Violence against women in the Philippines

Violence Against Women is "the word or concept (that) has been used in a broad, inclusive manner to encompass verbal abuse, intimidation, physical harassment, homicide, sexual assault, and rape (of women in particular)."[1] This form of violence is gender-biased. Violence occurs precisely because of their gender, specifically because the victims are women.

According to the United Nation's Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, "violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women." It is likewise "one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men." This act of violence can be argued to be a kind of hate crime since the crime committed is primarily based upon the victim's membership in a certain demographic group.[2]

History of violence against Filipino women

Pre-colonial Period

The Philippines' early history goes as far back as 30,000 years ago when the Negritos (the primary people of the Philippine archipelago) were believed to have journeyed to the Philippines by land bridges from Mainland Asia.[3]

The pre-colonial society offered women the greatest opportunities in relation to their social positions. Filipino women were allowed to hold high positions in their communities (as healers and priestesses). It was also common for women to take leadership roles in the barangays (See Barangay) and to fight as warriors. During the pre-colonial period, one of the first things that a man learned was that he had to respect women. At this particular point in history, disrespecting women was unthinkable. If a man was caught disrespecting women, he was labelled negatively by the rest of society.[4]

While the heads of the barangays (in terms of both the economic and political matters) were often men, women at that time already had rights. Some rights of women during the pre-colonial period are as follows:[5]

  1. to be treated as an equal by her husband and to share his honors
  2. to retain her maiden name
  3. to freely dispose of the property she had brought into the marriage
  4. to be consulted or informed by her husband about his business affairs and contracts
  5. to divorce her husband in case of non-support or maltreatment
  6. to assume the headship in the barangay
  7. to have a baby or not, whether she is married or not
  8. to name her children

All of the rights mentioned above were freely exercised by women in the Philippines even before the country was colonized by the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese. Furthermore, "women had an unquestioned preferred role in religious ceremonies as babaylanes or catalones (priestesses)."[5] It can be said that early men and women were equal in the pre-colonial society. The Filipino woman then was rarely abused and discriminated against - she was in fact a woman of strength and power.[5]

Colonial Period

Filipino women of the lower class (during the Spanish occupation) ready for Church.

Spanish occupation (1565-1898)

Under the service of the King of Spain, Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition to further explore territories that were not yet discovered by Europe. On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan reached the land—Sugubu, now known as Cebu (See History of the Philippines (1521–1898)). Spain ruled the Philippines for over 333 years where the Spaniards treated both men and women poorly. The Spaniards saw the Filipinos as 'indios', seeing themselves as of higher social standing than the natives. In the process of colonization, the Spaniards harmed and committed several acts of violence against Filipino women. With the emergence of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the conditions of men - more specifically, the women - worsened.

Several narratives and works mention how Filipino women experienced all kinds of exploitation during the Spanish occupation. In general, women were unable to execute their rights and were restricted by certain norms and expectations in society. Filipino women were not allowed to share their ideas nor participate in the decision-making process. They tilled the land with their husbands as peasants for pittance. Women stayed as inferior to men and were discriminated against not only by men, but by the very institutions they belonged to in society (i.e. family, Church, community, etc.).[6] While Filipino men were also considered as peasants or low-lives, Filipino women under the Spanish occupation were far inferior to peasants—they were arguably seen as slaves.

Aside from the discrimination, some Filipinas were violated by parish priests as many young women were often raped or sexually abused in beaterios.

Furthermore, during Spain’s 333 year rule in the Philippines, the colonists had to fight off the Chinese pirates, Dutch forces, Portuguese forces, and indigenous revolts. Moros from Western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. Because of these conflicts in the archipelago, Filipinos were occasionally captured as prisoners and as a result, many of the women were sold to the opposing forces as slaves.

With the Spaniards taking control of all aspects of Philippine society, the identity of the Filipino woman as a woman of strength and power was soon forgotten. The Spaniards created a new image of the ideal Filipino woman. The ideal Filipino woman was someone who was overly religious, submissive, and obedient.[4] While men were given the opportunity to study, women were forced into learning religion and home-making. A Filipina was to become one of two things: a nun or a wife. The real Filipina was replaced by the ideal woman (the "Maria Clara") dictated by the Spaniards.[4] Women were no longer allowed to hold high ranking positions in society and as mentioned earlier, were banned from participating in public and political events.[4] During the Spanish occupation, women were seen as inferior to men and as such, men rose as the dominant gender, establishing a patriarchal society that has prevailed to this very day.[4]

American rule (1898-1946)

In the year 1898, the United States seized control over the Philippines shortly after defeating the remaining Spanish forces in the country. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was turned over by the Spaniards to the Americans for $20 million. Still coming to terms with their new-found freedom, the Filipinos went against the American forces as the Americans tried to establish control over the country (See Philippine–American War).

At the time of the Filipino-American war, as with all wars, there was a massive amount of bloodshed. Records estimate that about 1.5 million people died out of a total of 6 million people in the Philippines. Majority of this 1.5 million deaths were said to be of Filipino women. In an account by an American soldier, he mentioned that at one point, the Americans were forced to burn barrios as there was too much insurgent activity. They resulted to torturing men and women alike in hopes that they could provide the information they needed.

During the war, the Americans did not spare women and as such, many Filipino women were raped (for information), physically hurt, and killed. Since the husbands of the women were away for war, the women were often left at home and became vulnerable targets to various abuses by the American soldiers. In one of the accounts of General Jacob Smith about the war, he stated that he ordered a Major Waller to kill and burn everyone and everything at Balangiga in the Samar province and not to take in any prisoners. He even specified that all those who were capable of wielding a gun must die and everyone age 10 and up must be killed.

Overall, it can be seen that during the American rule in the Philippines, Filipino women were widely abused. Stories of American soldiers raping Filipino women have been reported and heard of countless times. While Americans did not take a lot of prisoners during the war, the Americans resorted to killing almost everyone—all the women at sight.

Besides the bloodshed, women in the Philippines were still discriminated against. An instance of such discrimination was evident in public schools as the teachers did not care nor support the idea of gender equality.[7] Even though women were allowed to vote, the society still preferred male candidates and did not allow women to run for public office.[7] Filipino parents were also led to believe that sending their daughters to secondary and tertiary levels of education was a waste.[7] This was because the Filipino woman during the American occupation was largely dependent on her husband. Her status in life was solely reflected by the image of the man that she would wed.[7] While women were given the right to education, women were still seen as inferior to men. The Filipino woman was forced to fit into the roles of a daughter and a wife. Even if education flourished in the country (as the literacy rate increased), gender parity was not successful. The women in the Philippines at that time were still arguably "not free" as they remained bound in and limited by the expectations of society.[7]

Japanese occupation (1942-1945)

The Pacific War began mainly because Japan - an emerging power in Asia - sought "to create a great Empire." On December 8, 1941, Japan "opened a surprise attack on the Philippines - attacking without warning - just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor." Unshaken by the presence of the Americans in the Philippines, the Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen Gulf and continued on to conquer the rest of Manila. With Manila falling to the hands of the Japanese forces, the troops from the Land of the Rising Sun invaded the whole of the Philippines, occupying it from 1942-1945 (See Attack on Pearl Harbor).

During the Japanese occupation, Filipino women were greatly abused and violated. At this particular time in history, Filipino women were threatened and forced to labor as "comfort women." Upon their arrival in the country, the Japanese built "houses of relaxation" or comfort stations where Korean, Filipino, and Chinese women were brought and forced into service.[8] From 1941-1942 - when the Japanese soldiers were just starting to invade the Philippines - thousands of Filipino women were taken from their homes and forced to provide the Imperial Japanese Army all kinds of sexual services. Because most of the men were at war, the women were left practically defenseless in their own homes and without a choice but to submit their bodies to the Japanese.[9] In some cases, even "their fathers or husbands were killed in front of them (the women) and their other family members."

Countless accounts and testimonies of women tell the horrific stories of how Filipino women were grabbed off the streets and "taken to Japanese military camps or garrisons, which were former wither municipal/provincial building, big private houses, elementary/high school buildings, hospitals, or churches."[8] In these camps, the women were sexually abused and raped usually by a group of Japanese soldiers. Oftentimes, it was young girls that were "recruited" to become comfort women. These girls' ages would range from six to 20 years old. The period of confinement ranged from three days to more than a year. Some stories say that aside from sexual services, the Japanese did more than rape women.[10] The Filipino women were subjected to other kinds of violence and trauma, particularly from confinement, starvation, and maltreatment. In some cases, the Japanese went as far as killing women who fought back or escaped.[8][11]

Post-colonial Period

Violence against women was not as widespread or public compared to the years when the Philippines was under the rule of the Spaniards, Americans, and the Japanese.

After World War II, more and more women had become politicized.[12] In the beginning, not too many women were present in mainstream politics.[12] Eventually, many Filipino women "joined ideological groups, while others became combatants of the rebel movements."[12] Various pro-women groups flourished such as MAKABAKA (Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan), KABAPA (Katipunan ng Bagong Pilipinas), and GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action).[12] Not a lot of these movements, however, survived throughout the years. Most - if not all - groups disbanded, mostly dying out during the Marcos regime (See History of the Philippines (1965–86)). The disbanded feminist group members scattered across different political parties, while others joined forces with GABRIELA.

The postcolonial era brought about "patriarchal contradictions [and] the dichotomized icons of idealized femininity and degraded whoredom, of feminine plenitude and feminine lack."[13] Women in the Philippines "were removed from the reigning paradigm of patriarchy (thrice colonized in the process of history, first by the patriarchy within and then by the colonizers from without and then again by the nation-builders)."[13] Instead of setting right the wrongs let loose by the colonizing patriarchs, "the national patriarchy continued the colonization of women by desecrating the female body and by degrading women to mere bodies."[13] The "performative display of violence on the female body (therefore) carried out by the country’s power-wielders contains, besides its pornographic import, the ominous implication that it will be told and retold as a moral tale to threaten women into submission and subjugation."[13]

While it was not as rampant as in the previous years, violence against women still happened during the postcolonial period as women in the Philippines were often sexually abused, harassed, and objectified by the rest of society.

Contemporary History

Today, violence against women remains to be one of the most persistent and alarming issues that the Philippines has faced.

According to a survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in 2008, one in every five Filipino women aged 15 to 49 has experienced violence.[14] When the NSO conducted the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), the survey introduced different types of violence that were done to women or experienced by Filipino women at least once their lives. The types of violence that were indicated were: physical violence, sexual violence, physical violence during pregnancy, and spousal violence.[14]

The results of the survey revealed that women in the Philippines experience all sorts of violence.

In the reports of the Philippine National Police (PNP), the statistics revealed that there has been a steady increase in VAW cases reported to them from 1997-2013.

These reports, however, do not imply an increase or decrease in the incidences of VAW as it only shows the cases which were reported to the PNP. This means that either the incidences of VAW has been increasing or that awareness about VAW is becoming greater.

As for the survey of the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), the board researched and looked into the numbers related to violence of women in especially difficult circumstances (or WEDC). WEDC includes women who are victims of sexual abuse, physical abuse, maltreatment, battering, illegal recruitment, involuntary prostitution, armed conflict, human trafficking, detention, and others like HIV patients/potentials, abandoned, emotionally distressed, unwed mothers, sexually exploited, voluntary committed/surrendered, and neglected victims of disaster.[15]

Aside from the types of violence mentioned above, Filipino women experience violence, specifically in how women are often objectified in media. Cases of women being forced to pose in magazines or use their bodies for money (i.e. pornography) are growing more and more each day. More than magazines and videos, many women (especially, celebrities) have been targeted and exposed through sex scandals and the release of their private (often, nude) pictures on the internet. On a more daily basis, Filipino women also experience violence in being 'cat-called' on the streets as well as being touched and/or sexually harassed by co-workers, classmates, friends, and even strangers on the commute (Cat-calling happens when "people shout uncalled for and sexual comments at women on the street").[16]

"Acid has a devastating effect on the human body, often permanently blinding the victim and denying them the use of their hands."

Types of violence

Violence against women may take different forms at the individual, community, and the societal level. The most common forms of violence include that of rape, domestic violence, stalking, sexual harassment, human trafficking, forced prostitution, state violence, and female genital mutilation.

Due to the many variations of violence against women, it will be divided into two main categories, namely physical and psychological/emotional abuse.

Physical abuse

Physical abuse concentrates on the unwanted contact or violation of the body of the female. The following are the types of physical abuse:

  1. Physical abuse: Any unwanted physical contact caused by another person resulting in harm, injury, and/or discomfort (e.g., slapping, kicking, restraining, hitting, and choking).[17]
    • Domestic violence is assault or abuse between spouses with the likelihood of victimization being more likely between people sharing a bond of intimacy. The World Health Organization conducted a study in 2014 that showed 38% of murders of women were committed by an intimate partner, while the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey revealed that one-fourth of women from ages 15–49 who had ever been married experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence from their husbands.[18]
    • Honor killing is a form of domestic violence, a traditional practice involving the murder of a woman for bringing shame upon the family, often for reasons such as the refusal to enter an arranged marriage, attempt to leave a marriage, adultery, becoming a victim of rape, or for disobeying social norms.[19] Dowry violence is another variation, denoting violence out of a husband's family's dissatisfaction with dowry provided by a wife. Dowry violence has often resulted in suicides and bride burning. While the practice is more prevalent in cultures where women are regarded by religion as second class citizens, honor killing occurs worldwide. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the United Nations estimated that almost 5000 women fall victims to honor killings every year.
    • Acid throwing refers to the use of acid on a person "with the intention of injuring or disfiguring." The act itself is often motivated by personal conflicts in sexual or intimate relationships, conflicts over land and property, gang violence, and religious reasons. Acid attacks involve the use of nitric, sulphuric, or hydrochloric acid and result in permanent physical scarring or blindness with subsequent emotional and psychological trauma as later effects.[20][21] Victims are female in 75-80% of occurrences worldwide. Acid attacks, however, are mainly concentrated in South Asia.[22] Bangladesh is reported to have the most number of attacks and highest rate of incidence against women with a total of 3243 cases recorded from 1999-2014.[23]
    • Stalking is unwanted or obsessive attention towards an individual by another person or party. This kind of abuse paves the way for harassment and invasion of privacy, often escalating to extreme violence.
  2. Sexual abuse: Any forced and unwanted sexual activities (e.g., rape, forcing her to have sex with others, treating her as a sex object, refusing to allow or forcing her to use contraception, etc.).
    • Rape is a form of sexual assault, involving sexual intercourse where a participant does not provide consent to the act. 5813 counts of rape were reported in the Philippines in 2009 with 6.3 counts occurring for every 100,000 people in the same year. Marital rape is a common form of rape. This type of sexual assault usually involves a married couple.
    • Sexual harassment is abusive behavior of a sexual nature occurring outside of the home, often in the workplace.
    • Human trafficking, according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, refers to the acquisition of persons by means of force, fraud, or deception, with the intent of exploitation. Oftentimes, victims of human trafficking are forced into prostitution, fueling the worldwide sex industry. Since 2009, the Philippines has been on the Tier 2 Watch List of the Trafficking in Persons Report of the US State Department for failure to report progress in convicting perpetrators of the local sex trade, where reportedly 375,000 women in between the ages of 15-20 are involved.[24][25][26] In 2009, the DSWD rescued 632 victims of human trafficking, 408 of whom were female minors and 36 of whom were women.[27] An online article by Rev. Father Shay Cullen from The Vatican in 2004 named several hotspots of the Philippines's sex industry, identifying Metro Manila and tourist destinations such as Angeles City, Olongapo City, towns in Bulacan, Batangas, Cebu City, Davao, and Cagayan de Oro City as well as several sex tourism beach resorts in Puerto Galera, Pagsanjan, Laguna, and San Fernando.[28] Women have been trafficked overseas as well with the number of women smuggled abroad ranging from 300,000-400,000 a year. The Daily Star reported that about 150,000 women were forced into prostitution in Japan in 1998, where a woman could be sold to the Japanese Yakuza for $2400.00-$18,000.00. A 1995 article by The Manila Chronicle reports that 150 Filipino women were trafficked into several northern African countries by international syndicates where they were sold to night club owners. Mail-order brides are a common fate for trafficked women with nearly 5000 entering the United States every year since 1995.[29]

Psychological/Emotional Abuse

Psychological/emotional abuse deals with the types of violations that degrade one’s dignity, provoke fear, and/or inflicts trauma on another person. The different variations are as follows:[17]

Impact of violence against women

Victims of violence against women often bear psychological scars of the abuse, haunted by the feelings of fear or shame.

Impact on Individuals

The effects of violence against women vary widely, depending "on the nature of the particular incident, the woman’s relationship with her abuser, and the context in which it took place."[30] Acts of violence of this nature "typically have (various) physical, psychological, and social consequences."[30]

In terms of its physical effects, violence against women has been linked to many serious health consequences such as physical injuries, disability, chronic health problems (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, various chronic pain syndromes, hypertension, etc.), sexual and reproductive health problems (e.g., sexually transmitted diseases, spread of HIV/AIDS, high-risk pregnancies, etc.), and in extreme cases—death.[30][31]

Aside from physical effects, victims of violence also experience psychological health problems. These effects include anxiety, fear, mistrust of others, inability to concentrate, loneliness, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, suicide, psychosomatic illnesses, withdrawal, and alcohol or drug use.[30]

As a result of the violence inflicted against them, the victims are forced to deal with rejection, ostracism, and social stigma at the community level.

Acts of violence also affect the overall productivity of women. The economic impact of abuse may extend to losses in women’s earning potential. Women who have experienced violence may have a reduced contribution to society precisely because "damage to their confidence result to fear of venturing into public spaces (this can often curtail women’s education, which in turn can limit their income-generating opportunities)." The negative impact on the women's self-image prevents the victims from reaching their full potential and self-realization.[31] This may be partly because girls who are victims of violence are likely to be anxious or depressed, unable to perform to the best of their ability. Because of their experience of having no control over their own bodies, the world has become a threatening place where they avoid challenges of any kind.[31]

Violence against women affects the whole family

  1. Be abused themselves
  2. Not receive healthcare
  3. Have behavioral, emotional, and schooling problems
  1. Use alcohol and drugs in harmful ways
  2. Smoke
  3. Have unsafe sex

Legislation and laws

In 1937, the women in the Philippines were first granted the right to vote through the Women's Suffrage Bill (which was approved in a special plebiscite mandated by Commonwealth Act No. 34).[33][34] Even at that time, women were repeatedly look down upon, abused, and discriminated against in society.

Before special laws addressing violence against women were passed, women could only resort to the Revised Penal Code for defense. Today, the Philippine government has passed several legislation and laws that address the problem of violence against women.[35] Among the Philippine laws that aim to protect women are: Republic Act No. 9262, Republic Act No. 9710, and Republic Act No. 8371.

Republic Act No. 9262

Republic Act No. 9262 is known as The Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004.[36] Recognizing "the need to protect the family and its members particularly women and children from violence and threats to their personal safety and security", RA 9262 was signed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 2, 2004.[36]

Under the RA 9262, VAW refers to "any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty."[36]

Furthermore, RA 9262 gives women and their children the right to file a protection order. A protection order is "an order issued for the purpose of preventing further acts of violence against a woman or her child and granting other necessary relief."[36] The protection order "safeguards the victim from further harm, minimizing any disruption in the victim's daily life and facilitating the opportunity and ability of the victim to independently regain control over her life."[36] The types of protection orders that may be issued are: the barangay protection order (BPO), the temporary protection order (TPO), and the permanent protection order (PPO).[36]

For BPOs, the order is usually issued by the Punong Barangay or Barangay Kagawad. Barangay officials are expected to "respond immediately to a call for help or request for assistance or protection of the victim."[36] Likewise, they are expected to "arrest the suspected perpetrator without a warrant when any of the acts of violence is occurring, or when he/she has personal knowledge that any act of abuse has just been committed, and there is imminent danger to the life or limb of the victim."[36] Any barangay official or law enforcer who fails to report the incident shall be liable for a fine not exceeding P10,000 and/or whenever applicable, criminal, civil, or administrative liability.[36]

Republic Act No. 9710

Known as the Magna Carta of Women, Republic Act No. 9710 "affirms the role of women in national building and ensures the substantive equality of women and men" in society.[37] Pushing for the empowerment of women and for equal opportunities for both women and men, RA 9710 highlights the state's position, particularly of how the state "condemns discrimination against women in all its forms and pursues."[37] RA 9710 was signed on August 14, 2009 by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.[37]

The MCW consists of provisions on: (1) the principle of human rights of women, (2) the definition of women's rights, (3) the duties related to the human rights of women, (4) the rights and empowerment of women (especially those in affected by calamities or disasters, in the marginalized sectors, or in especially difficult situations), (5) the institutional mechanisms through which rights of women are protected and upheld, and finally, (6) the implementing rules and regulations concerning the Magna Carta.[37]

Republic Act No. 8371

Republic Act No. 8371 is known as The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997.[38] Signed on October 29, 1997, RA 8371 highlights the state's recognition and promotion of all the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs).[38]

Under RA 8371, ICCs or IPs "refer to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by other, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed customs, tradition, and other distinctive cultural traits or who have, through resistance to political, social, and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and culture, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos."[38]

Other Philippine laws

Among other pieces of legislation that are related to VAW and were passed by the Philippine government to protect the rights of women are:

  1. The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7877)[39]
  2. The Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (Republic Act No. 8353)[40]
  3. The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9208)[41]
  4. The Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998 (Republic Act No. 8505)[42]
  5. The Women in Development and Nation Building Act (Republic Act No. 7192)[43]
  6. The Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009 (Republic Act No. 9775)
  7. The Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act (Republic Act No. 7610)[44]
  8. The Family Courts Act of 1997 (Republic Act No. 8369)[45]
  9. The Revised Penal Code (Republic Act No. 3815)[46]
  10. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354)[47]
  11. The Domestic Workers Act (or Batas Kasambahay) (Republic Act No. 10361)[48]
  12. The Solo Parents' Welfare Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8972)[49]

Government, non-government, and other organizations

Philippine Commission on Women

Formerly known as the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW), the Philippine Commission on Women (PCW) serves as the voice for Filipino women. The organization performs as the main body, which relay gender and feminist concerns to the Philippine government. The PCW is the main advocate of gender equality and women empowerment in the Philippines.[50]

The PCW was first established on January 7, 1975 upon the passing of Presidential Decree No. 633. The PCW acted as the main consultant of the President regarding matters concerning the welfare of women in the country.

Its main priorities during that time were as follows:

After the Martial Law, the new administration ordered for a change in the Constitution, which led the NCRFW to revise its platform and ultimately, decide to prioritize the "mainstreaming [of] women’s concerns in policy making, planning, and programming of all government agencies." The organization’s main concern now is not to be merely an adviser to the President, but to voice out the concerns of Filipino women in society, spearhead the creation of laws that support the welfare of women, and make sure that all women that work not only in government agencies, but also in the whole Philippines, get the rightful and equal treatment as men do.

The establishment of the gender equality principle in the 1987 Philippine Constitution indicated that the concern for the welfare of women rose as one of the top priorities of the government. Only two years after the integration of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the very first Philippine Development Plan for Women (PDPW) - which would go on for 3 years (1989-1992) - was established through Executive Order No. 348. This was followed by the passing of RA 7192, also known as the Women in Nation-Building Act. The Women in Nation Building Act advocates for the equal treatment of women and men in Philippine society. It likewise promotes the equal importance of women in the building of the Philippine nation.

As mentioned earlier, the NCRFW kept its name until the establishment of RA 9710 (or the Magna Carta of Women). Upon the passing of the Magna Carta, the organization modified from its original name to a new one—today, it is better known as the Philippine Commission on Women.

GABRIELA Women's Party

General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action or GABRIELA, for short, is a leftist Philippine organization—specifically a party list that advocates issues related to that of women and children. It is composed of over 200 organizations and institutions all concerned about the welfare of women in the Philippines.

GABRIELA was established in April 1984 after 10,000 women came together and protested against the Marcos administration. It was also at this particular point of history that the group decided to name their organization as "GABRIELA" in honor of the woman who fought alongside the Katipunan against the Spaniards in the 18th century, Gabriela Silang.

GABRIELA is focused on addressing issues that affect women such as domestic violence, sexual abuse, gender inequality, sex trafficking, and rape culture as well as issues that affect the Philippines in general namely poverty, militarism, health, and globalization.

SAVE Our Women

Stop the Abuse and Violence against Our Women (SAVE Our Women) was founded in 2007 in Baguio city. It is a local non-government organization that provides psycho-social support and referrals to female survivors of domestic and intimate-relationship violence (and their children). The organization also aims to spread awareness about the realities and prevalence of domestic and intimate-relationship violence through information dissemination of facts, statistics, procedures, and Philippines laws that protect women, prosecute abusers, and prevent further abuse. Mainly serving Baguio City and suburbs, SAVE Our Women works with various agencies and volunteers, including lawyers, guidance counselors, and other service-providers, in the city to spread its advocacy.[51]

Bathaluman Crisis Centre Foundation

The Bathaluman Crisis Centre Foundation is a non-profit organization established in 1991 to help female survivors of violence. The foundation provides a support system, including a service and referral centre, to help survivors deal with their physical trauma.[52][53]

Women's Crisis Centre

Established in 1989, the Women's Crisis Centre (WCC) provides a supportive and affirming environment in which women who have survived violence can interact with other survivors through group counselling, education programs, recreation activities, or skills training.[52]

Bantay Bata 163

Bantay Bata is a welfare organization and foundation founded by ABS-CBN in 1997.[54] The main objective of Bantay Bata is to respond to children's needs. They respond to reports about domestic violence and child abuse. Bantay Bata also helps children who have serious illnesses or are inflicted with rare diseases. Its emergency hotline is 1-6-3 and is accessible anywhere in the Philippines. Concerns of Bantay Bata include child abuse, child neglect, child trafficking, and domestic violence.[55]

Although its headquarters is located in Mother Ignacia, Quezon City, the foundation has ventured out of Metro Manila and has offices in cities and municipalities all over the Philippines. This helps the foundation to respond immediately and cater to reports more efficiently. A recent addition to their services is their online counseling for child abuse victims and child-family relationships.

Furthermore, Bantay Bata spearheads psychosocial activities that help the child victims cope with their difficult pasts and experiences. The foundation also organizes seminars all over the country, raising awareness about child abuse, domestic violence, or child trafficking.[54] Some Bantay Bata projects include medical-dental services, child counseling, the Children's Crisis Center (which serves as a temporary home for child abuse victims until their cases are resolved), and the Children's Village (which takes in children who need further attention and care).[56]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dobash, R. Emerson. and Russell Dobash. Rethinking Violence against Women. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998. Print.
  2. ↑ Craig, Kellina M.; Waldo, Craig R. (1996-04-01). ""So, What's a Hate Crime Anyway?" Young Adults' Perceptions of Hate Crimes, Victims, and Perpetrators". Law and Human Behavior. 20 (2): 113–129. doi:10.1007/bf01499350. JSTOR 1394079.
  3. ↑ Tope, Lily Rose; Nonan-Mercado, Detch (2002). Philippines (Cultures of the World). New York: Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Role of Women from Pre-Hispanic to Spanish era". Tonks. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  5. 1 2 3 Hunt, Dee Dicen, and Cora Sta. Ana-Gatbonton. "Filipino Women and Sexual Violence: Speaking Out and Providing Services." Centre for Philippine Concerns-Australia, Brisbane Branch, 24 Nov. 2000. Web. 23 Sept. 2015.
  6. ↑ Rafal, Myra. "Indigenous Women in the Philippines and Its Combat to Injustice: A Channel for Women’s Reinforcement Operation." 5 (2011): n. pag. IPDER. Far Eastern University. Web.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Sobritchea, Carolyn Israel. AMERICAN COLONIAL EDUCATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE STATUS OF FILIPINO WOMEN (PDF). University of the Philippines (UP).
  8. 1 2 3 "Women made to be Comfort Women - Philippines". www.awf.or.jp. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  9. ↑ Santos, Aida. Violence against Women in Times of War and Peace. Quezon City: UP Center for Women's Studies and Ford Foundation, 2001.
  10. ↑ Santos, Alfonso. Heroic Virgins and Women Patriots. 1st ed. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1966.
  11. ↑ Henson, Maria. A Filipina's Story of Prostitution and Slavery under the Japanese Military. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, 1999.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Women in politics : limits and possibilities ; the Philippine case / Carmel V. Abao and Elizabeth U. Yang . - part 4". library.fes.de. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Ashok, Savitri (2009). "Gender, Language, and Identity in Dogeaters: A Postcolonial Critique". Postcolonial Text 5 (2).
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Statistics on violence against Filipino women | Philippine Commission on Women". www.pcw.gov.ph. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Virola, Romulo (September 8, 2008). "Statistics on Violence Against Women and Children: A Morally Rejuvenating Philippine Society?". National Statistical Coordination Board. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Catcalling happens to most women between the ages of 11 and 17". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  17. 1 2 "Types of violence against women | womenshealth.gov". www.womenshealth.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
  18. ↑ "2013 National Demographic and Health Survey" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "BBC - Ethics - Honour crimes". Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  20. ↑ "Breaking the Silence" (PDF).
  21. ↑ "CNN.com - Bangladesh combats an acid onslaught against women - November 11, 2000". 2007-09-22. Archived from the original on September 22, 2007. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  22. ↑ Magazine, Tom de Castella BBC News. "How many acid attacks are there?". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  23. ↑ "Statistics". www.acidsurvivors.org. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  24. ↑ "Sunday Tribune". www.webcitation.org. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  25. ↑ "Trafficking in Persons Report 2009". www.state.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  26. ↑ "CBC News: The Lens - Selling Sex in Heaven - Facts". 2011-08-22. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  27. ↑ "Child trafficking in RP unstoppable – DSWD". ecpatinternational.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  28. ↑ "People on the Move, N� 96 (Suppl.)". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2015-11-09. replacement character in |title= at position 22 (help)
  29. ↑ "Filipina Mail-Order Brides Vulnerable to Abuse". koreatimes. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Pickup, Francine; Williams, Suzanne; Sweetman, Caroline (2000). Ending Violence Against Women: A Challenge for Development and Humanitarian Work. Oxford: Oxfam.
  31. 1 2 3 "Violence against women: Health consequences" (PDF). who.int. World Health Organization. July 1997. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  32. 1 2 "Violence Against Women: The Health Sector Responds" (PDF). who.int. World Health Organization. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  33. ↑ "Women's History Timeline | www.bloomu.edu". www.bloomu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  34. ↑ "Presidential Museum and Library • TODAY IN HISTORY: In 1937, women's suffrage in the...". tumblr.malacanang.gov.ph. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  35. ↑ "Philippine initiatives to eliminate VAW | Philippine Commission on Women". www.pcw.gov.ph. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "R.A. 9262". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "R.A. 9710". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  38. 1 2 3 "R.A. 8371". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  39. ↑ "R.A. 8046". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  40. ↑ "R.A. 8353". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  41. ↑ "R.A. 9208". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  42. ↑ "R.A. 8505". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  43. ↑ "PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES AND CODES - CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY". www.chanrobles.com. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  44. ↑ "R.A. 7610". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  45. ↑ "R.A. 8369". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  46. ↑ "Act No. 3815". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  47. ↑ "Republic Act No. 10354". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  48. ↑ "Republic Act No. 10361". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  49. ↑ "R.A. 8972". www.lawphil.net. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  50. ↑ "HERSTORY". Philippine Commission on Women. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  51. ↑ "Squarespace - Claim This Domain". www.saveourwomenphilippines.com. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
  52. 1 2 "Organizations Addressing VAW: Philippines". UNIFEM. 2 November 2001. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  53. ↑ "Bathaluman Crisis Center Foundation Inc., Davao City, Philippines". terre des hommes Southeast Asia. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  54. 1 2 "About Us". Bantay Bata. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Philippines Best Practices". A web resource for combatting human trafficking. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Programs & Services". Bantay Bata. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
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