Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States
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This page contains a timeline of significant events regarding same-sex marriage in the United States. On June 26, 2015, the landmark US Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges effectively ended restrictions on same-sex marriage in the United States.
- 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1950s
1953
- August: Shipment of the August 1953 issue of ONE magazine, with the cover story "Homosexual Marriage?", is delayed by U.S Post Office officials for three weeks while they try to determine whether its contents are obscene.[1]
1958
- January 13, 1958: In One, Inc. v. Olesen, the United States Supreme Court rules that homosexual writings cannot be banned from mailing under the guise of obscenity.
1960s
1964
- A woman in Jess Stearn's popular non-fiction work The Grapevine: A Report on the Secret World of the Lesbian explains that she congratulated two men on their wedding because "Having no status in the law of the land...the homosexual marriage must be maintained only through mutual love and devotion of those involved."[2]
1966
- Publisher's Weekly reports that Jean Genet's The Miracle of the Rose "delicately describes a secret homosexual marriage".[3]
1970s
1970
- May 18: Jack Baker and Michael McConnell are denied a marriage license in Hennepin County, Minnesota.[4]
1971
- June 4: Members of the Gay Activists Alliance demand marriage rights for same-sex couples at New York City’s Marriage License Bureau.[5][6]
- October 15: The Minnesota Supreme Court rules in Baker v. Nelson that the state's statute limiting marriage to different-sex couples does not violate the U.S. Constitution.[7]
1972
- The National Coalition of Gay Organizations calls for the repeal of all statutes that limit marriage to different-sex couples and for extending the legal benefits of marriage to all cohabiting couples.[8]
- March 21: Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana, principal sponsor of the Equal Rights Amendment, defends it against critics who contend it would require states to permit same-sex marriages: "All it says is that if a state legislature makes a judgment that it is wrong for a man to marry a man, then it must say that it is wrong for a woman to marry a woman".[9]
- October 10: The United States Supreme Court dismisses appeal in Baker v. Nelson, a decision that refused to invalidate Minnesota's restriction of marriage to different-sex couples, "for want of a substantial federal question."[10]
1973
- January: The Yale Law Journal publishes an unsigned article, "The Legality of Homosexual Marriage", which argues that "[a] credible case can be made that the denial of marriage licenses to all homosexual couples violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment" and that the proposed Equal Rights Amendment would make such a claim irrefutable.[11]
- July 1: Maryland bans same-sex marriage, the first state to enact such a statute.[12]
- November 9: The Kentucky Court of Appeals rules in Jones v. Hallahan that two women were properly denied a marriage license based on dictionary definitions of marriage, despite the fact that state statutes do not restrict marriage to a female-male couple.[13]
1974
- May 2: The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) airs an installment of its one-hour debate series The Advocates that considers the question "Should Marriage Between Homosexuals Be Permitted?". Participants include Frank Kameny, Elaine Noble, and Charles Socarides.[14]
- May 20: The Washington Court of Appeals holds in Singer v. Hara that the state's statute banning same-sex marriage does not violate the state constitution and raises no federal issues.[15][16]
1975
- March 26 – April 22: In Colorado, the Boulder County Clerk, Clela Rorex, issues marriage licenses to 6 same-sex couples after receiving a favorable opinion from an assistant district attorney.[17][18]
- Virginia enacts a statute that says "A marriage between persons of the same sex is prohibited."[19]
1977
- June 8: Governor Reubin Askew signs legislation banning same-sex marriage in Florida.[20]
- August 18: Governor Jerry Brown signs legislation banning same-sex marriage in California.[21]
- Wyoming bans same-sex marriage by statute.[22]
1980s
1980
- March: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposes to the Equal Rights Amendment in part because its passage "could extend legal protection to same-sex lesbian and homosexual marriages", citing the arguments made by Paul A. Freund of Harvard Law School before the Senate Judiciary Committee.[23]
1982
- February 25: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, deciding Adams v. Howerton, holds that for immigration purposes Congress intended its use of the words marriage and spouse to have their "ordinary meaning" which "contemplates a relationship between a man and a woman".[24]
1984
- May 11: A three-judge panel of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania rules in De Santo v. Barnsley that a same-sex couple cannot contract a common law marriage: "the limits of common law marriage must be defined in light of the limits of statutory marriage."[25]
- The Unitarian Universalist Association endorses "services of union" for same-sex couples.[26]
1987
1989
- Andrew Sullivan's essay "Here Comes the Groom: A (Conservative) Case for Gay Marriage" appears in the New Republic.[28]
1990s
1991
- October: Fox Broadcasting Company airs the first same-sex wedding on national television in the episode "Can't Help Loving That Man" of its sitcom Roc.[29]
1993
- May 5: The Supreme Court of Hawaii sends the case of Baehr v. Miike to a trial court to determine if the state statute limiting marriage to different-sex couples is unconstitutional because it either is not justified by compelling state interests or is not narrowly drawn to avoid unnecessary abridgements of rights under the Hawaii Constitution.[30]
- The Conference of Bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America write in a pastoral letter that they find no scriptural basis for blessing same-sex unions.[31]
- December: In A Place at the Table, Bruce Bawer argues for the legal and religious recognition of same-sex relationships as marriages, arguing for what he calls the "silent majority" of non-radicals like himself and criticizing the gay community's identification of homosexuality with sexual behavior.[32]
1995
- January 19: The District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruling in Dean v. District of Columbia upholds the denial of a marriage license to two men.[33]
1996
- September 21: President Bill Clinton signs into law the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), denying federal recognition of same-sex marriages.[34]
- December 3: A Hawaii trial court holds that no compelling interests support Hawaii's statute limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples. The decision is stayed pending review by the Supreme Court of Hawaii.[35][36]
- The Unitarian Universalist Association adopts a resolution calling for full marriage equality for same-sex couples[26]
- At its General Convention, the United Methodist Church, which in 1972 said that "the practice of homosexuality [is] incompatible with Christian teaching", votes 553 to 321 to adopt a rule that "Ceremonies that celebrate homosexual unions shall not be conducted by our ministers and shall not be conducted in our churches."[37]
1997
- June 3: Minnesota bans same-sex marriage by statute and prohibits the recognition of same-sex marriages legalized elsewhere.[38]
- November 2: The Union of American Hebrew Congregations calls for legislation to allow gays and lesbians access to civil marriage and supports efforts to consider a religious ceremony to celebrate such marriages.[39]
1998
- February 27: In Brause v. Bureau of Vital Statistics, an Alaska court orders the state to show it has a compelling reason for prohibiting same-sex couples from marrying.[40]
- November 3: Hawaii voters pass a constitutional amendment to give the Hawaii State Legislature the power to reserve marriage to different-sex couples.[41]
- November 3: Voters in Alaska approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[42]
1999
- December 9: The Supreme Court of Hawaii in Baehr v. Miike upholds the state's ban on same-sex marriage.[43]
- December 20: The Vermont Supreme Court holds in Baker v. Vermont that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violates the Vermont Constitution and orders the legislature to establish same-sex marriage or an equivalent status.[44]
2000s
2000
- March 7: California voters approve Proposition 22, adding the statement "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California" to the state's statutes.[45]
- July 1: Vermont institutes the first civil unions in the United States, in response to the decision in Baker v. Vermont.
- November 7: Voters in Nebraska approve a constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[46]
2002
- May 15: Rep. Ronnie Shows (D-MS) introduces the Federal Marriage Amendment, a law to amend the U.S. Constitution to define marriage as the union of a man and a woman and to prevent the extension of the rights of marriage to unmarried persons.[47]
- November 5: Voters in Nevada approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[48]
2003
- November 18: The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court issues a decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health that gives same-sex couples the right to marry, with licenses to be issued beginning May 17, 2004.[49]
2004
- February 4: The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, responding to a query from the state Senate, issues an opinion that same-sex couples must be allowed to marry and that a designation like civil union constitutes discrimination.[50]
- February 12 – March 11: San Francisco issues marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
- February 20: A clerk in Sandoval County, New Mexico, issues licenses to same-sex couples until state Attorney General Patricia Madrid issues an opinion stating that the licenses are "invalid under state law".[51]
- February 25: President George W. Bush calls for a constitutional amendment "defining and protecting marriage as a union of a man and woman as husband and wife."[52]
- February 27: Several same-sex couples are wed in New Paltz, New York. The marriages are later invalidated.[53]
- March 5–9: A clerk in Asbury Park, New Jersey, processes several marriage licenses for same-sex couples until warned by the state attorney general to stop. A deputy mayor officiates at the marriage of one couple on March 8.[54][55]
- March 3: Multnomah County, Oregon, issues marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[56]
- April 20: An Oregon state judge orders Multnomah County to stop issuing same-sex marriage licenses, declares the 3,000 issued since March 3 valid, and orders the state legislature to create an equivalent of marriage for same-sex couples.[57]
- May 17: Same-sex marriage starts in Massachusetts.[58]
- August 3: Voters in Missouri approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[59]
- August 12: The California Supreme Court rules that the same-sex marriages performed in San Francisco in February and March are void.[60]
- September 18: Voters in Louisiana approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[61]
- November 2: Voters in Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Utah approve state constitutional amendments defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[62]
2005
- January 20: An Indiana appeals court upholds the constitutionality of the state's statute defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman.[63] The plaintiffs do not appeal to the state supreme court.[64]
- April 5: Kansas voters approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[65]
- April 14: Oregon's highest court rules in Li & Kennedy v. State of Oregon that the 3,000 same-sex marriages performed in the state in March and April 2004 were never valid.[66]
- May 12: U.S. District Judge Joseph F. Bataillon rules in Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning that a constitutional amendment to the Nebraska Constitution that denies recognition of same-sex couples under any designation violates the U.S. Constitution.[67] (His decision is overruled in 2006 by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals.)[68]
- July 4: At the 25th General Synod of the United Church of Christ in Atlanta, Georgia, delegates voted to adopt the resolution, "Equal Marriage Rights for All," affirming homosexuality as compatible with Christian living and allowing for same-sex marriage ceremonies to be performed in UCC congregations. The United Church of Christ became the first major Mainline Christian body and major Christian denomination in the United States to do so.[69]
- September 29: California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoes legislation establishing same-sex marriage.[70]
- November 8: Voters in Texas approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[71]
2006
- June 6: Voters in Alabama approve a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[72]
- July 6: The New York Court of Appeals issues its decision in Hernández v. Robles, stating that same-sex partners do not have the right to marry under the New York Constitution.[73]
- July 14: The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning reverses a lower court's 2005 decision and rules that a Nebraska constitutional amendment that bans all recognition of same-sex relationships is not unconstitutional.[74]
- October 25: The New Jersey Supreme Court holds unanimously in Lewis v. Harris that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violates the state constitution's guarantee of equal protection. A majority of four justices gives the state legislature six months to amend the state's marriage laws or create civil unions.[75]
- November 7: Arizona voters reject an initiative banning the recognition of same-sex marriages and civil unions.[76]
- November 7: Voters in Colorado, Idaho, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin approve state constitutional amendments defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[77][78]
2007
- September 18: Maryland's highest court decides Conaway v. Deane, rejecting a challenge to the state's prohibition on same-sex marriage.[79]
- October 12: California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoes same-sex marriage legislation for the second time.[80]
2008
- May 14: New York Governor David Paterson orders state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[81]
- May 15: The Supreme Court of California decides In re Marriage Cases and overturns the state's ban on same-sex marriage.[82]
- June 17: In California, county clerks begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[83]
- July 31: Massachusetts repeals its 1913 law invalidating any marriage of non-residents if the marriage is invalid in the state where they live.[84]
- August 25: The Democratic National Convention adopts a platform that "oppose[s]the Defense of Marriage Act and all attempts to use this issue to divide us" and suggests support for same-sex marriage.[85]
- September 1: The Republican National Convention adopts a platform that "laments that judges are ... undermining traditional marriage laws", endorses the Federal Marriage Amendment and state initiatives that support "traditional marriage", and references "the right of states not to recognize same-sex 'marriages'".[86]
- October 10: The Supreme Court of Connecticut, in Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health, rules that the state's prohibition of same-sex marriage violates the state constitution.[87]
- November 4: Voters in Arizona, California, and Florida approve state constitutional amendments defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[88]
- November 5: Proposition 8 takes effect in California, preventing the issuance of same-sex marriage licenses.
- November 12: Same-sex marriage starts in Connecticut.[89]
2009
- April 3: The Iowa Supreme Court, ruling in Varnum v. Brien, holds that the state's restriction of marriage to different-sex couples violates the equal protection clause of the Iowa Constitution.[90]
- April 7: The Vermont General Assembly overrides the governor's April 6 veto of same-sex marriage legislation, making it the first state to institute same-sex marriage by statute.[91]
- April 23: Connecticut Governor Jodi Rell signs legislation converting existing civil unions into marriages effective October 1, 2010.[92]
- April 27: Same-sex marriage starts in Iowa.[93]
- May 6: Maine Governor John Baldacci signs the marriage equality law, the first governor in the U.S. to sign such legislation.[94]
- May 26: The California Supreme Court, ruling in Strauss v. Horton, upholds Proposition 8's ban on same-sex marriage and holds that same-sex marriages performed before its passage remain valid.[95]
- June 3: New Hampshire Gov. John Lynch signs legislation legalizing same-sex marriage.[96]
- July 17: The General Convention of the Episcopal Church approves a resolution calling for the development of a rite for blessing same-sex unions and allowing bishops where unions are legal to use their own judgment in blessing such unions until the rite becomes available.[97][98]
- August 21: The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America votes by a 559-441 margin to allow non-celibate gay and lesbian pastors in committed, monogamous relationships to be ordained to pastoral office. It also allows, but not requires, for ELCA pastors to perform blessings on same-sex weddings.[99] It becomes the second Mainline denomination to do so.
- September 1: Vermont's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[100]
- September 15: A group of Democratic members of the House of Representatives led by Jerrold Nadler, Tammy Baldwin, and Jared Polis introduce the Respect for Marriage Act, which would repeal the Defense of Marriage Act.[101]
- October 2: A Texas judge rules the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional while presiding over the divorce proceedings for two gay Texans married in Massachusetts.[102]
- October 11: California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signs legislation establishing the recognition of same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.[103]
- November 3: A voter referendum repeals Maine's same-sex marriage law, preventing it from going into effect.[104][105]
- December 18: District of Columbia Mayor Adrian Fenty signs same-sex marriage legislation.[106]
- The husband of Representative Jared Polis, a Colorado Democrat, acquires a Congressional spouse ID, though he is later told he should have been issued a "designee ID", the style given to unmarried partners of members of Congress.[107]
2010s
2010
- January 1: In California, all out-of-state same-sex marriages are given the benefits of marriage, although only those performed before November 5, 2008, are granted the designation "marriage".[108]
- January 1: New Hampshire's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[109]
- February 24: Maryland Attorney General Doug Gansler issues a legal opinion stating that state agencies could begin to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states, under the principle of comity.[110]
- March 3: Washington, D.C.'s statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[111]
- July 8: Judge Joseph Tauro of the U.S. District Court of Massachusetts holds in two related cases (Gill v. Office of Personnel Management and Massachusetts v. United States Department of Health and Human Services) that the denial of federal rights and benefits to lawfully married same-sex couples in Massachusetts under section 3 of the DOMA is unconstitutional.[112][113]
- August 4: U.S. District Judge Vaughn R. Walker rules in Perry v. Schwarzenegger that California's Proposition 8 is an unconstitutional violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process and Equal Protection clauses.[114]
- August 31: The Fifth Court of Appeals in Dallas, Texas, reverses a 2009 ruling in a same-sex divorce case, ruling that the Texas constitutional ban on same-sex marriage does not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court further rules that district courts in Texas do not have subject-matter jurisdiction to hear a same-sex divorce case.[115]
- November 2: In judicial retention elections, Iowa voters remove three Iowa Supreme Court justices who joined the ruling that invalidated the state's ban on same-sex marriage in 2009.[116]
2011
- February 23: The Obama Administration announces its determination that discrimination based on sexual orientation is subject to heightened scrutiny and when judged by that standard section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional. It will continue to enforce DOMA's provisions, will no longer defend challenges to the constitutionality of section 3 of DOMA in court, and will cooperate if Congress seeks to defend the statute in court.[117]
- March 4: Speaker of the House John Boehner launches effort to defend DOMA's constitutionality in court by convening the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group (BLAG), tasked with "initiating action by the House to defend this law."[118]
- June 24: New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signs the state's Marriage Equality Act into law.[119]
- July 24: New York's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[120]
- August 1: Washington state's Native American Suquamish tribe approves granting same-sex marriages.[121]
- September 20: Navy Lt. Gary C. Ross becomes the first active member of the U.S. military to legally marry a same-sex partner moments after the repeal of the military's "don't ask don't tell" policy takes effect.[122]
2012
- February 7: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirms district court Judge Vaughn Walker's decision in Perry that overturned California Proposition 8.[123]
- February 13: Washington Governor Christine Gregoire signs same-sex marriage legislation into law.[124]
- February 17: New Jersey Governor Chris Christie vetoes a bill to legalize same-sex marriage.[125]
- February 22: Judge Jeffrey White rules section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional in Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management.[126]
- March 1: Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley signs a bill legalizing same-sex marriage.[127][128]
- March 21: The New Hampshire House of Representatives rejects the repeal of the state's 2009 same-sex marriage law.[129]
- May 8: Voters in North Carolina approve North Carolina Amendment 1, defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman and prohibiting the recognition of any type of same-sex union in that state.[130] This would be the very last time a voter-approved ban on same-sex marriage would pass.
- May 9: President Barack Obama becomes the first sitting U.S. president to declare his support for legalizing same-sex marriage.[131]
- May 14: Governor Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island signs an executive order directing state agencies to treat same-sex marriages performed out-of-state in the same manner as those of different-sex couples.[132][133]
- May 18: The Maryland Court of Appeals rules unanimously in Port v. Cowan that same-sex marriages established in other states are valid.[134]
- May 31: A unanimous three-judge panel of the First Circuit Court of Appeals upholds the decisions in Gill and Massachusetts that found section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional.[135]
- May 31: The Conservative branch of American Judaism approves same-sex marriage ceremonies, offering two model wedding ceremonies and guidelines for a same-sex divorce.[136]
- June 6: Judge Barbara Jones of the District Court for the Southern District of New York finds section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional in Windsor v. United States.[137]
- June 23: The first same-sex marriage on a U.S. military base is celebrated in the chapel at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst in New Jersey.[138][139]
- July 6: The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church defeats 52% to 48% a proposal to define marriage as "a covenant between two people" instead of "a civil contract between a woman and a man". It endorses a two-year study of the theology of marriage.[140]
- July 7: Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts becomes the first member of Congress to enter into a same-sex marriage.[141]
- July 10: The Episcopal Church approves a rite for blessing same-sex unions. It can be used subject to the approval of the local bishop without respect to the legal status of such unions.[142]
- July 26: Massachusetts' highest court rules in Elia-Warnken v. Elia that the state recognizes a same-sex civil union established in a different jurisdiction as the legal equivalent of a marriage.[143]
- July 31: Judge Vanessa L. Bryant of the U.S. District Court in Connecticut holds in Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management that section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional.[144]
- August 8: A federal court in Hawaii rejects a challenge to the state's ban on same-sex marriage, Jackson v. Abercrombie.[145]
- August 28: The Republican National Convention approves a platform that asserts right of the federal government and each state to deny legal recognition to same-sex marriages and endorses a constitutional amendment defining marriage as the union of one man and one woman.[146]
- September 5: The Democratic National Convention adopts a political platform that supports marriage equality for the first time in its history and opposes all constitutional amendments that would exclude same-sex couples from marriage.[147]
- September 12: The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules that domestic partnerships established in other jurisdictions are recognized "as equivalent to marriage".[148]
- October 18: In Windsor v. United States, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals rules Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) as unconstitutional, holding sexual orientation to be a quasi-suspect classification, and determining that laws that classify people on such basis should be subject to intermediate scrutiny.[149]
- November 6: Voters in Minnesota defeat a state constitutional amendment that would have defined marriage as "a union of one man and one woman."[150]
- November 6: Voters in Maine,[151] Maryland,[152] and Washington[153] become the first in history to approve legislation establishing same-sex marriage.
- November 29: U.S. District Court Judge Robert C. Jones rules in Sevcik v. Sandoval that Nevada's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples does not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.[154][155]
- December 6: The state of Washington's statute authorizing same-sex marriage takes effect.[156]
- December 7: The Supreme Court grants review of United States v. Windsor, formerly Windsor v. United States, and Hollingsworth v. Perry, formerly Perry v. Brown.[157]
- December 29: Maine's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[158]
2013
- January 1: Maryland's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[159]
- April 26: U.S. Judge Harry Pregerson issues an administrative ruling as Chair of the Federal Public Defenders Standing Committee that Oregon's ban on same-sex marriage and DOMA Section 3 deny equal protection to the wife of a female federal employee.[160]
- April 26: The husband of U.S. Representative Mark Pocan, a Wisconsin Democrat, becomes the first same-sex spouse to obtain a congressional spouse identification card.[161] The validity of a similar one given to the spouse of Representative Jared Polis in 2009 was later called a mistake.[162]
- May 2: Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee signs same-sex marriage legislation into law, effective August 1.[163]
- May 7: Delaware Governor Jack Markell signs same-sex marriage legislation into law, effective July 1.[164]
- May 14: Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton signs same-sex marriage legislation into law, effective August 1.[165]
- June 26: The Supreme Court issues a 5–4 decision in United States v. Windsor, ruling Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional "as a deprivation of the equal liberty ... protected by the Fifth Amendment."[166]
- June 26: The Supreme Court issues a 5–4 decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry, dismissing the appeal of the district court's decision on August 4, 2010, when the case was known as Perry v. Schwarzenegger, that affirmed the right of same-sex couples to marry in California.[167]
- June 28: Following the Supreme Court's decision in Hollingsworth v. Perry, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals lifts its stay of a lower court order that prohibited enforcement of the California Constitution's ban on same-sex marriages.[168] Same-sex marriages resume in California, after being banned since November 5, 2008.[169]
- June 28: U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services approves a permanent resident visa (green card) for a same-sex couple for the first time.[170]
- June 28: The Office of Personnel Management invites the same-sex spouses of civilian federal employees and retirees to enroll in their spouses' health, life insurance, and other benefit programs.[171]
- July 1: Delaware's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[172]
- July 1: Minnesota recognizes the validity of same-sex marriage from other jurisdictions, though it does not yet authorize its own same-sex marriages.[173]
- July 24: Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, in violation of state law.[174]
- August 1: Rhode Island's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[175]
- August 1: Minnesota's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[176]
- August 11: John Berry, U.S. Ambassador to Australia, becomes the first U.S. diplomat to marry a same-sex partner.[177]
- August 21: The county clerk's office in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[178]
- August 23: The county clerk's office in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after being ordered to do so by a state judge on August 22.[179]
- August 27: The county clerk's office in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after being ordered to do so by a state judge on August 26.[180]
- August 27: The county clerks of San Miguel, Valencia, and Taos counties, New Mexico, announce they will begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[181]
- August 31: Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg becomes the first member of that court to officiate at the marriage ceremony of a same-sex couple.[182]
- September 3: The county clerk's office in Grant County, New Mexico, announces it will make same-sex marriage licenses available during the second week of September.[183]
- September 4: The county clerk's office in Los Alamos County, New Mexico, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after a New Mexico district court rejects the clerk's arguments against doing so.[184]
- September 12: A Pennsylvania state judge orders Montgomery County to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[185]
- September 27: A New Jersey state Superior Court judge rules that beginning October 21 the state must allow same-sex couples to marry because they are otherwise denied federal rights due them following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Windsor .[186]
- October 15: In North Carolina, the Buncombe County Register of Deeds accepts applications for same-sex marriage licenses from 10 couples, which he does not grant pending authorization from the state attorney general.[187]
- October 16: Based on an opinion from the Oregon Department of Justice, Oregon begins recognizing same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[188]
- October 21: After the New Jersey Supreme Court on October 18 unanimously refused to stay a lower court's order pending appeal,[189] same-sex marriages begin and Governor Chris Christie drops the state's appeal of the lower court's ruling.[190]
- November 13: Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie signs same-sex marriage legislation into law, effective December 2.[191]
- November 14: Missouri Governor Jay Nixon announces an executive order to allow same-sex couples married in other jurisdictions to file joint state income taxes if they file joint federal returns.[192]
- November 20: Illinois Governor Pat Quinn signs same-sex marriage legislation into law, effective June 1, 2014.[193]
- December 2: Hawaii's statute authorizing same-sex marriages takes effect.[194]
- December 19: The New Mexico Supreme Court issues a unanimous decision in Griego v. Oliver that holds that same-sex couples enjoy the same marriage rights as different-sex couples.[195]
- December 20: Judge Robert Shelby of the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah rules in Kitchen v. Herbert that the Utah state constitution's ban on same-sex marriage denies same-sex couples equal protection and due process. The first Utah marriage licenses are issued to same-sex couples.[196]
2014
- January 6: The U.S. Supreme Court stays the District Court's order of December 20, 2013, in Kitchen v. Herbert, halting same-sex marriages in Utah while the decision is appealed.[197]
- January 10: U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announces that the federal government recognizes the marriages of same-sex couples who married in Utah between December 20, 2013, and January 6, 2014. Their number is estimated at 1,360.[198]
- January 14: U.S. District Court Judge Terence C. Kern rules in Bishop v. Oklahoma that Oklahoma's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. He stays enforcement of his decision based on the Supreme Court's action in Kitchen v. Herbert on January 6.[199]
- February 12: U.S. District Court Judge John G. Heyburn rules that Kentucky must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[200] He stays his decision on March 19.
- February 13: U.S. District Court Judge Arenda L. Wright Allen rules in Bostic v. Rainey that Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and stays enforcement of her decision pending appeal.[201]
- February 21: In Lee v. Orr, U.S. District Court Judge Sharon Johnson Coleman rules that Cook County can issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples without waiting for the Illinois statute legalizing same-sex marriage to take effect on June 1.[202] Some licenses are issued the same day.[203]
- February 26: In De Leon v. Perry, U.S. District Court Judge Orlando Garcia rules that Texas' ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and stays enforcement of his ruling pending appeal to the Fifth Circuit.[204][205]
- March 5: An ABC News/Washington Post poll finds 59% of Americans support same-sex marriage, a record high.[206]
- March 14: U.S. District Court Judge Aleta Trauger rules in Tanco v. Haslam that the state of Tennessee must recognize the plaintiffs' three same-sex marriages as their case is heard in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.[207] This decision is stayed on April 26 by the Sixth Circuit.
- March 21: In DeBoer v. Snyder, U.S. District Court Judge Bernard A. Friedman rules that Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and does not stay his decision.[208]
- March 22: In Michigan, several hundred same-sex couples obtain marriage licenses and some marry before the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals issues a temporary stay of the decision in DeBoer v. Snyder,[209] which it makes permanent pending appeal on March 25.[210]
- March 24: The U.S. division of World Vision, one of the largest Christian charities in the U.S., modifies its employment eligibility rules to include gays and lesbians in same-sex marriages, while "[a]bstinence outside of marriage remains a rule".[211] It reverses that policy on March 26 in response to protests from its donors.[212]
- April 10: U.S. District Court Judge Richard L. Young, in the case of Baskin v. Bogan, orders the state of Indiana to recognize the same-sex marriage of a terminally ill woman.[213]
- April 14: U.S. District Court Judge Timothy Black rules in Henry v. Himes that Ohio must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.[214] On April 16 he stays his ruling pending appeal, except for the birth certificates sought by the plaintiffs for their children.[215]
- May 9: Pulaski County Circuit Judge Chris Piazza strikes down Arkansas's ban on same-sex marriage.[216] The ruling is stayed on May 16 by the Arkansas Supreme Court.
- May 10: Kristin Seaton & Jennifer Rambon of Eureka Springs, Arkansas are the first same-sex couple to receive a marriage license in the overlapping Southern regions of Dixie and Bible Belt.[217]
- May 13: U.S. District Magistrate Candy Dale strikes down Idaho's ban on same-sex marriage.[218] The ruling is stayed on May 15 by the Ninth Circuit.
- May 19: U.S. District Court Judge Michael McShane strikes down Oregon's ban on same-sex marriage.[219]
- May 20: U.S. District Court Judge John Jones strikes down Pennsylvania's ban on same-sex marriage.[220]
- June 6: U.S. District Court Judge Barbara Crabb strikes down Wisconsin's ban on same-sex marriage.[221] The decision is stayed on June 13.
- June 19: The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church approves a resolution to allow ministers to preside over same-sex marriages in states where the unions are legal and local congregational leaders approve, reversing defeat of a similar measure in 2012.[222] In a separate vote, the assembly approves individual congregational authority to change the definition of marriage from "a man and a woman" to "a union of two people" in their constitution. The amendment requires approval from a majority of the 172 regional presbyteries.[223] They become the third Mainline denomination to do so.
- June 25: U.S. District Court Judge Richard L. Young strikes down Indiana's ban on same-sex marriage. The decision is stayed two days later by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals.[224]
- June 25: Ruling 2–1 in Kitchen v. Herbert, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals strikes down Utah's same-sex marriage ban. It is the first appellate court decision to find that marriage is a fundamental right that applies to same-sex couples.[225] The decision is immediately stayed in anticipation of an appeal to the United States Supreme Court.
- June 25: Boulder County, Colorado, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, despite a stay of the previous day's ruling.[226]
- July 1: U.S. District Court Judge John G. Heyburn expands his February 12 ruling, striking down Kentucky's same-sex marriage ban in its entirety. The decision is stayed immediately.[227]
- July 1: The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals orders the state of Indiana to recognize the same-sex marriage of a terminally ill woman.[228]
- July 9: Judge C. Scott Crabtree of Colorado's 17th Judicial District Court strikes down Colorado's same-sex marriage ban. He stays enforcement of his ruling pending appeal.
- July 10: Denver County, Colorado begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples after a state judge rules that the Boulder County clerk is under no obligation to stop issuing such licenses despite the state's ban on gay marriage.
- July 11: Pueblo County, Colorado, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
- July 16: In a unanimous decision, the Connecticut Supreme Court rules that same-sex couples are entitled to some of the legal rights of marriage with respect to events that predate the state's establishment of same-sex civil unions in 2005 and same-sex marriage in 2008.[229]
- July 17: Florida Circuit Judge Luis M. Garcia, ruling in Huntsman v. Heavilin, strikes down the state's ban on same-sex marriage with respect to Monroe County. It is stayed the same day when the state files an appeal.[230]
- July 18: Ruling 2–1 in Bishop v. United States, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals strikes down Oklahoma's ban on same-sex marriage ban, repeating the arguments it made with respect to Utah on June 25.[231]
- July 18: The Colorado Supreme Court orders the clerk of Denver County to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[232]
- July 18: The United States Supreme Court grants a stay of a lower court decision requiring the state of Utah to recognize the validity of same-sex marriages performed there between December 20, 2013, and January 6, 2014.[233]
- July 21: Pueblo County, Colorado, stops issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[234]
- July 23: U.S. District Court Judge Raymond P. Moore strikes down Colorado's same-sex marriage ban. The decision is stayed on August 21.[235]
- July 25: The Colorado Court of Appeals rules that Boulder County can continue issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[236]
- July 25: In Pareto v. Ruvin, Florida Circuit Judge Sarah Zabel strikes down the state's ban on same-sex marriage as applied to Miami-Dade County. She puts enforcement of her ruling on hold pending appeal.[237]
- July 28: The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, ruling 2–1 in Bostic v. Schaefer, strikes down Virginia's same-sex marriage ban.[238]
- July 29: The Colorado Supreme Court orders the Boulder County clerk to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[239]
- July 31: In a unanimous decision, the Wisconsin Supreme Court rules that a 2009 law allowing same-sex couples to apply for domestic partnerships does not violate the state's Marriage Protection Amendment.[240]
- August 4: Florida Circuit Judge Dale Cohen strikes down the state's ban on same-sex marriage as applied to Broward County. He puts enforcement of his ruling on hold pending appeal.[241]
- August 20: The United States Supreme Court stays enforcement of the Fourth Circuit's July 28 decision in Bostic pending appeal.[242]
- August 21: U.S. District Court Judge Robert Lewis Hinkle rules in two cases that Florida's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and stays his decision pending appeal.[243]
- September 3: U.S. District Court Judge Martin Feldman rules in Robicheaux v. Caldwell that Louisiana's ban on same-sex marriage serves its "legitimate interest ... in linking children to an intact family formed by their two biological parents". It is the first federal court decision find a state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples constitutional since the Supreme Court ruling in Windsor in June 2013.[244]
- September 4: The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in a unanimous opinion authored by Judge Richard Posner, upholds the district court decisions in Baskin v. Bogan and Wolf v. Walker that found Indiana's and Wisconsin's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples unconstitutional.[245] It stays its decision on September 15.[246]
- September 12: U.S. District Court Judge John Sedwick orders Arizona to recognize one same-sex marriage on a death certificate while he considers a lawsuit challenging Arizona's ban on same-sex marriage.[247]
- September 22: State Judge Edward D. Rubin rules that Louisiana's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[248]
- October 3: State Judge J. Dale Youngs rules that Missouri must recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.[249] The state announces it will not appeal on October 6.[250]
- October 6: The U.S. Supreme Court declines to take action on all the cases it had been asked to consider from appellate courts in the Fourth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits, allowing the circuit court decisions striking down marriage bans in Indiana, Oklahoma, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin to stand.[251] Stays preventing the legalization of same-sex marriage in Indiana and Wisconsin end automatically with the Supreme Court's action.[252][253]
- October 6: The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals lifts stays in two cases, ordering Oklahoma and Utah to issue same-sex marriage licenses. The Fourth Circuit does the same for Virginia.[254]
- October 7: Same-sex marriage begins in Colorado after Attorney General John Suthers orders all counties in the state to issue same-sex marriage licenses.[255]
- October 7: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals strikes down same-sex marriage bans in Idaho in Latta v. Otter and Nevada in Sevcik v. Sandoval .[256] Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy suspends implementation of the decision in Idaho the next day.[257]
- October 9: Nevada recognizes same-sex marriage following a court order resulting from the Ninth Circuit's ruling in Sevcik on October 7.[258] Following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to consider Bostic on October 6, West Virginia recognizes same-sex marriage when state officials concede their ban is unconstitutional based on Fourth Circuit's ruling in that case.[259]
- October 10: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy denies a motion to stay sought by Idaho officials who hoped to prevent implementation of the Ninth Circuit's October 7 ruling in Latta.[260]
- October 10: U.S. District Judge Max O. Cogburn, Jr., ruling in General Synod of the United Church of Christ v. Cooper, strikes down North Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage.[261]
- October 12: U.S. District Judge Timothy Burgess rules in Hamby v. Parnell that Alaska's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional, immediately legalizing same-sex marriage there.[262]
- October 15: Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Idaho with the lifting of the stay in Latta v. Otter.[263]
- October 17: U.S. District Judge John Sedwick rules that Arizona's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional in Connolly v. Jeanes. The state orders its agencies to comply immediately.[264]
- October 17: U.S. District Judge Scott Skavdahl rules in Guzzo v. Mead that Wyoming's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional, but issues a temporary stay.[265]
- October 21: Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Wyoming, when state officials notify the U.S. district court that they will not appeal the previous week's ruling.[266]
- October 21: U.S. District Judge Juan Manuel Perez-Gimenez upholds Puerto Rico's ban on same-sex marriage, concluding that Baker v. Nelson is binding on federal courts.[267]
- November 4: U.S. District Judge Daniel D. Crabtree rules in Marie v. Moser that Kansas's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. His decision takes effect on November 12 when the state defendants exhaust their options for obtaining a stay pending appeal.[268]
- November 5: St. Louis Circuit Judge Rex Burlison rules that Missouri's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and that the city of St. Louis can not enforce the ban. City officials announce intentions to grant same-sex marriage licenses immediately.[269]
- November 6: The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in a 2–1 ruling upholds same-sex marriage bans in Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee.[270]
- November 7: U.S. District Judge Ortrie Smith rules in Lawson v. Kelly that Missouri's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional, staying his order pending appeal.[271]
- November 12: U.S. District Judge Richard Gergel rules in Condon v. Haley that South Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. His decision takes effect on November 20.[272]
- November 19: U.S. District Judge Brian Morris rules in Rolando v. Fox that Montana's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. The decision takes effect immediately.[273]
- November 25: U.S. District Judge Kristine Baker rules in Jernigan v. Crane that Arkansas's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. The decision is stayed pending appeal.[274]
- November 25: U.S. District Judge Carlton W. Reeves rules in Campaign for Southern Equality v. Bryant that Mississippi's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[275] The Fifth Circuit stays his ruling on December 4.[276]
2015
- January 5: Miami-Dade County, Florida, Circuit Court Judge Sarah Zabel allows her decision that held Florida's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional to take effect. Same-sex couples in Miami-Dade County obtain marriage licenses beginning mid-day.[277]
- January 6: A stay issued months earlier in the case of Brenner v. Scott expires and same-sex marriage becomes legal throughout Florida.[278]
- January 12: U.S. District Judge Karen Schreier rules in Rosenbrahn v. Daugaard that South Dakota's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. She stays her decision pending appeal.[279]
- January 15: U.S. District Judge Mark A. Goldsmith rules in Caspar v. Snyder that Michigan must recognize the validity of more than 300 marriages of same-sex couples married the previous March in the time between a district court found the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional and the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals stayed that ruling. He stays implementation of his ruling for 21 days.[280] Governor Rick Snyder announces on February 4 that the state will recognize those marriages and not appeal the decision.[281]
- January 16: The U.S. Supreme Court agrees to consider four cases on appeal from the Sixth Circuit, consolidating them as one and setting a briefing schedule to be completed April 17.[282]
- January 23: U.S. District Judge Callie V.S. Granade rules in Searcy v. Strange that Alabama's ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[283] Two days later she stays her injunction until February 9.[284] She issues a similar ruling and stay in Strawser v. Strange four days later.[285]
- February 9: With the lifting of stays in two federal court decisions, same-sex marriage becomes legal in Alabama and same-sex couples obtain marriage licenses. Some county judges have continued to enforce the pre-existing ban by not granting licenses to same-sex couples, while some other counties have stopped issuing marriage licenses altogether.[286]
- February 17: A state judge in Travis County, Texas, rules that Texas' ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional and recognizes the common law marriage of two women.[287] Two days later, another state judge orders the Travis County clerk to issue a marriage license to two women, one of whom is seriously ill. They wed before the Texas Supreme Court stays the judge's order.[288]
- February 19: A CNN poll finds 63% of Americans believe gays and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry, up from 49% in August 2010.[289]
- March 2: U.S. District Judge Joseph F. Bataillon, who in 2005 had ruled Nebraska's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional only to have his decision overturned, strikes down Nebraska's ban on same-sex marriage. He orders state officials to cease enforcing that ban as of March 9.[290] The decision is stayed by the Eighth Circuit on March 5.
- March 3: The Alabama Supreme Court orders all counties in the state to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
- March 17: A majority of the 171 regional bodies of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) votes to modify their constitution to include same-sex marriage in their definition of marriage.[291]
- March 20: Puerto Rico officials announce that they will no longer defend the Commonwealth's ban on same-sex marriage in court and ask the First Circuit Court of Appeals to reverse the lower court's ruling in Conde-Vidal v. Garcia-Padilla.[292]
- April 28: The U.S. Supreme Court hears oral argument in Obergefell v. Hodges and related cases.[293]
- May 21: U.S. District Judge Callie V.S. Granada rules that all probate judges in the state of Alabama must grant same-sex marriage licenses. She stays her ruling pending a Supreme Court decision.[294]
- June 5: Chief Judge Frances Tydingco-Gatewood of the U.S. territory of Guam strikes down its ban on same-sex marriage in Aguero v. Calvo.[295] The decision takes effect on June 8.[296]
- June 9: Pulaski County Circuit Judge Wendell Griffen rules that over 500 same-sex marriages performed in Arkansas in May 2014 are valid.[297]
- June 26: The United States Supreme Court rules in Obergefell v. Hodges that because the fundamental right to marry extends to same-sex couples, same-sex marriage bans are unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision renders same-sex marriage legal throughout the entire United States.[298]
- July 1: The The Episcopal Church by overwhelming votes at its General Convention removes gender-specific language from church laws on marriage to allow for religious wedding services for same-sex couples. It is the fourth mainline denomination to allow for such liturgies.[299]
- December 16: A Massachusetts Superior Court judge rules in Barrett v. Fontbonne Academy that the Roman Catholic school violated the state's laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender in withdrawing a job offer from a man when it learned he was in a same-sex marriage.[300]
2016
- January 5: The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services approves the immigrant visa petition filed in 1975 by Richard Adams (1947–2012) on behalf of his husband, an Australian citizen, having recognized the validity of their marriage that was the subject of Adams v. Howerton (1982). His husband Anthony Sullivan receives his green card in April 2016.[301]
- January 6: Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore orders the state's probate judges not to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[302]
- January 14: The Anglican Communion, an international organization, censures its US branch, the Episcopal Church USA because of its support for same-sex marriage, and suspends it from participating in the organization's decisions "on any issues pertaining to doctrine or polity".[303]
- March 8: U.S. District Court Judge Juan Perez-Gimenez, ordered by the First Circuit Court of Appeals to reconsider his October 2014 ruling that found Puerto Rico's ban on same-sex marriage constitutional, rules that the US Supreme Court decision in Obergefell does not apply to Puerto Rico because constitutional guarantees do not apply in an unincorporated territory.[304]
- April 6: The First Circuit Court of Appeals overrules Judge Perez-Gimenez Puerto Rico decision saying it "errs in so many respects that it is hard to know where to begin". It returns the case to the District Court to be assigned to a different judge.[305] On April 7 Judge Gustavo Gelpi rules Puerto Rico's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional.[306]
- May 6: Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore is suspended when a judicial oversight group files a complaint that his ordering probate judges on January 6 not to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples "flagrantly disregarded and abused his authority".[307]
- June 7: U.S. District Judge Callie V.S. Granade issues a permanent injunction against the enforcement of Alabama's laws against same-sex marriage.[308]
- July 1: Judge Carlton Reeves extends his earlier decision and prevents a Mississippi law allowing court clerks to refuse marriage licenses to same-sex couples based on their religious beliefs from taking effect.[309]
- July 17: The Republican National Convention approves a platform that condemns Obergefell v. Hodges and calls for its reversal "through judicial reconsideration or a constitutional amendment returning control over marriage to the states". It asserts the "legitimate constitutional authority to define marriage as the union of one man and one woman" and calls for "the appointment of justices and judges who ... respect the authority of the states to decide such fundamental social questions. It opposes "government discrimination against businesses or entities which decline to sell items or services to individuals for activities that go against their religious views about such activities."[310]
- July 25: The Democratic National Convention adopts a platform that says "Democrats applaud last year's decision by the Supreme Court that recognized that LGBT people–like other Americans–have the right to marry the person they love."[311]
- August 1: In his official residence, Vice President Joe Biden, a Catholic, officiates at the wedding of two male members of the White House staff.[312] Four days later, three leading Roman Catholic bishops, without naming Biden, call it "a counter witness" to Catholic teaching.[313]
See also
- Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States
- Same-sex marriage in the United States
- History of same-sex marriage in the United States
- Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States
- Same-sex union legislation
- Status of same-sex marriage
- Timeline of same-sex marriage
- Timeline of LGBT history
References
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- ↑ Stearn, Jess (1964). The Grapevine: A Report on the Secret World of the Lesbian. NY: Doubleday & Company. p. 116. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
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- ↑ Condon, Patrick (December 10, 2012). "Minn. gay couple in '71 marriage case still joined". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
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- ↑ Denniston, Lyle (July 4, 2012). "Gay marriage and Baker v. Nelson". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
- ↑ Eskridge Jr., William N. (2002). Equality Practice: Civil Unions and the Future of Gay Rights. Routledge. p. 5.
- ↑ Eisler, Riane Tennenhaus (1998). Equal Rights Handbook. Excel Press. p. 12. ISBN 1-58348-025-0. Retrieved January 14, 2015.; Phyllis Schlafly and Paul Freund contended that the ERA would invalidate laws denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples.Felsenthal, Carol (1981). The Sweatheart of the Silent Majority: The Biography of Phyllis Schlafly. Doubleday. p. 238.
- ↑ Denniston, Lyle (July 4, 2012). "Gay marriage and Baker v. Nelson". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ↑ "The Legality of Homosexual Marriage". Yale Law Journal. 82 (3): 573–589. January 1973. doi:10.2307/795310. JSTOR 795310.
- ↑ "History and Timeline of the Freedom to Marry in the United States". Freedom to Marry. Retrieved February 4, 2013. Some sources date this statute to January 1, 1973, but the 2006 court decision in Conaway and Deane refers to votes recorded in "1973 Senate Journal at 273 and 1973 House Journal at 274", citing legislative activity during 1973. p. 27 note 15, accessed March 27, 2013. One source in the records of the Maryland General Assembly sets the effective date as July 1, 1973. See Archives of Maryland Online: Session Laws, 1973; Volume 709, Page 574
- ↑ Cantor, Donald J.; et al. (2006). Same-Sex Marriage: The Legal and Psychological Evolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 117–8.; Kentucky Court of Appeals: Jones v. Hallahan, November 9, 1973
- ↑ "Preservation Master, May 2, 1974". Open Vault. WGBH (Boston). Retrieved January 15, 2015.
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- ↑ "The Church and the Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: A Moral Issue". Ensign. March 1980. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Passage of the ERA would carry with it the risk of extending constitutional protection to immoral same-sex—lesbian and homosexual—marriages.... While it cannot be stated with certainty whether this or any other consequence will result from the vague language of the amendment, the possibility cannot be avoided.
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- ↑ Sullivan, Andrew (November 9, 2012). "Here Comes the Groom". Slate. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ↑ Kearnan, Scott (June 27, 2013). "Throwback Thursday: Before DOMA, who threw TV's first gay wedding?". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
- ↑ N.R. Gallo, Introduction to Family Law (Thomson Delmar Learning, 2004), 145, available online, accessed October 7, 2012
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- ↑ Steinfels, Margaret O'Brien (February 3, 2015). "Gay and Conservative". New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
- ↑ Dean v. District of Columbia, January 19, 1995, retrieved January 19, 2013
- ↑ Winerip, Michael (September 22, 2012). "Gay Support for Clinton Holds in Middle America". New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ↑ "Trial-court decision in Baehr v. Miike" (PDF). First Circuit Court, State of Hawaii. December 3, 1996. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
- ↑ "Coverage of Hawaii same-sex marriage cases". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
- ↑ Siker, ed., Jeffrey (2007). Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. p. 220.
- ↑ "1997 Regular Session Chapter 517.03 Prohibited Marriages Relations". Minnesota Session Laws. Minnesota Legislature – Office of the Revisor of Statutes. 1997. Retrieved March 28, 2013. Effective the day following final enactment. Signed by the governor June 2, 1997.
- ↑ "Civil Marriage for Gay and Lesbian Jewish Couples". Berman Jewish Policy Archive (NYU). November 2, 1997. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
- ↑ Smith, Miriam (2008). Political Institutions and Lesbian and Gay Rights in the United States and Canada. NY: Routledge. pp. 118–9.
- ↑ "General Election 1998". Hawaii Office of Elections. November 3, 1998. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ↑ "Same-sex marriage in Alaska". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ↑ Baehr v. Miike, No. 20371 (Supreme Court of Hawaii December 9, 1999).
- ↑ Goldberg, Carey (December 21, 1999). "Vermont High Court Backs Rights of Same-Sex Couples". New York Times. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
- ↑ Klarman, Michael J. (2013). From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage. NY: Oxford University Press. p. 84.
- ↑ North, John (November 8, 2000). "South Carolina, South Dakota vote for lotteries". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ↑ "Marriage Amendment Preserves Male-Female Union". Fox News. May 16, 2002. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ↑ Bosshart, Becky. "Experts: No change in sight for state's gay marriage ban - Friday, April 10, 2009". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ↑ Belluck, Pam (November 19, 2003). "Marriage by Gays Gains Big Victory in Massachusetts". New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
- ↑ Neilan, Terence (February 4, 2004). "Gays Have Full Marriage Rights, Massachusetts Court Says". New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ↑ Marech, Rona (February 21, 2004). "Gay unions in New Mexico, but state forces county clerk to stop". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
- ↑ "Bush's Remarks on Marriage Amendment". New York Times. February 25, 2004. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ↑ Kolker, Robert (March 8, 2004). "The Marrying Kind". New York Magazine. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
- ↑ Crampton, Thomas (March 10, 2004). "Issuing Licenses, Quietly, To Couples in Asbury Park". New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
- ↑ Crampton, Thomas (March 11, 2013). "Asbury Park Halts Gay-Marriage Applications, Sending Issue to Courts". New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
- ↑ "Oregon county issues same-sex marriage licenses". CNN. March 3, 2004. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
- ↑ McCall, William (April 20, 2004). "Judge orders stop to gay marriage in Multnomah County". Seattle Times. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
- ↑ Weiss, Joanna; Kocian, Lisa (May 17, 2004). "Cambridge plays host to a giant celebration". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
- ↑ Cooperman, Alan (August 5, 2004). "Gay Marriage Ban in Mo. May Resonate Nationwide". The Washington Post.
- ↑ "California Court Nullifies Same-Sex Marriages". PBS News Hour. August 12, 2004. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
- ↑ "Baptist Press - 78-22%: Louisiana passes const. marriage amendment - News with a Christian Perspective". Bpnews.net. September 20, 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ↑ Roberts, Joel (November 2, 2004). "11 States Ban Same-Sex Marriage". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ↑ "Court rejects challenge to Indiana's gay marriage ban". The Advocate. January 21, 2005. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
- ↑ "Couples won't seek appeal in Indiana gay marriage case". The Advocate. February 19, 2005. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
- ↑ "Kansas Voters Approve Gay Nups Ban". Fox News. April 6, 2005.
- ↑ Kershaw, Sarah (April 15, 2005). "Oregon Supreme Court Invalidates Same-Sex Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
- ↑ "Judge Voids Same-Sex Marriage Ban in Nebraska". New York Times. May 13, 2005. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- ↑ Belluck, Pam; Ruethling, Gretchen (July 15, 2006). "2 Court Rulings Deal Blow To Same-Sex Marriage". New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- ↑ "Marriage Equality and the UCC".
- ↑ "Schwarzenegger vetoes gay marriage bill". USA Today. September 29, 2005. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
- ↑ "Texas marriage amendment passes but debate continues over impact". Associated Baptist Press. November 8, 2005. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ↑ "Baptist Press - Ala. becomes 20th state to pass marriage amendment - News with a Christian Perspective". Bpnews.net. June 7, 2006. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ↑ "Hernandez v. Robles. 2006 NY Slip Op 05239 [7 NY3d 338].". Retrieved July 19, 2012.
- ↑ Mabin, Clarence (July 13, 2006). "Appeals court reinstates same-sex marriage ban". Journal Star. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
- ↑ Chen, David W. (October 25, 2006). "New Jersey Court Backs Rights for Same-Sex Unions". New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
- ↑ Geis, Sonya (November 20, 2006). "New Tactic In Fighting Marriage Initiatives". Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
- ↑ "CNN.com - Elections 2006". CNN.
- ↑ "Mid-Term Election Results for Gays 2006 - Gay Election Results 2006 - Gay Ballot Measures". Lesbianlife.about.com. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ↑ "Maryland High Court Denies Marriage Equality for Same-Sex Couples, September 18, 2007". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ↑ Tucker, Jill (October 12, 2007). "Schwarzenegger vetoes same-sex marriage bill again". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
- ↑ Peters, Jeremy W. (May 29, 2008). "New York to Back Same-Sex Unions From Elsewhere". New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
- ↑ Egelko, Bob (May 16, 2008). "State's top court strikes down marriage ban". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
- ↑ McKinley, Jesse (June 18, 2008). "Hundreds of Same-Sex Couples Wed in California". New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
- ↑ Levenson, Michael (August 1, 2008). "Same-sex couples applaud repeal". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
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We support the full inclusion of all families, including same-sex couples, in the life of our nation, and support equal responsibility, benefits, and protections.
- ↑ "2008 Republican Party Platform". American Presidency Project. University of California Santa Barbara. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Unbelievably, the Democratic Party has now pledged to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act, which would subject every state to the redefinition of marriage by a judge without ever allowing the people to vote on the matter. We also urge Congress to use its Article III, Section 2 power to prevent activist federal judges from imposing upon the rest of the nation the judicial activism in Massachusetts and California.
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- ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (March 17, 2015). "Largest Presbyterian Denomination Gives Final Approval for Same-Sex Marriage". New York Times.
- ↑ Geidner, Chris (March 20, 2015). "Puerto Rico Government To Stop Defending Same-Sex Marriage Ban". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
- ↑ Liptak, Adam (April 28, 2015). "Gay Marriage Arguments Divide Supreme Court Justices". New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
- ↑ "Federal Judge Expands Alabama Marriage Ruling Statewide, But Puts Order On Hold". BuzzFeed. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
- ↑ Cameron I Miculka (June 4, 2015). "Court strikes down Guam's same-sex marriage ban". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
- ↑ "Gay couples begin applying to marry in Guam". the Guardian. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
- ↑ Neal Broverman. "Judge Validates Over 500 Same-Sex Marriages in Arkansas". Advocate.com. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
- ↑ "Obergefell et al. v. Hodges, Director, Ohio, Department of Health, et al." (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- ↑ McCombs, Brady (July 1, 2015). "Episcopalians approve gay marriage, allowing religious weddings for same-sex couples". U.S. News & World Rewport. Associated Press. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
The Episcopal Church joins two other mainline Protestant groups that allowed gay marriage in all their congregations: the United Church of Christ and the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). The 3.8-million-member Evangelical Lutheran Church in America lets its congregations decide for themselves, and many of them host gay weddings.
- ↑ Labbe, Mark (December 28, 2015). "Judge says Catholic school discriminated against man in same-sex marriage". National Catholice Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
- ↑ Masters, Troy (June 7, 2015). "United States Government says L.A. Gay Couple's 1975 Marriage is Valid". The Pride L.A. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
- ↑ Jonsson, Patrik (January 7, 2016). "Roy Moore: the Alabama judge who 'relishes' gay marriage fight". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ Winston, Kimberly (January 14, 2016). "Episcopal Church suspended from Anglican Communion". National Catholic Reporter. Religion News Service. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ↑ Geidner, Chris (March 8, 2016). "Federal Judge Rules Marriage Ban Still Good Law In Puerto Rico, Governor Disagrees". BuzzFeed. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
- ↑ Volokh, Eugene (April 7, 2016). "'The district court's ruling errs in so many respects that it is hard to know where to begin'". Washington Post. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
- ↑ Denniston, Lyle (April 8, 2016). "Same-sex marriage right reaches Puerto Rico". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
- ↑ Robertson, Campbell (May 6, 2016). "Roy Moore, Alabama Judge, Suspended Over Gay Marriage Stance". New York Times. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
- ↑ Brooks, Karen (June 9, 2016). "Judge issues final order upholding Alabama same-sex marriage". Reuters. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
- ↑ Domonoske, Camila (July 1, 2016). "Judge Blocks Mississippi Law Protecting Religious Objections To Gay Marriage". NPR. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
- ↑ Fuller, Matt (July 17, 2016). "Here's The Full Text Of The 2016 Republican Platform". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
- ↑ "2016 Democratic Platform" (PDF). American Presidency Project. July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
- ↑ "In a First, VP Joe Biden Officiates a Gay Wedding". New York Times. Associated Press. August 2, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
- ↑ Roewe, Brian (August 5, 2016). "Not naming names, bishops denounce Biden over role in same-sex wedding". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
External links
- 50-State Rundown on Gay Marriage, Pew Research Center, November 3, 2004.
- Infographic: A Turning Point for Gay Marriage?, Pew Research Center, May 4, 2012.
- Timeline: Gay marriage, Los Angeles Times, July 2, 2012.
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