Thermoproteus

Thermoproteus
Scientific classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Crenarchaeota
Phylum: Crenarchaeota
Class: Thermoprotei
Order: Thermoproteales
Family: Thermoproteaceae
Genus: Thermoproteus
Zillig & Stetter, 1982
Species
  • T. neutrophilus
  • T. tenax
  • T. uzoniensis

In taxonomy, Thermoproteus is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae. These prokaryotes are thermophilic sulphur-dependent organisms related to the genera Sulfolobus, Pyrodictium and Desulfurococcus.[1] They are hydrogen-sulphur autotrophs and can grow at temperatures of up to 95 °C.

Description and significance

Thermoproteus is a genus of anaerobes that grow in the wild by autotrophic sulfur reduction. Like other hyperthermophiles, Thermoproteus represents a living example of some of Earth's earliest organisms, located at the base of the Archaea.

Genome structure

Genetic sequencing of Thermoproteus has revealed much about the organism's modes of metabolism. Total genome length is 1.84 Mbp, and the DNA is double-stranded and circular. Genes are arranged in co-transcribed clusters called operons. The Thermoproteus tenax genome has been completely sequenced.[2]

Cell structure and metabolism

A significant amount of research has been done on the metabolism of Thermoproteus and other hyperthermophiles as well. Thermoproteus metabolizes autotrophically through sulfur reduction, but it grows much faster by sulfur respiration in cultivation. In T. tenax, a number of metabolic pathways allow the cell to select a mode of metabolism depending on the energy requirements of the cell (depending, for example, on the cell's developmental or growth stage). Like all archaea, Thermoproteus possesses unique membrane lipids, which are ether-linked glycerol derivatives of 20 or 40 carbon branched lipids. The lipids' unsaturations are generally conjugated (as opposed to the unconjugation found in Bacteria and Eukaryota). In Thermosphaera, as in all members of the Crenarchaeota, the membranes are predominated by the 40-carbon lipids that span the entire membrane. This causes the membrane to be composed of monolayers with polar groups at each end. The cells are rod-shaped with diameters of up to 4 micrometres and up to 100 micrometres in length, and reproduce by developing branches on the end of the cell which grow into individual cells. They are motile by flagella.

Ecology

Members of Thermoproteus are found in acidic hot springs and water holes; they have been isolated in these habitats in Iceland, Italy, North America, New Zealand, the Azores, and Indonesia. Their optimal growth temperature is 85 °C.[3][4]

References

  1. ↑ Woese C; Olsen G (1986). "Archaebacterial phylogeny: perspectives on the urkingdoms.". Syst Appl Microbiol. 7: 161–77. doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80001-7. PMID 11542063.
  2. ↑ Siebers B; Zaparty M; Raddatz G; Tjaden B; Albers S-V; et al. (2011). "The Complete Genome Sequence of Thermoproteus tenax: A Physiologically Versatile Member of the Crenarchaeota.". PLoS ONE. 6 (10): e24222. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024222. PMC 3189178Freely accessible. PMID 22003381.
  3. ↑ See the NCBI webpage on Thermoproteus. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  4. ↑ Messner P; Pum D; Sára M; Stetter K; Sleytr U (1986). "Ultrastructure of the cell envelope of the archaebacteria Thermoproteus tenax and Thermoproteus neutrophilus". J Bacteriol. 166 (3): 1046–54. PMC 215230Freely accessible. PMID 3086286.

Further reading

Scientific journals

Scientific databases


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