Vog

For other uses, see VOG (disambiguation).
Dense vog as seen from Hilo Bay, Hawaiʻi.

Vog is a form of air pollution that results when sulfur dioxide and other gases and particles emitted by an erupting volcano react with oxygen and moisture in the presence of sunlight. The word is a portmanteau of the words "volcanic", "smog", and "fog". The term is in common use in the Hawaiian islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaiʻi (aka "The Big Island"), has been erupting continuously since January 3, 1983. Based on June 2008 measurements, Kīlauea emits 2,000–4,000 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) every day.[1]

Description

Vog is created when volcanic gases (primarily oxides of sulfur) react with sunlight, oxygen and moisture. The result includes sulphuric acid and other sulfates.[2] Vog is made up of a mixture of gases and aerosols which makes it hard to study and potentially more dangerous than either on their own.[3]

Sulfur dioxide emissions from the Halemaʻumaʻu vent creates vog.
Volcanic plumes as seen from space shuttle Atlantis

Vog in Hawaiʻi

In Hawaii, the gas plumes of Kīlauea rise up from three locations: Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent, and from along the coastline where lava flows from the East Rift zone enter the ocean. The plumes create a blanket of vog that can envelop the island. Vog mostly affects the Kona coast on the west side of the Island of Hawaiʻi, where the prevailing trade winds blow the vog to the southwest and southern winds then blow it north up the Kohala coast.

Prolonged periods of southerly Kona winds, however, can cause vog to affect the eastern side of the Island on rare occasions, and affect islands across the entire state as well.[3] By the time the vog reaches other islands, the sulfur dioxide has largely dissipated, leaving behind ash, smoke, sulfates, and ammonia.[4]

Comparing vog and smog

Vog and smog are different. Vog is formed when sulfur oxides emitted by a volcano react with moisture to form an aerosol. The aerosol scatters light, thus making the vog visible. Smog is formed largely from the incomplete combustion of fuel, reacting with nitrogen oxides and ozone produced from carbon monoxide by reactions with sunlight. The result is also a visible aerosol.

When smog levels are high the sky appears yellowish grey because nitrogen oxides are yellow. In contrast, sulfur oxides are colorless and vog looks grey. Once the vog layer dissipates, grey spots of vog in the sky may for a time remain trapped in the inversion layer.

It is important to note that several chemicals emitted from cars are not emitted from volcanoes. Similarly, some chemicals emitted from volcanoes, such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride, are not created by traffic pollution. Moreover, smog generated by factories has its own unique mix of contaminants.

Health hazards

Vog and clouds created a strangely shaped sun in this sunset

Most studies of vog have been in areas where vog is naturally present, and not in controlled conditions. Vog contains chemicals that can damage the environment, and the health of plants, humans and other animals. Most of the aerosols are acidic and of a size where they can remain in the lungs to damage the lungs and impair function. Headaches, watery eyes, sore throat, breathing difficulties (including inducing asthma attacks), flu-like symptoms, and general lethargy are commonly reported. These effects are especially pronounced in people with respiratory conditions and children. Vog generally reduces visibility, creating a hazard for road, air and ocean traffic.[1]

The long-term health effects of vog are unknown. Prof. Bernadette Longo has been investigating health impact of vog on Big Island and confirmed cardiac issues, including increased pulse rates associated with thickened blood from PM 2.5 particles.

Recent events

Several studies are underway to measure the air quality near volcanoes more carefully.[5] Sulfur dioxide emissions increased on March 12, 2008, when a new vent opened. The increased vog level has caused evacuations and damaged crops. In the summer of 2008 and in 2012, the County of Hawaiʻi received a disaster designation due to the agricultural damage.[6]

A recent multi-year computer-modeling feasibility study, known as VMAP, designed to predict the location and concentrations of vog from Kīlauea was conducted by the University of Hawaii.[7]

References

  1. 1 2 "Frequently Asked Questions about Air Quality in Hawaiʻi". on USGS web site. U.S. Geological Service. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
  2. ↑ "Sulfur Dioxide" on US Environmental Protection Agency web site
  3. 1 2 "Vog: A Volcanic Hazard" on USGS web site
  4. ↑ Vog Taints Maui Skies
  5. ↑ Hawaii Air Quality Conditions & Forecasts on "Airnow" US Government web site
  6. ↑ "Vog: Important Information and Facts" on State of Hawaii Office of the Governor web site
  7. ↑ Businger, S., Huff, R., Pattantyus, A., Horton, K., Sutton, A. J., Elias, T. and Cherubini, T. (2015). "Observing and Forecasting Vog Dispersion from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 96: 1667–1686. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00150.1.
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