Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)
Main article: Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure
| P/(Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 200 | 1 k | 2 k | 5 k | 10 k | 20 k | 50 k | 100 k | 101325 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reference | ||||||||||||
| 1 H hydrogen | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 15 | 20 | ||||||||||
| CRC.a (T/°C) | -258.6 | -252.8 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 10 (s) | 11.4 (s) | 12.2 (s) | 13.4 (s) | 14.5 | 16.0 | 18.2 | 20.3 | ||||
| 2 He helium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 3 | 4 | ||||||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | -270.6 | -268.9 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1.3 | 1.66 | 1.85 | 2.17 | 2.48 | 2.87 | 3.54 | 4.22 | ||||
| 3 Li lithium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 797 | 885 | 995 | 1144 | 1337 | 1610 | ||||||
| CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 524.3 | 612.3 | 722.1 | 871.2 | 1064.3 | 1337.1 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.673 - 8310 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.061 - 8023 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 797.4 | 885.4 | 995.3 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1040 | 1145 | 1200 | 1275 | 1345 | 1415 | 1530 | 1630 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 325..725 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.625 - 7480 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 777 | 867 | 981 | ||||||||||
| 4 Be beryllium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1462 | 1608 | 1791 | 2023 | 2327 | 2742 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1189 (s) | 1335 | 1518 | 1750 | 2054 | 2469 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.048 - 17020 / (T/K) - 0.4440 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1461.8 | ||||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.792 - 15731 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1606.5 | 1789.2 | |||||||||||
| SMI.c,g (T/K) | solid, 942..1284 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.115 - 18220 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1504 | ||||||||||||
| SMI.c,g (T/K) | liquid, 1284..1582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.075 - 16590 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1647 | 1828 | |||||||||||
| 5 B boron | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2348 | 2562 | 2822 | 3141 | 3545 | 4072 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2075 | 2289 | 2549 | 2868 | 3272 | 3799 | ||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1052..1648 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.255 - 21370 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1612 | 1744 | 1899 | ||||||||||
| 6 C carbon (graphite) | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2839 | 3048 | 3289 | 3572 | 3908 | |||||||
| CRC.h (T/°C) | 2566 (s) | 2775 (s) | 3016 (s) | 3299 (s) | 3635 (s) | |||||||
| 7 N nitrogen | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 37 | 41 | 46 | 53 | 62 | 77 | ||||||
| CRC.a,d (T/°C) | -236 (s) | -232 (s) | -226.8 (s) | -220.2 (s) | -211.1 (s) | -195.9 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 48.1 (s) | 53.0 (s) | 55.4 (s) | 59.0 (s) | 62.1 (s) | 65.8 | 71.8 | 77.4 | ||||
| 8 O oxygen | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 61 | 73 | 90 | |||||||||
| CRC.a,i (T/°C) | -211.9 | -200.5 | -183.1 | |||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 55.4 | 61.3 | 64.3 | 68.8 | 72.7 | 77.1 | 83.9 | 90.2 | ||||
| 9 F fluorine | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 38 | 44 | 50 | 58 | 69 | 85 | ||||||
| CRC.a,d (T/°C) | -235 (s) | -229.5 (s) | -222.9 (s) | -214.8 | -204.3 | -188.3 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 53 | 58 | 61 | 65.3 | 68.9 | 73.0 | 79.3 | 85.0 | ||||
| 10 Ne neon | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 12 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 27 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | -261 (s) | -260 (s) | -258 (s) | -255 (s) | -252 (s) | -246.1 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 16.3 (s) | 18.1 (s) | 19.0 (s) | 20.4 (s) | 21.6 (s) | 22.9 (s) | 24.9 | 27.1 | ||||
| 11 Na sodium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 554 | 617 | 697 | 802 | 946 | 1153 | ||||||
| CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 280.6 | 344.2 | 424.3 | 529 | 673 | 880.2 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.304 - 5603 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 700 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.710 - 5377 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 553.8 | 617.3 | 697.4 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 729 | 807 | 846 | 904 | 954 | 1010 | 1095 | 1175 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 158..437 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.835 - 5480 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 557 | 620 | 699 | ||||||||||
| 12 Mg magnesium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 701 | 773 | 861 | 971 | 1132 | 1361 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 428 (s) | 500 (s) | 588 (s) | 698 | 859 | 1088 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 7813 / (T/K) - 0.8253 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 700.9 | 772.7 | 861.2 | 892.0 | |||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 891 | 979 | 1025 | 1085 | 1140 | 1205 | 1295 | 1375 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | solid, 287..605 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 7741 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 707 | 778 | 865 | ||||||||||
| 13 Al aluminium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1482 | 1632 | 1817 | 2054 | 2364 | 2790 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1209 | 1359 | 1544 | 1781 | 2091 | 2517 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.465 - 17342 / (T/K) - 0.7927 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 16211 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1484.9 | 1634.7 | 1818.0 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1885 | 2060 | 2140 | 2260 | 2360 | 2430 | 2640 | 2790 | ||||
| SMI.c,l (T/K) | liquid, 843..1465 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.115 - 15630 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1406 | 1545 | |||||||||||
| 14 Si silicon | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1908 | 2102 | 2339 | 2636 | 3021 | 3537 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1635 | 1829 | 2066 | 2363 | 2748 | 3264 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 2380 | 2590 | 2690 | 2840 | 2970 | 3100 | 3310 | 3490 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1024..1410 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.325 - 19720 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1600 | ||||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1410..1670 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 18550 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1738 | 1917 | |||||||||||
| 15 P phosphorus (white) | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 279 | 307 | 342 | 388 | 453 | 549 | ||||||
| CRC.c,e (T/°C) | 6 (s) | 34 (s) | 69 | 115 | 180 | 276 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 365 | 398 | 414 | 439 | 460 | 484 | 520.5 | 553.6 | ||||
| 15 P phosphorus (red) | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 455 | 489 | 529 | 576 | 635 | 704 | ||||||
| CRC.b,c (T/°C) | 182 (s) | 216 (s) | 256 (s) | 303 (s) | 362 (s) | 431 (s) | ||||||
| 16 S sulfur | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 375 | 408 | 449 | 508 | 591 | 717 | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 102 (s) | 135 | 176 | 235 | 318 | 444 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 462 | 505.7 | 528.0 | 561.3 | 590.1 | 622.5 | 672.4 | 717.8 | ||||
| 17 Cl chlorine | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 128 | 139 | 153 | 170 | 197 | 239 | ||||||
| CRC.a (T/°C) | -145 (s) | -133.7 (s) | -120.2 (s) | -103.6 (s) | -76.1 | -34.2 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 158 (s) | 170 (s) | 176.3 | 187.4 | 197.0 | 207.8 | 224.3 | 239.2 | ||||
| 18 Ar argon | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 47 | 53 | 61 | 71 | 87 | |||||||
| CRC.a,d,l (T/°C) | -226.4 (s) | -220.3 (s) | -212.4 (s) | -201.7 (s) | -186.0 | |||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 55.0 (s) | 60.7 (s) | 63.6 (s) | 67.8 (s) | 71.4 (s) | 75.4 (s) | 81.4 (s) | 87.3 | ||||
| 19 K potassium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 473 | 530 | 601 | 697 | 832 | 1029 | ||||||
| CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 200.2 | 256.5 | 328 | 424 | 559 | 756.2 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.967 - 4646 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.408 - 4453 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 473.3 | 529.6 | 601.1 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 633 | 704 | 740 | 794 | 841 | 894 | 975 | 1050 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 91..338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.485 - 4503 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 475 | 531 | 602 | ||||||||||
| 20 Ca calcium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 864 | 956 | 1071 | 1227 | 1443 | 1755 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 591 (s) | 683 (s) | 798 (s) | 954 | 1170 | 1482 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.133 - 9517 / (T/K) - 1.4030 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 864.2 | 956.4 | 1071.5 | 1112.0 | |||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1105 | 1220 | 1280 | 1365 | 1440 | 1525 | 1650 | 1765 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | 408..817 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.425 - 9055 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 869 | 961 | 1075 | ||||||||||
| 21 Sc scandium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1645 | 1804 | (2006) | (2266) | (2613) | (3101) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1372 (s) | 1531 (s) | 1733 (i) | 1993 (i) | 2340 (i) | 2828 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.656 - 19721 / (T/K) + 0.2885 log (T/K) - 0.3663 (T/K)−3 | |||||||||||
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 17681 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1058..1804 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 18570 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1678 | 1845 | 2049 | ||||||||||
| 22 Ti titanium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1982 | 2171 | (2403) | 2692 | 3064 | 3558 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1709 | 1898 | 2130 (e) | 2419 | 2791 | 3285 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.931 - 24991 / (T/K) - 1.3376 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2400 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.364 - 22747 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2001.7 | 2194.8 | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1134..1727 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.375 - 18640 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1797 | 1988 | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1727..1965 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.105 - 20110 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2209 | ||||||||||||
| 23 V vanadium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2101 | 2289 | 2523 | 2814 | 3187 | 3679 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1828 (s) | 2016 | 2250 | 2541 | 2914 | 3406 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.750 - 27132 / (T/K) - 0.5501 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2099.6 | ||||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 25011 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2287.2 | 2517.5 | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1465..2207 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.445 - 26620 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2139 | 2326 | |||||||||||
| 24 Cr chromium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1656 | 1807 | 1991 | 2223 | 2530 | 2942 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1383 (s) | 1534 (s) | 1718 (s) | 1950 | 2257 | 2669 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.806 - 20733 / (T/K) + 0.4391 log (T/K) - 0.4094 (T/K)−3 | |||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 2020 | 2180 | 2260 | 2370 | 2470 | 2580 | 2730 | 2870 | ||||
| SMI.c,l (T/K) | solid, 907..1504 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 17560 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1463 | 1596 | 1755 | ||||||||||
| 25 Mn manganese | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1228 | 1347 | 1493 | 1691 | 1955 | 2333 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 955 (s) | 1074 (s) | 1220 (s) | 1418 | 1682 | 2060 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.811 - 15097 / (T/K) - 1.7896 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1229.2 | 1346.6 | 1490.0 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1560 | 1710 | 1780 | 1890 | 1980 | 2080 | 2240 | 2390 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 717..1251 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.375 - 14100 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1240 | 1359 | 1504 | ||||||||||
| 26 Fe iron | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1728 | 1890 | 2091 | 2346 | 2679 | 3132 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1455 (s) | 1617 | 1818 | 2073 | 2406 | 2859 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.106 - 21723 / (T/K) + 0.4536 log (T/K) - 0.5846 (T/K)−3 | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.353 - 19574 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1890.7 | 2092.8 | |||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 2110 | 2290 | 2380 | 2500 | 2610 | 2720 | 2890 | 3030 | ||||
| SMI.c,f (T/K) | solid, 1094..1535 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.755 - 20000 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1701 | ||||||||||||
| SMI.c,f (T/K) | liquid, 1535..1783 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.535 - 21400 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1855 | 2031 | |||||||||||
| 27 Co cobalt | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1790 | 1960 | 2165 | 2423 | 2755 | 3198 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1517 | 1687 | 1892 | 2150 | 2482 | 2925 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.982 - 22576 / (T/K) - 1.0280 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.494 - 20578 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1790.3 | 1960.9 | 2167.5 | ||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21960 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1900 | 2081 | 2298 | ||||||||||
| 28 Ni nickel | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1783 | 1950 | 2154 | 2410 | 2741 | 3184 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1510 | 1677 | 1881 | 2137 | 2468 | 2911 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.563 - 22606 / (T/K) - 0.8717 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.672 - 20765 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1779.0 | 1945.7 | 2146.9 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 2230 | 2410 | 2500 | 2630 | 2740 | 2860 | 3030 | 3180 | ||||
| SMI.c,q | solid, 1157..1455 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.405 - 21840 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.c,q (T/K) | liquid, 1455..1884 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 20600 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1764 | 1930 | 2129 | ||||||||||
| 29 Cu copper | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1509 | 1661 | 1850 | 2089 | 2404 | 2836 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1236 | 1388 | 1577 | 1816 | 2131 | 2563 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.129 - 17748 / (T/K) - 0.7317 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.855 - 16415 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1512.2 | 1665.7 | 1853.8 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1940 | 2110 | 2200 | 2320 | 2420 | 2540 | 2710 | 2860 | ||||
| SMI.c,f | solid, 946..1083 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 18060 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.c,f (T/K) | liquid, 1083..1628 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.845 - 16580 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1529 | 1684 | 1875 | ||||||||||
| 30 Zn zinc | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 610 | 670 | 750 | 852 | 990 | (1185) | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 337 (s) | 397 (s) | 477 | 579 | 717 | 912 (e) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.108 - 6776 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 610.0 | 670.4 | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 750 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.384 - 6286 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 749.8 | ||||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 780 | 854 | 891 | 945 | 991 | 1040 | 1120 | 1185 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | solid, 211..405 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 6744 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 609 | 670 | |||||||||||
| 31 Ga gallium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1310 | 1448 | 1620 | 1838 | 2125 | 2518 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1037 | 1175 | 1347 | 1565 | 1852 | 2245 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.663 - 14208 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.760 - 13984 / (T/K) - 0.3413 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1307.4 | 1444.4 | 1613.8 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1665 | 1820 | 1900 | 2000 | 2100 | 2200 | 2350 | 2480 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 771..1443 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.915 - 13360 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1347 | 1499 | 1688 | ||||||||||
| 32 Ge germanium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1644 | 1814 | 2023 | 2287 | 2633 | 3104 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1371 | 1541 | 1750 | 2014 | 2360 | 2831 | ||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 897..1635 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.065 - 15150 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1505 | 1671 | 1878 | ||||||||||
| 33 As arsenic | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 553 | 596 | 646 | 706 | 781 | 874 | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 280 (s) | 323 (s) | 373 (s) | 433 (s) | 508 (s) | 601 (s) | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 656 (s) | 701 (s) | 723 (s) | 754 (s) | 780 (s) | 808 (s) | 849 (s) | 883 (s) | ||||
| 34 Se selenium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 500 | 552 | 617 | 704 | 813 | 958 | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 227 | 279 | 344 | 431 | 540 | 685 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 636 | 695 | 724 | 767 | 803 | 844 | 904 | 958 | ||||
| 35 Br bromine | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 185 | 201 | 220 | 244 | 276 | 332 | ||||||
| CRC.a (T/°C) | -87.7 (s) | -71.8 (s) | -52.7 (s) | -29.3 (s) | 2.5 | 58.4 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 227 (s) | 244.1 (s) | 252.1 (s) | 263.6 (s) | 275.7 | 290.0 | 312.0 | 332.0 | ||||
| 36 Kr krypton | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 59 | 65 | 74 | 84 | 99 | 120 | ||||||
| CRC.d (T/°C) | -214.0 (s) | -208.0 (s) | -199.4 (s) | -188.9 (s) | -174.6 (s) | -153.6 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 77 (s) | 84.3 (s) | 88.1 (s) | 93.8 (s) | 98.6 (s) | 103.9 (s) | 112.0 (s) | 119.7 | ||||
| 37 Rb rubidium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 434 | 486 | 552 | 641 | 769 | 958 | ||||||
| CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 160.4 | 212.5 | 278.9 | 368 | 496.1 | 685.3 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.863 - 4215 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.318 - 4040 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 433.6 | 485.7 | 552.1 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 583 | 649 | 684 | 735 | 779 | 829 | 907 | 978 | ||||
| SMI.d (T/K) | liquid, 59.4..283 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.545 - 4132 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 433 | 484 | 548 | ||||||||||
| 38 Sr strontium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 796 | 882 | 990 | 1139 | 1345 | 1646 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 523 (s) | 609 (s) | 717 (s) | 866 | 1072 | 1373 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.232 - 8572 / (T/K) - 1.1926 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 795.7 | 882.0 | 989.9 | 1028.0 | |||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1040 (s) | 1150 | 1205 | 1285 | 1355 | 1430 | 1550 | 1660 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 361..750 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.255 - 8324 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 812 | 899 | 1008 | ||||||||||
| 39 Y yttrium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1883 | 2075 | (2320) | (2627) | (3036) | (3607) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1610.1 | 1802.3 | 2047 (i) | 2354 (i) | 2763 (i) | 3334 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.741 - 22306 / (T/K) - 0.8705 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2300 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 20341 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1883.3 | 2075.4 | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21970 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1901 | 2081 | 2299 | ||||||||||
| 40 Zr zirconium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2639 | 2891 | 3197 | 3575 | 4053 | 4678 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2366 | 2618 | 2924 | 3302 | 3780 | 4405 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.014 - 31512 / (T/K) - 0.7890 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.812 - 30295 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | solid, 1527..2127 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.505 - 25870 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2249 | ||||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 2127..2459 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.165 - 27430 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2457 | 2698 | |||||||||||
| 41 Nb niobium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2942 | 3207 | 3524 | 3910 | 4393 | 5013 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2669 | 2934 | 3251 | 3637 | 4120 | 4740 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.828 - 37818 / (T/K) - 0.2575 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.n | 2194..2539 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 40400 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 42 Mo molybdenum | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2742 | 2994 | 3312 | 3707 | 4212 | 4879 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2469 (s) | 2721 | 3039 | 3434 | 3939 | 4606 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.535 - 34626 / (T/K) - 1.1331 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 3420 | 3720 | 3860 | 4060 | 4220 | 4410 | 4680 | 4900 | ||||
| SMI.r (T/K) | solid, 1923..2533 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.925 - 30310 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2774 | ||||||||||||
| 43 Tc technetium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | (2727) | (2998) | (3324) | (3726) | (4234) | (4894) | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2454 (e) | 2725 (e) | 3051 (e) | 3453 (e) | 3961 (e) | 4621 (e) | ||||||
| 44 Ru ruthenium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2588 | 2811 | 3087 | 3424 | 3845 | 4388 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2315 (s) | 2538 | 2814 | 3151 | 3572 | 4115 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.761 - 34154 / (T/K) - 0.4723 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2597.6 | ||||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1913..2946 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.625 - 33800 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2677 | 2908 | 3181 | ||||||||||
| 45 Rh rhodium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2288 | 2496 | 2749 | 3063 | 3405 | 3997 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2015 | 2223 | 2476 | 2790 | 3132 | 3724 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.174 - 29010 / (T/K) - 0.7068 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.808 - 26792 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2269.0 | 2478.9 | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1681..2607 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.675 - 30400 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2398 | 2604 | 2848 | ||||||||||
| 46 Pd palladium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1721 | 1897 | 2117 | 2395 | 2753 | 3234 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1448 (s) | 1624 | 1844 | 2122 | 2480 | 2961 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.508 - 19813 / (T/K) - 0.9258 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1721.0 | ||||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.432 - 17899 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1897.7 | ||||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1156..2000 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.585 - 19230 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1817 | 2006 | 2240 | ||||||||||
| 47 Ag silver | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1283 | 1413 | 1575 | 1782 | 2055 | 2433 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1010 | 1140 | 1302 | 1509 | 1782 | 2160 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.133 - 14999 / (T/K) - 0.7845 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.758 - 13827 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1285.3 | 1417.0 | 1578.8 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1640 | 1790 | 1865 | 1970 | 2060 | 2160 | 2310 | 2440 | ||||
| SMI.a | solid, 767..961 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.405 - 14850 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 961..1353 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.785 - 14090 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1306 | 1440 | 1604 | ||||||||||
| 48 Cd cadmium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 530 | 583 | 654 | 745 | 867 | 1040 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 257 (s) | 310 (s) | 381 | 472 | 594 | 767 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 5799 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 529.8 | 583.1 | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 650 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.248 - 5392 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 653.7 | ||||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 683 | 748 | 781 | 829 | 870 | 915 | 983 | 1045 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | solid, 148..321 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.905 - 5798 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 532 | 585 | |||||||||||
| 49 In indium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1196 | 1325 | 1485 | 1690 | 1962 | 2340 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 923 | 1052 | 1212 | 1417 | 1689 | 2067 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.997 - 12548 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1500 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.380 - 12276 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1182.7 | 1308.7 | 1464.9 | ||||||||||
| SMI.c,m (T/K) | liquid, 667..1260 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.055 - 12150 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1208 | 1342 | 1508 | ||||||||||
| 50 Sn tin | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1497 | 1657 | 1855 | 2107 | 2438 | 2893 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1224 | 1384 | 1582 | 1834 | 2165 | 2620 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.042 - 15710 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.268 - 15332 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1493.2 | 1654.3 | 1854.4 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1930 | 2120 | 2210 | 2350 | 2470 | 2600 | 2800 | 2990 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 823..1609 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.095 - 13110 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1441 | 1620 | 1848 | ||||||||||
| 51 Sb antimony | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 807 | 876 | 1011 | 1219 | 1491 | 1858 | ||||||
| CRC.b,c (T/°C) | 534 (s) | 603 (s) | 738 | 946 | 1218 | 1585 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1065 | 1220 | 1295 | 1405 | 1495 | 1595 | 1740 | 1890 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 466..904 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.545 - 9913 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 940 | 1039 | 1160 | ||||||||||
| 52 Te tellurium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | (775) | (888) | 1042 | 1266 | ||||||||
| CRC.d (T/°C) | 502 (e) | 615 (e) | 768.8 | 992.4 | ||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 806 | 888 | 929 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 | 1190 | 1270 | ||||
| 53 I iodine (rhombic) | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 260 | 282 | 309 | 342 | 381 | 457 | ||||||
| CRC.a,b (T/°C) | -12.8 (s) | 9.3 (s) | 35.9 (s) | 68.7 (s) | 108 (s) | 184.0 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 318 (s) | 341.8 (s) | 353.1 (s) | 369.3 (s) | 382.7 (s) | 400.8 | 430.6 | 457.5 | ||||
| 54 Xe xenon | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 83 | 92 | 103 | 117 | 137 | 165 | ||||||
| CRC.d,m (T/°C) | -190 (s) | -181 (s) | -170 (s) | -155.8 (s) | -136.6 (s) | -108.4 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 107 (s) | 117.3 (s) | 122.5 (s) | 130.1 (s) | 136.6 (s) | 143.8 (s) | 154.7 (s) | 165.0 | ||||
| 55 Cs caesium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 418 | 469 | 534 | 623 | 750 | 940 | ||||||
| CRC.f,k (T/°C) | 144.5 | 195.6 | 260.9 | 350.0 | 477.1 | 667.0 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.717 - 3999 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.171 - 3830 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 417.6 | 468.7 | 534.1 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 559 | 624 | 657 | 708 | 752 | 802 | 883 | 959 | ||||
| SMI.e (T/K) | liquid, 45..277 °C: log (P/Pa) = 8.985 - 3774 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 420 | 473 | 540 | ||||||||||
| 56 Ba barium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 911 | 1038 | 1185 | 1388 | 1686 | 2170 | ||||||
| CRC.e (T/°C) | 638 (s) | 765 | 912 | 1115 | 1413 | 1897 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.411 - 9690 / (T/K) - 2.2890 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 911.0 | ||||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.013 - 8163 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1018.7 | 1164.0 | |||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1165 | 1290 | 1360 | 1455 | 1540 | 1635 | 1780 | 1910 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 418..858 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.005 - 8908 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 890 | 989 | 1113 | ||||||||||
| 57 La lanthanum | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | (2005) | (2208) | (2458) | (2772) | (3178) | (3726) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1732 (i) | 1935 (i) | 2185 (i) | 2499 (i) | 2905 (i) | 3453 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.469 - 22551 / (T/K) - 0.3142 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 21855 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2001.9 | 2203.8 | 2450.9 | ||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1023..1754 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.005 - 18000 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1636 | 1799 | 1999 | ||||||||||
| 58 Ce cerium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1992 | 2194 | 2442 | 2754 | 3159 | 3705 | ||||||
| CRC.g (T/°C) | 1719 | 1921 | 2169 | 2481 | 2886 | 3432 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.145 - 21752 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.617 - 21200 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1996.8 | 2204.4 | 2460.3 | ||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1004..1599 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.865 - 20100 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1562 | 1694 | 1850 | ||||||||||
| 59 Pr praseodymium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1771 | 1973 | (2227) | (2571) | (3054) | (3779) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1497.7 | 1699.4 | 1954 (i) | 2298 (i) | 2781 (i) | 3506 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.865 - 18720 / (T/K) - 0.9512 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.778 - 17315 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1770.8 | 1972.5 | |||||||||||
| 60 Nd neodymium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1595 | 1774 | 1998 | (2296) | (2715) | (3336) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1322.3 | 1501.2 | 1725.3 | 2023 (i) | 2442 (i) | 3063 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.002 - 17264 / (T/K) - 0.9519 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.918 - 15824 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1595.5 | 1774.4 | 1998.5 | ||||||||||
| 62 Sm samarium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1001 | 1106 | 1240 | (1421) | (1675) | (2061) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 728 (s) | 833 (s) | 967 (s) | 1148 (i) | 1402 (i) | 1788 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.994 - 11034 / (T/K) - 1.3287 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1002.5 | 1109.2 | 1242.2 | 1289.0 | |||||||||
| 63 Eu europium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 863 | 957 | 1072 | 1234 | 1452 | 1796 | ||||||
| CRC.g (T/°C) | 590 (s) | 684 (s) | 799 (s) | 961 | 1179 | 1523 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.246 - 9459 / (T/K) - 1.1661 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 874.6 | 968.8 | 1086.5 | ||||||||||
| 64 Gd gadolinium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | (1836) | (2028) | (2267) | (2573) | (2976) | (3535) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1563 (i) | 1755 (i) | 1994 (i) | 2300 (i) | 2703 (i) | 3262 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.350 - 20861 / (T/K) - 0.5775 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2250 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.563 - 19389 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1835.6 | 2027.5 | 2264.3 | ||||||||||
| 65 Tb terbium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1789 | 1979 | (2201) | (2505) | (2913) | (3491) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1516.1 | 1706.1 | 1928 (i) | 2232 (i) | 2640 (i) | 3218 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.516 - 20457 / (T/K) - 0.9247 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.417 - 18639 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1789.3 | 1979.3 | 2214.4 | ||||||||||
| 66 Dy dysprosium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1378 | 1523 | (1704) | (1954) | (2304) | (2831) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1105 (s) | 1250 (s) | 1431 (i) | 1681 (i) | 2031 (i) | 2558 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.585 - 15336 / (T/K) - 1.1114 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1382.3 | 1526.5 | |||||||||||
| 67 Ho holmium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1432 | 1584 | (1775) | (2040) | (2410) | (2964) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1159 (s) | 1311 (s) | 1502 (i) | 1767 (i) | 2137 (i) | 2691 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.791 - 15899 / (T/K) - 1.1753 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1434.8 | 1585.2 | |||||||||||
| 68 Er erbium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1504 | 1663 | (1885) | (2163) | (2552) | (3132) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1231 (s) | 1390 (s) | 1612 (i) | 1890 (i) | 2279 (i) | 2859 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.922 - 16642 / (T/K) - 1.2154 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1504.7 | 1663.0 | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1900 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.674 - 14380 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1873.9 | ||||||||||||
| 69 Tm thulium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1117 | 1235 | 1381 | 1570 | (1821) | (2217) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 844 (s) | 962 (s) | 1108 (s) | 1297 (s) | 1548 (i) | 1944 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to 1400 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.888 - 12270 / (T/K) - 0.9564 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1118.3 | 1235.5 | 1381.0 | ||||||||||
| 70 Yb ytterbium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 736 | 813 | 910 | 1047 | (1266) | (1465) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 463 (s) | 540 (s) | 637 (s) | 774 (s) | 993 (i) | 1192 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to 900 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.117 - 8111 / (T/K) - 1.0849 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 737.0 | 814.4 | |||||||||||
| 71 Lu lutetium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1906 | 2103 | 2346 | (2653) | (3072) | (3663) | ||||||
| CRC.c (T/°C) | 1633 (s) | 1829.8 | 2072.8 | 2380 (i) | 2799 (i) | 3390 (i) | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.799 - 22423 / (T/K) - 0.6200 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1905.9 | ||||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.654 - 20302 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2103.0 | 2346.0 | |||||||||||
| 72 Hf hafnium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2689 | 2954 | 3277 | 3679 | 4194 | 4876 | ||||||
| CRC.e (T/°C) | 2416 | 2681 | 3004 | 3406 | 3921 | 4603 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.451 - 32482 / (T/K) - 0.6735 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 73 Ta tantalum | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 3297 | 3597 | 3957 | 4395 | 4939 | 5634 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 3024 | 3324 | 3684 | 4122 | 4666 | 5361 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 248 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 21.813 - 41346 / (T/K) - 3.2152 log (T/K) + 0.7437 (T/K)−3 | |||||||||||
| SMI.o,p | solid, 2407..2820 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.125 - 40210 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 74 W tungsten | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 3477 | 3773 | 4137 | 4579 | 5127 | 5823 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 3204 (s) | 3500 | 3864 | 4306 | 4854 | 5550 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 7.951 - 44094 / (T/K) + 1.3677 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 | solid, 2200 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -49.521 - 57687 / (T/K) - 12.2231 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 4300 | 4630 | 4790 | 5020 | 5200 | 5400 | 5690 | 5940 | ||||
| SMI.s (T/K) | solid, 2554..3309 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.365 - 40260 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 3542 | ||||||||||||
| 75 Re rhenium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 3303 | 3614 | 4009 | 4500 | 5127 | 5954 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 3030 (s) | 3341 | 3736 | 4227 | 4854 | 5681 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.549 - 40726 / (T/K) - 1.1629 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 76 Os osmium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 3160 | 3423 | 3751 | 4148 | 4638 | 5256 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2887 (s) | 3150 | 3478 | 3875 | 4365 | 4983 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.425 - 41198 / (T/K) - 0.3896 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 2101..3221 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.715 - 37000 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2910 | 3158 | 3453 | ||||||||||
| 77 Ir iridium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2713 | 2957 | 3252 | 3614 | 4069 | 4659 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2440 (s) | 2684 | 2979 | 3341 | 3796 | 4386 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.512 - 35099 / (T/K) - 0.7500 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1993..3118 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.185 - 34110 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2799 | 3050 | 3349 | ||||||||||
| 78 Pt platinum | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2330 | (2550) | 2815 | 3143 | 3556 | 4094 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2057 | 2277 (e) | 2542 | 2870 | 3283 | 3821 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.888 - 29387 / (T/K) + 1.1039 log (T/K) - 0.4527 (T/K)−3 | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.392 - 26856 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2357.4 | ||||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 2910 | 3150 | 3260 | 3420 | 3560 | 3700 | 3910 | 4090 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1606..2582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.758 - 27500 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2339 | 2556 | 2818 | ||||||||||
| 79 Au gold | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1646 | 1814 | 2021 | 2281 | 2620 | 3078 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1373 | 1541 | 1748 | 2008 | 2347 | 2805 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.158 - 19343 / (T/K) - 0.7479 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2050 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.838 - 18024 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1663.0 | 1832.1 | 2039.4 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 2100 | 2290 | 2390 | 2520 | 2640 | 2770 | 2960 | 3120 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | 1083..1867 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.775 - 18520 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1719 | 1895 | 2111 | ||||||||||
| 80 Hg mercury | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 315 | 350 | 393 | 449 | 523 | 629 | ||||||
| CRC.j,k (T/°C) | 42.0 | 76.6 | 120.0 | 175.6 | 250.3 | 355.9 | ||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, 298 K to 400 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.122 - 3190 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 315.2 | 349.7 | 392.8 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 408 | 448.8 | 468.8 | 498.4 | 523.4 | 551.2 | 592.9 | 629.8 | ||||
| 81 Tl thallium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 882 | 977 | 1097 | 1252 | 1461 | 1758 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 609 | 704 | 824 | 979 | 1188 | 1485 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.977 - 9447 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9037 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 880.4 | 975.4 | 1093.4 | ||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1125 | 1235 | 1290 | 1370 | 1440 | 1515 | 1630 | 1730 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 405..821 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.275 - 8920 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 868 | 962 | 1078 | ||||||||||
| 82 Pb lead | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 978 | 1088 | 1229 | 1412 | 1660 | 2027 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 705 | 815 | 956 | 1139 | 1387 | 1754 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.649 - 10143 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.917 - 9701 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 978.2 | 1087.9 | |||||||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1285 | 1420 | 1485 | 1585 | 1670 | 1760 | 1905 | 2030 | ||||
| SMI.a (T/K) | liquid, 483..975 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.815 - 9600 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 978 | 1089 | 1228 | ||||||||||
| 83 Bi bismuth | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 941 | 1041 | 1165 | 1325 | 1538 | 1835 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 668 | 768 | 892 | 1052 | 1265 | 1562 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 1225 | 1350 | 1410 | 1505 | 1580 | 1670 | 1800 | 1920 | ||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 474..934 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9824 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 957 | 1060 | 1189 | ||||||||||
| 84 Po polonium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | (846) | 1003 | 1236 | |||||||||
| CRC.d (T/°C) | 573 (e) | 730.2 | 963.3 | |||||||||
| 85 At astatine | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 361 | 392 | 429 | 475 | 531 | 607 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 88 (s) | 119 (s) | 156 (s) | 202 (s) | 258 (s) | 334 | ||||||
| 86 Rn radon | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 110 | 121 | 134 | 152 | 176 | 211 | ||||||
| CRC.d (T/°C) | -163 (s) | -152 (s) | -139 (s) | -121.4 (s) | -97.6 (s) | -62.3 | ||||||
| KAL (T/K) | 139 (s) | 152 (s) | 158 (s) | 168 (s) | 176 (s) | 184 (s) | 198 (s) | 211 | ||||
| 87 Fr francium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | (404) | (454) | (519) | (608) | (738) | (946) | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 131 (e) | 181 (e) | 246 (e) | 335 (e) | 465 (e) | 673 (e) | ||||||
| 88 Ra radium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 819 | 906 | 1037 | 1209 | 1446 | 1799 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 546 (s) | 633 (s) | 764 | 936 | 1173 | 1526 | ||||||
| 90 Th thorium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2633 | 2907 | 3248 | 3683 | 4259 | 5055 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2360 | 2634 | 2975 | 3410 | 3986 | 4782 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.674 - 31483 / (T/K) - 0.5288 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -13.447 - 24569 / (T/K) + 6.6473 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | 1686..2715 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.645 - 28440 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2442 | 2672 | 2949 | ||||||||||
| 91 Pa protactinium | ||||||||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.558 - 34869 / (T/K) - 1.0075 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.183 - 32874 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 92 U uranium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2325 | 2564 | 2859 | 3234 | 3727 | 4402 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 2052 | 2291 | 2586 | 2961 | 3454 | 4129 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 5.776 - 27729 / (T/K) + 2.6982 log (T/K) - 1.5471 (T/K)−3 | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 25.741 - 28776 / (T/K) - 4.0962 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2422.6 | ||||||||||||
| SMI.c (T/K) | liquid, 1461..2338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 25800 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2149 | 2344 | 2579 | ||||||||||
| 93 Np neptunium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 2194 | 2437 | ||||||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 24.649 - 24886 / (T/K) - 3.9991 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.082 - 23378 / (T/K) - 1.3250 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 2194.1 | 2436.6 | |||||||||||
| 94 Pu plutonium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1756 | 1953 | 2198 | 2511 | 2926 | 3499 | ||||||
| CRC.b (T/°C) | 1483 | 1680 | 1925 | 2238 | 2653 | 3226 | ||||||
| CR2 | solid, 500 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 23.864 - 18460 / (T/K) - 4.4720 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 31.166 - 19162 / (T/K) - 6.6675 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 8.672 - 16658 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1920.9 | 2171.3 | |||||||||||
| 95 Am americium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1239 | 1356 | ||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.317 - 15059 / (T/K) - 1.3449 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1238.7 | 1356.1 | |||||||||||
| 96 Cm curium | ||||||||||||
| use (T/K) | 1788 | 1982 | ||||||||||
| CR2 | solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.375 - 20364 / (T/K) - 0.5770 log (T/K) | |||||||||||
| CR2 (T/K) | liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.229 - 18292 / (T/K) | |||||||||||
| 1788.2 | 1982.0 | |||||||||||
Notes
- Values are given in terms of temperature necessary to reach the specified pressure.
- Valid results within the quoted ranges from most equations are included in the table for comparison.
- A conversion factor is included into the original first coefficients of the equations to provide the pressure in pascals (CR2: 5.006, SMI: -0.875).
- Ref. SMI uses temperature scale ITS-48. No conversion was done, which should be of little consequence however.
- The temperature at standard pressure should be equal to the normal boiling point, but due to the considerable spread does not necessarily have to match values reported elsewhere.
- log refers to log base 10
References
CRC.a-m
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Vapor Pressure
- Uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. (e) Indicates extrapolated values beyond the region of experimental data, subject to greater uncertainty. (i) Indicates values calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions. (s) Indicates the substance is solid at this temperature. As quoted from these sources:
- a - Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
- b - Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972.
- c - Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973.
- d - TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
- e - Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993.
- f - Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994.
- g - Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
- h - Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon, 11, 555, 1973.
- i - Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
- j - Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
- k - Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984.
- l - Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989.
- m - Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 63, 1994.
CR2
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements
- The equations reproduce the observed pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Coefficients from this source:
- Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, (1984).
KAL
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; Section 3.4.4, D. Ambrose, Vapour pressures from 0.2 to 101.325 kPa. Retrieved Jan 2006.
SMI.a-s
W.E. Forsythe (ed.), Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th ed., online version (1954; Knovel 2003). Table 363, Evaporation of Metals
- The equations are described as reproducing the observed pressures to a satisfactory degree of approximation. From these sources:
- a - K.K. Kelley, Bur. Mines Bull. 383, (1935).
- b - R.W. Ditchburn, J.C. Gilmour, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 13, p. 310, (1941).
- c - Brewer, The thermodynamic and physical properties of the elements, Report for the Manhattan Project, (1946).
- d - T.J. Killian, Phys. Rev., vol. 27, p. 578, (1926).
- e - J.B. Taylor, I. Langmuir, Phys. Rev., vol. 51, p. 753, (1937).
- f - A.L. Marshall, R.W. Dornte, F.J. Norton, Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 59, p. 1161, (1937).
- g - R. Schumann, A.B. Garret, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 66, p. 442, (1944); vol. 67, p. 2279, (1945).
- h - E. Rudberg, Phys. Rev., vol. 46, p. 763, (1934).
- i - J.A.M. Van Liempt, Rec. Trav. Chem. d. Pays-Bas, vol. 55, p. 468, (1936).
- j - E. Rudberg, J. Lempert, Journ. Chem. Phys., vol. 3, p. 627, (1935).
- k - Int. National Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306, (1928).
- l - E. Baur, R. Bruner, Hev. Chim. Acta, vol. 17, p. 958, (1934).
- m - J.S. Anderson, Journ. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 141, (1943).
- n - A.L. Reimann, C.K. Grant, Philos. Mag., vol. 22, p. 34, (1936).
- o - D.B. Langmuir, L. Malter, Phys. Rev., vol. 55, p. 748, (1939).
- p - M.D. Fiske, Phys. Rev., vol. 61, p. 513, (1942).
- q - H.L. Johnston, A.L. Marshall, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 62, p. 1382, (1940).
- r - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, G.M.J. Mackay, Phys. Rev., vol. 30, p. 201, (1927).
- s - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, Gen. Electric Rev., vol. 30, p. 354, (1927).
See also
| Periodic table forms |
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| Sets of elements |
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| Elements | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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