, Celtic and Norse people, but the descriptions are not so complete.

Uchchaihshravas

In the Puranas, one of the precious objects that emerged while the devas and demons were churning the milky ocean was Uchaishravas, a snow-white horse with seven heads.[10] (A white horse of the sun is sometimes also mentioned as emerging separately).[11] Uchaishravas was at times ridden by Indra, lord of the devas. Indra is depicted as having a liking for white horses in several legends – he often steals the sacrificial horse to the consternation of all involved, such as in the story of Sagara,[12] or the story of King Prithu.[13]

The chariot of the solar deity Surya is drawn by seven horses, alternately described as all white, or as the colours of the rainbow.

Hayagriva the Avatar of Vishnu is worshipped as the God of knowledge and wisdom, with a human body and a horse's head, brilliant white in colour, with white garments and seated on a white lotus. Kalki, the tenth incarnation of Vishnu and final world saviour, is predicted to appear riding a white horse, or in the form of a white horse.[10]

Buddhist

Kanthaka was a white horse that was a royal servant and favourite horse of Prince Siddhartha, who later became Gautama Buddha. Siddhartha used Kanthaka in all major events described in Buddhist texts prior to his renunciation of the world. Following the departure of Siddhartha, it was said that Kanthaka died of a broken heart.[14]

Abrahamic

Jewish

The Book of Zechariah twice mentions coloured horses; in the first passage there are three colours (red, dappled, and white), and in the second there are four teams of horses (red, black, white, and finally dappled) pulling chariots. The second set of horses are referred to as "the four spirits of heaven, going out from standing in the presence of the Lord of the whole world." They are described as patrolling the earth and keeping it peaceful.

Christian

A 15th-century icon of St. George from Novgorod.

In the New Testament, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse include one seated on a white horse[15] and one on a pale horse – the "white" horse carried the rider Conquest (traditionally, Pestilence) while the "pale" horse carried the rider, Death.[16] However, the Greek word chloros, translated as pale, is often interpreted as sickly green or ashen grey rather than white. Later in the Book of Revelation, Christ rides a white horse out of heaven at the head of the armies of heaven to judge and make war upon the earth.[17]

Two Christian saints are associated with white steeds: Saint James, as patron saint of Spain, rides a white horse in his martial aspect.[18][19][20] Saint George, the patron saint of horsemen[21] among other things, also rides a white horse.[22] In Ossetia, the deity Uastyrdzhi, who embodied both the warrior and sun motifs often associated with white horses, became identified with the figure of St. George after the region adopted Christianity.[23]

Gesta Francorum contains a description of the First Crusade, where soldiers fighting at Antioch claimed to have been heartened by a vision of St. George and white horses during the battle: There came out from the mountains, also, countless armies with white horses, whose standards were all white. And so, when our leaders saw this army, they ... recognised the aid of Christ, whose leaders were St. George, Mercurius, and Demetrius.[24]

Islamic

Islamic culture tells of a white creature named Al-Buraq who brought Muhammad to Jerusalem during the Night Journey. Al-Buraq was also said to transport Abraham (Ibrâhîm) when he visited his wife Hagar (Hājar) and son Ishmael (Ismâ'îl). According to tradition, Abraham lived with one wife (Sarah) in Syria, but Al-Buraq would transport him in the morning to Makkah to see his family there, and then take him back to his Syrian wife in the evening. Al-Burāq (Arabic: البُراق‎‎ al-Burāq "lightning") isn't mentioned in the Quran but in some hadith ("tradition") literature.[25]

Twelver Shī'a Islamic traditions envisage that the Mahdi will appear riding a white horse.[26]

Far East

Korean

A huge white horse appears in Korean mythology in the story of the kingdom of Silla. When the people gathered to pray for a king, the horse emerged from a bolt of lightning, bowing to a shining egg. After the horse flew back to heaven, the egg opened and the boy Park Hyeokgeose emerged. When he grew up, he united six warring states.

Philippines

The city of Pangantucan has as its symbol a white stallion who saved an ancient tribe from massacre by uprooting a bamboo and thus warning them of the enemy's approach.

Vietnamese

The city of Hanoi honours a white horse as its patron saint with a temple dedicated to this revered spirit, the White Horse or Bach Ma Temple ( "bach" means white and "ma" is horse). The 11th-century king, Lý Công Uẩn (also known as King Lý Thái Tổ) had a vision of a white horse representing a river spirit which showed him where to build his citadel.[27]

Native American

In Blackfoot mythology, the snow deity Aisoyimstan is a white-coloured man in white clothing who rides a white horse.

Literature and art

The statue of the "fine lady upon a white horse" at Banbury Cross.

The mythological symbolism of white horses has been picked up as a trope in literature, film, and other storytelling. For example, the heroic prince or white knight of fairy tales often rides a white horse. Unicorns are (generally white) horse-like creatures with a single horn. And the English nursery rhyme "Ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross" refers to a lady on a white horse who may be associated with the Celtic goddess Rhiannon.[28]

A "white palfrey" appears in the fairy tale "Virgilius the Sorcerer" by Andrew Lang. It appears in The Violet Fairy Book and attributes more than usual magical powers to the ancient Roman poet Virgil (see also Virgil#Mysticism and hidden meanings).

The British author G. K. Chesterton wrote an epic poem titled Ballad of the White Horse. In Book I, "The Vision of the King," he writes of earliest England, invoking the white horse hill figure and the gods:

Before the gods that made the gods

Had seen their sunrise pass,
The White Horse of the White Horse Vale

Was cut out of the grass.[29]

The white horse is a recurring motif in Ibsen's play Rosmersholm, making use of the common Norse folklore that its appearance was a portent of death. The basis for the superstition may have been that the horse was a form of Church Grim, buried alive at the original consecration of the church building (the doomed protagonist in the play was a pastor), or that it was a materialisation of the fylgje, an individual's or family's guardian spirit.[30]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Complete Dictionary of Symbols by Jack Tresidder, Chronicle Books, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8118-4767-4, page 241. Google books copy
  2. ↑ "White Horses and Genetics". Archaeology.about.com. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  3. ↑ The Four Branches of the Mabinogi: The Mabinogi of Pwyll by Will Parker (Bardic Press: 2007) ISBN 978-0-9745667-5-7. online text. Retrieved November 2008.
  4. ↑ Hyland, Ann (2003) The Horse in the Ancient World. Stroud, Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2160-9. Page 6.
  5. ↑ Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda, page 36. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3
  6. ↑ Morris, William (Trans.) and Magnússon, Eiríkr (Trans.) (2008). The Story of the Volsungs, page 54. Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-60506-469-6
  7. ↑ The Trinity-Троjство-Триглав @ veneti.info, quoting Saxo Grammaticus in the "Gesta Danorum".
  8. ↑ Peeps at Many Lands – Hungary by H. T. Kover, READ BOOKS, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4067-4416-3, page 8. Google books copy
  9. ↑ Brunner, Christopher J. (1987). "Apōš". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 161–162.
  10. 1 2 3 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend by Anna L. Dallapiccola. Thames and Hudson, 2002. ISBN 0-500-51088-1.
  11. ↑ The Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, John Murray: 1840. Chapter IX. online edition at Sacred Texts. Retrieved November 2008.
  12. ↑ The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa: Book 3, Vana Parva. Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, 1883–1896.Section CVII. online edition at Sacred Texts. Retrieved November 2008.
  13. ↑ Śrīmad Bhāgavatam Canto 4, Chapter 19: King Pṛthu's One Hundred Horse Sacrifices translated by The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc.
  14. ↑ Malasekera, G. P. (1996). Encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Government of Sri Lanka.
  15. ↑ New Testament: Book of Revelation, Ch 6:2 (NIV)
  16. ↑ New Testament: Book of Revelation, Ch 6:8 (NIV)
  17. ↑ New Testament: Book of Revelation, Ch 19:11-6 (NIV)
  18. ↑ "''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' by E. Cobham Brewer, 1898". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  19. ↑ The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages by Maryjane Dunn and Linda Kay Davidson. Routledge, 2000. Page 115. ISBN 978-0-415-92895-3. Google books copy. Retrieved November 2008.
  20. ↑ The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820 by Joseph J. Rishel and Suzanne L. Stratton. Yale University Press, 2006. page 318. ISBN 978-0-300-12003-5. Google books copy. Retrieved November 2008.
  21. ↑ Patron Saints Index: Saint George. Retrieved November 2008.
  22. ↑ The Meaning of Icons by Vladimir Lossky. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-913836-99-6. page 137. Google books copy. Retrieved November 2008.
  23. ↑ The Religion of Ossetia: Uastyrdzhi and Nart Batraz in Ossetian mythology. Retrieved November 2008.
  24. ↑ Gesta Francorum:The Defeat of Kerbogha, excerpt online at Medieval Sourcebook. Retrieved November 2008.
  25. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:58:227
  26. ↑ Gilkes, F. Carl Gilkes; Gilkes, R. Carl Gilkes (2009). Introduction to the Endtimes. Xulon Press. p. 51. ISBN 9781615791057. Retrieved 26 January 2016. The Muslims expect their own savior, the twelfth Iman, the Muhammad d'ul Mahdi, to come to the earth before Jesus returns. Their Mahdi will solve all their problems [...] they believe that their twelfth Iman will come riding a white horse.
  27. ↑ "1995 article with images by Barbara Cohen". Thingsasian.com. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  28. ↑ "''A Possible Solution to the Banbury Cross Mystery''". Kton.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  29. ↑ "Chesterton, G.K.''Ballad of the White Horse'' (1929) (need additional citation material". Infomotions.com. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  30. ↑ Holtan, Orley (1970). Mythic Patterns in Ibsen's Last Plays. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 55–6. ISBN 978-0-8166-0582-8.
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