Vermitechnology

Vermitechnology is the science that studies the importance of several Epigenic earthworms species to solve the environmental problems in society and ecossistems. It is a branch of Environmental engineering and Ecological engineering. Vermitechnology is mainly on organic waste management, wastewater treatment and organic farming. Other targets include sustainability, decontamination, toxicology and biology.

Charles Darwin, the father of the theory of "Evolution of Species", dedicated more than 40 years of his life to the study of earthworms, and was the first to demonstrate its role in Nature through the book "The formation of humus through the action of earthworms", published in 1881.

Vermicomposting

Vermicomposting is a technology and a controlled treatment process – including the reduction in weight and volume - of the organic fraction of the waste streams, and using for the process different species of epigeal earthworms, making their pollutant and contaminant degree unfeasible, producing at the same time organic factors of production. In this biooxidative process, earthworms interact with microorganisms and decomposing fauna, affecting positive and significantly the waste treatment rates, largely due to changes in their chemical, physical and microbiological properties. Vermicompost is the most important by-product obtained, even if vermicompost leachate and vermicompost extracts are also important.

Vermiculture

In vermiculture, it is possible to produce earthworm biomass, normally to supply other vermicomposting processes, as a source of protein for animal feed, or for fishing purposes as bait. The main objective is to increase existing populations of earthworms per unit of time, so, during the process, low earthworm densities are used. With a less rate than vermicomposting, vermicompost is also a by-product of the process.

Vermifiltration

Vermifiltration contributes to raw wastewater treatment using species of epigeous earthworms in a biological filter. The process reduces organic matter, increase mineral nutrients and eliminates pathogens and helminth eggs in wastewater. It can work as primary, secondary and tertiary treatment however, in wastewater treatment, is frequentlly recognized as a secondary treatment technology. The treated wastewater can be used for agriculture irrigation, contributing to reduce water scarcity.

Vermifertilization

Vermifertilization is definied as the use of vermicomposting and vermiculture by-products - vermicompost, vermicompost leachate and vermicompost extract, for crop production, based into a organic and sustainable perspective way. The process requires the knowledge of each crop nutrient demand, crop type, soil composition and characteristics, soil topography, evapotranspiration and equipment available.

Vermiponics

Vermiponics is a mix of hydroponics and organic farming. In the process, crops are growed using organic products produced during the process or stored from vermicomposting of vermiculture processes. Crop production is made without typical soil but also with or without vermicompost as growing substrate. Typical growing substrates include sand, clay, stones, coconut fiber of peat. When using vermicompost as growing substrate, the leachate of this same vermicompost is used as an organic nutrient solution.

Vermirremediation

Vermirremediation studies the ecovery of soil or contaminated substrates with heavy metals, organic pollutamts or pathogens, using vermicompost and earthworms. Since vermicompost as a high contend of organic matter and humic substances, it can fix on it high concentration of trace elements, mainly organic contaminants. As for earthworms, they are abble to accumulate high concentrations of chemicals into their biomass, working as bioremediators.

References

Toilets

Equipment	Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Electronic bidet Flushometer Hand dryer Paper-towel dispenser Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self-cleaning toilet bowl Self-cleaning toilet seat Soap dispenser Toilet paper Trap (U-bend)

Types	Aircraft Accessible Arborloo Bedpan Blair Board Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Dry Dual flush Dunny Flush Freezing Head (boat) Hudo (Scouting) Incinerating Latrine Low-flush Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette (self-cleaning) Space Squat Treebog Unisex public Urine-diverting dry Washlet

Cultural aspects	Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Flying toilet Honeywagon Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Manual scavenging Outhouse Privatization of public toilets Rest area Scatology Shit Museum Slopping out Toilet (room) Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toileting Toilet training Toilet-related injuries and deaths Toilets in Japan Toilet Twinning Urinary segregation Washroom attendant

Urine related aspects	Female urination device Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal (health care) Urine diversion

Feces related aspects	Anal cleansing Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Night soil Open defecation

Historical terms	Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Commode Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter

See also	Menstruation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/13/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.