Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 17 December 2015 after a five-year revision process. They are known as the Nelson Mandela Rules in honor of the former South African President Nelson Mandela.
Background to the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
The Rules were first adopted on 30 August 1955 by the United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held at Geneva, and approved by the Economic and Social Council in resolutions of 31 July 1957 and 13 May 1977.
Since their adoption by the Economic and Social Council in 1957, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMRs) have constituted the universally acknowledged minimum standards for the treatment of prisoners, and probably represent the most well-known amongst the United Nations standards in crime prevention and criminal justice. Despite their legally non-binding nature, the rules have been of tremendous importance worldwide as a source of inspiration for relevant national legislation as well as of practical guidance for prison management.
Although not legally binding, the Minimum Standards provide guidelines for international and domestic law for citizens held in prisons and other forms of custody. The basic principle described in the standards is that "There shall be no discrimination on grounds of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status".
Part I contains Rules of General Application. It contains standards which set out what is generally accepted as being good principle and practice in the treatment of prisoners and the management of penal institutions. Specifically, it covers issues related to minimum standards of accommodation (rules 12 to 17), personal hygiene (18), clothing and bedding (19 to 21), food (22), exercise (23), medical services (24 to 35), discipline and punishment (36 to 46), the use of instruments of restraint (47 to 49), complaints (54 to 57), contact with the outside world (58 to 63), the availability of books (64), religion (65 and 66), retention of prisoners' property (67), notification of death, illness, transfer (68 to 70), removal of prisoners (73), the quality and training of prison personnel (74 to 82), prison inspections (83 to 85).
Part II contains rules applicable to different categories of prisoners including those under sentence. It contains a number of guiding principles (rules 86 to 90), the treatment (rehabilitation) of prisoners (91 and 92), classification and individualization (93 and 94), privileges (95), work (96 to 103), education and recreation (104 and 105), social relations and after-care (106 to 108).
Part II also contains rules for prisoners under arrest or awaiting trial (generally referred to as remand), rules for civil prisoners (for countries where local law permits imprisonment for debt, or by order of a court for any other non-criminal process) and rules for persons arrested or detained without charge.
The revision process of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
The General Assembly requested the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, in 2010, to establish an open-ended intergovernmental Expert Group to exchange information on the revision of the SMRs so that they reflect advances in correctional sciences and best practices,[1] provided that any changes to the rules would not result in lowering existing standards. The General Assembly further highlighted a number of principles which should guide the continued revision process, including that (a) any changes to the Standard Minimum Rules should not lower any of the existing standards but should improve them so that they reflect the recent advances in correctional science and good practices, so as to promote safety, security and humane conditions for prisoners; and that (b) the revision process should maintain the existing scope of application of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, and continue to take into account the social, legal and cultural specificities, as well as human rights obligations, of Member States.[1]
The adoption of the Nelson Mandela Rules
In December 2015, the General Assembly adopted its landmark resolution A/RES/70/175 entitled “United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules”).[2] The reference was added not only in recognition of South Africa’s major support to the revision process, but also to honor the legacy of the late President of South Africa, who spent 27 years in prisons in the course of his struggle for democracy and the promotion of a culture of peace. Accordingly, the General Assembly also decided to extend the scope of Nelson Mandela International Day (18 July) to be also utilized in order to promote humane prison conditions of imprisonment, to raise awareness about prisoners being a continuous part of society and to value the work of prison staff as a social service of particular importance.
See also
Notes
- 1 2 "UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/65/230" (PDF). documents-dds-ny.un.org. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
- ↑ "UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/175" (PDF). documents-dds-ny.un.org. Retrieved 2016-09-28.