Viceroy of Liangjiang
| Viceroy of Liangjiang | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 兩江總督 | ||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 两江总督 | ||||||
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| Governor-General of the Two Yangtze Provinces and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs, Provisions and Funds, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs (full title) | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 總督兩江等處地方，提督軍務、糧餉、管理河道兼巡撫事 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 总督两江等处地方，提督军务、粮饷、管理河道兼巡抚事 | ||||||
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The Viceroy of Liangjiang or Viceroy of the Two Jiangs, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two Yangtze Provinces and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs, Provisions and Funds, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys in China proper during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Liangjiang had jurisdiction over Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces. Because Jiangsu and Anhui were previously part of a single province, Jiangnan ("south of the Yangtze"), they were thus known, along with Jiangxi ("west of the Yangtze"), as the two jiangs, hence the name "Liangjiang" ("two Jiangs").
History
The office of Viceroy of Liangjiang originated in 1647 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor. It was called "Viceroy of the Three Provinces of Jiangdong, Jiangxi and Henan" (江東江西河南三省總督) and headquartered in Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). In 1652, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Jiangxi" (江西總督) and its headquarters shifted to Nanchang for a short while before the old system was restored.
During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, in 1661 and 1674 two separate Viceroy offices were created for Jiangdong and Jiangxi, but they were merged under the Viceroy of Liangjiang later in 1665 and 1682 respectively. The office's name had remained as "Viceroy of Liangjiang" since then.
In 1723, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that the Viceroy of Liangjiang would concurrently hold the appointments of Secretary of Defence (兵部尚書) and Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the Censorate.
In 1831, the Daoguang Emperor put the Viceroy of Liangjiang in charge of the salt trade in the Huai River area.
During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor, the Taiping rebels captured Jiangning (江寧; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) and designated it as their capital. The headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang constantly shifted across different locations, including Yangzhou, Changzhou, Shanghai, Suzhou and Anqing.
In 1866, during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor, the Viceroy of Liangjiang was also put in charge of trade and commerce in the five treaty ports. He also concurrently held the appointment of "Nanyang Trade Minister" (南洋通商大臣); cf. "Beiyang Trade Minister" (北洋通商大臣) held by the Viceroy of Zhili.
After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the former headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangjiang in Nanjing was converted into a Presidential Palace for the President of the Republic of China until 1949.
List of Viceroys
- 1656-1668: Lang Tingzuo (郎廷佐)
- 1668-1673: Maleji (麻勒吉)
- 1673-1681: Axixi (阿席熙)
- 1681-1684: Yu Chenglong (于成龙)
- 1684-1687: Wang Xinming (王新命)
- 1687-1688: Dong Ne (董讷)
- 1688-1694: Fulata (傅拉塔)
- 1694-1698: Fan Chengxun (范承勋)
- 1698-1700: Zhang Penghe (张鹏翮)
- 1700-1706: Ashan (阿山)
- 1706-1709: Shao Mubu (邵穆布)
- 1709-1712: Gali (噶礼)
- 1712: Lang Tingji (郎廷极)
- 1712-1717: Heshou (赫寿)
- 1717-1722: Changding (长鼎)
- 1722-1726: Zhabina (查弼纳)
- 1726-1730: Fan Shiyi (范时绎)
- 1730: Shi Yizhi (史贻直)
- 1730-1732: Yin Jishan (尹继善)
- 1732-1733: Wei Tingzhen (魏廷珍)
- 1733: Gao Qizhuo (高其倬)
- 1733-1737: Zhao Hong'en (赵宏恩)
- 1737: Qingfu (庆复)
- 1737-1739: Nasutu (那苏图)
- 1739-1740: Hao Yulin (郝玉麟)
- 1740-1741: Yang Chaozeng (杨超曾)
- 1741-1742: Nasutu (那苏图)
- 1742-1743: Depei (德沛)
- 1743-1748: Yin Jishan (尹继善)
- 1748: Celeng (策楞)
- 1748-1751: Huang Tinggui (黄廷桂)
- 1751-1753: Yin Jishan (尹继善)
- 1753-1754: E Rong'an (鄂容安)
- 1754-1765: Yin Jishan (尹继善)
- 1765-1779: Gao Jin (高晋)
- 1779-1786: Sazai (萨载)
- 1786-1787: Li Shijie (李世杰)
- 1787-1790: Shulin (书麟)
- 1790-1791: Sun Shiyi (孙士毅)
- 1791-1794: Shulin
- 1794-1795: Fugang (富纲)
- 1795-1796: Funing (福宁)
- 1796-1797: Suling'a (苏陵阿)
- 1797-1799: Li Fenghan (李奉翰)
- 1799-1803: Fei Chun (费淳)
- 1803-1805: Chen Dawen (陈大文)
- 1805-1809: Tiebao (铁保)
- 1809: Alinbao (阿林保)
- 1809-1811: Songjun (松筠)
- 1811: Lebao (勒保)
- 1811-1816: Bai Ling (百龄)
- 1816-1824: Sun Yuting (孙玉庭)
- 1824-1825: Wei Yuanyu (魏元煜)
- 1825-1827: Qishan (琦善)
- 1827-1830: Jiang Youxian (蒋攸銛)
- 1830-1835: Tao Shu (陶澍)
- 1836-1837: Lin Zexu (林则徐)
- 1839-1839: Lin Zexu
- 1839: Chen Luan (陈銮) (Deng Tingzhen (邓廷桢)
- 1839-1840: Yilibu (伊里布)
- 1840-1841: Yuqian (裕谦)
- 1841-1842: Niu Jian (牛鉴)
- 1842-1844: Qiying (耆英)
- 1844-1847: Bichang (璧昌)
- 1847-1849: Li Xingyuan (李星沅)
- 1849-1853: Lu Jianying (陆建瀛)
- 1853-1857: Yiliang (怡良)
- 1857-1860: He Guiqing (何桂清)
- 1860-1861: He Jing (何璟)署
- 1861-1865: Zeng Guofan (曾国藩)
- 1865-1866: Li Hongzhang (李鸿章)
- 1866-1868: Zeng Guofan (曾国藩)
- 1868-1870: Ma Xinyi (马新贻)
- 1870-1872: Zeng Guofan (曾国藩)
- 1872-1873: Zhang Shusheng (张树声)
- 1873-1874: Li Zongxi (李宗羲)
- 1874-1875: Liu Kunyi (刘坤一)
- 1875-1879: Shen Baozhen (沈葆桢)
- 1879-1881: Liu Kunyi (刘坤一)
- 1881: Peng Yulin (彭玉麟)
- 1881-1884: Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠)
- 1884: Yulu (裕禄)
- 1884-1887: Zeng Guoquan (曾国荃)
- 1887: Yulu (裕禄)
- 1888-1890: Zeng Guoquan (曾国荃)
- 1890-1894: Liu Kunyi (刘坤一)
- 1894-1895: Zhang Zhidong (张之洞)
- 1895-1902: Liu Kunyi (刘坤一)
- 1902-1903: Zhang Zhidong (张之洞)
- 1903-1904: Wei Guangtao (魏光焘)
- 1904: Li Xingrui (李兴锐)
- 1904-1906: Zhou Fu (周馥)
- 1906-1909: Duanfang (端方)
- 1909-1911: Zhang Renjun (张人骏)