Voiceless bilabial affricate
| Voiceless bilabial affricate | |
|---|---|
| p͡ɸ | |
| p͜ɸ | |
| pɸ |
A voiceless bilabial affricate ([p͡ɸ] in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop [p] and released as a voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]. It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[1] | up | [ʊp͡ɸ] | 'up, onto' | Optional pre-pausal allophone of /p/.[1] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | Broad Cockney[2] | up | [ˈɐʔp͡ɸ] | 'up' | Allophone of /p/, occurs mainly word-finally.[3] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[4] | Rare allophone of /p/.[4] See English phonology | ||||
| North Wales[5] | [ˈəp͡ɸ] | Word-initial and word-final allophone of /p/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [pʰ].[5] See English phonology | |||
| Scouse[6] | [ˈʊp͡ɸ] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /p/.[7] See English phonology | |||
| German | Some speakers | tropfen | [ˈtʁ̥ɔp͡ɸn̩] | 'to drop' | Word-internal and word-final allophone of /p͡f/. See German phonology |
| Kaingang[8] | [ˈp͡ɸɤ] | 'seed' | Possible word-initial allophone of /ɸ/.[8] | ||
| Northern Tiwa | Taos dialect | [ˌp͡ɸìˑˈwɛ̈̄ːnǣ] | 'daughter' | Allophone of /pʰ/, in free variation with [ph] and [ɸ]. See Taos phonology | |
References
- 1 2 Peters (2010), p. 240.
- ↑ Wells (1982), pp. 322-323.
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 323.
- 1 2 Gimson (2014), p. 172.
- 1 2 Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108-109.
- ↑ Wells (1982a), p. 372.
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 372.
- 1 2 Jolkesky (2009), pp. 680-681.
Bibliography
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
- Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
- Wells, John C. (1982). "Accents of English 2: The British Isles". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
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