Country |
Formerly |
Parliamentary republic adopted |
Head of state elected by |
Cameral structure |
Albania |
One-party state |
1991 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Bangladesh |
Presidential republic |
1991[note 1] |
Parliament |
Unicameral |
Botswana |
British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate) |
1966 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Bulgaria |
One-party state |
1989 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Unicameral |
Croatia |
Semi-presidential republic |
2000 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Unicameral |
Czech Republic |
One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia) |
1993 |
Directly, by second-round system (since 2013; previously Parliament, by majority) |
Bicameral |
Dominica |
Associated state of the United Kingdom |
1978 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Estonia |
One-party state (part of Soviet Union) |
1991[note 2] |
Parliament, by two-thirds majority |
Unicameral |
Fiji |
Military Dictatorship |
2014 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Finland |
Semi-presidential republic |
2000[note 3] |
Directly, by second-round system |
Unicameral |
Greece |
Constitutional Monarchy, Military Dictatorship |
1975 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Hungary |
One-party state |
1990 |
Parliament, by absolute majority |
Unicameral |
Iceland |
Formerly part of Denmark; Constitutional monarchy |
1944 |
Directly, by majority vote |
Unicameral |
Ireland |
Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion) |
1949[note 4] |
Directly, by single transferable vote |
Bicameral |
Israel |
Protectorate (part of British Mandate of Palestine) |
1948 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Italy |
Constitutional monarchy, Military Dictatorship |
1946 |
Parliament, by two-thirds majority |
Bicameral |
Kiribati |
Protectorate |
1979 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Kyrgyzstan |
Presidential republic |
2010 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Unicameral |
Latvia |
One-party state (part of Soviet Union) |
1991[note 5] |
Parliament |
Unicameral |
Lebanon |
Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon) |
1941 |
Parliament |
Unicameral |
Macedonia |
One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia) |
1991 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Unicameral |
Malta |
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm) |
1974 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Marshall Islands |
UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) |
1979 |
Parliament |
Bicameral |
Mauritius |
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm) |
1992 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Moldova |
Semi-presidential republic |
2001 |
Parliament, by three-fifths majority |
Unicameral |
Montenegro |
One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro) |
1992 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Unicameral |
Myanmar |
Military dictatorship |
2010 |
Parliament, by an electoral college |
Bicameral |
Nauru |
Australian Trust Territory |
1968 |
Parliament |
Unicameral |
Poland |
One-party state |
1990 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Bicameral |
Samoa |
Constitutional monarchy |
2007 |
Parliament |
Unicameral |
San Marino |
Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire) |
301 |
Parliament |
Unicameral |
Serbia |
One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) |
1991 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Unicameral |
Singapore |
Constitutional monarchy (part of Malaysia) |
1965 |
Directly |
Unicameral |
Slovakia |
One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia) |
1993 |
Parliament (before 1999) Directly, by second-round system (since 1999) |
Unicameral |
Slovenia |
One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) |
1991 |
Directly, by second-round system |
Bicameral |
South Africa |
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm) |
1961 |
Parliament, by majority |
Bicameral |
Suriname |
Military dictatorship |
1987 |
Parliament, by majority |
Unicameral |
Trinidad and Tobago |
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm) |
1976 |
Parliament |
Bicameral |
Turkey |
One-party state |
1946 |
Directly (since 2007, previously by parliament) |
Unicameral |
Vanuatu |
British–French condominium (New Hebrides) |
1980 |
Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority |
Unicameral |