T-Force

This article is about the military force. For other uses, see T-Force (disambiguation).
U.S. and British engineers of the Alsos Mission dismantle a German nuclear pile in Haigerloch in April 1945

T-Force was the operational arm of a joint US Army-British Army mission to secure designated German scientific and industrial technology targets before they could be destroyed by retreating enemy forces or looters during the final stages of World War II and its immediate aftermath. Key personnel were also to be seized, and targets of opportunity exploited when encountered. The effort was a business and technology-oriented parallel of sorts to the Monuments Men pursuit of art and financial treasure.

The program was designed to loot the defeated Germany's intellectual assets and impede its ability to compete in the postwar political and economic spheres while giving a boost to the nations conducting it.[1] It was also waged against the Soviet Union, as (though unacknowledged at the time) the T-Force mission also included preventing advanced Nazi technology from falling into Soviet hands — destroying whatever could not be seized and hauled away before Soviet troops arrived. As such, T-Force activities can be seen as the beginning of the Cold War. Both the preemptive destruction and seizure of assets in the Soviets' path and the heavy-handed nature of how the program was conducted[1] account for the continued scarcity of publicly available information on its role.

Comprising some 3,000 "investigators"[2] plus thousands more in entire attached battalions of infantry and combat engineers,[3] T-Force activities were among the largest Allied "exploitation operations".[4] T-Force was also tasked with preventing damage to infrastructure such as telephone exchanges that would be useful to occupying forces and in the rebuilding of Germany.

History

Creation

T-Force was established in anticipation of the Operation Overlord Allied invasion of Europe.

"During the planning for the invasion SHAEF set up the T (Target) Sub-Division in G-2 to plan for intelligence exploitation of scientific and industrial targets. It was at first composed of five US and three British officers and thirteen enlisted men and women. In February 1945, on the eve of the advance into Germany, SHAEF created the Special Sections Subdivision to co-ordinate the operations of the T Subdivision and several other G-2 sections and subdivisions with related missions. T Subdivision, meanwhile, had acquired a field element, the 6800 T Force, which would reach a 1,700-man strength in April and, with the later addition of the GOLDCUP ministerial control parties, went well over 2,000. During May and June, the force put another 1,000 investigators into the field."[2]

T-Forces were ordered to "identify, secure, guard and exploit valuable and special information, including documents, equipment and persons of value to the Allied armies". T-Force units were attached to the three army groups on the Western Front; the Sixth United States Army Group, 21st Army Group and 12th US Army Group. The targets of the T-Force were selected and recommended by the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS).[5] T-Force units were lightly armed and highly mobile.[6] British troops included two companies of the Buckinghamshire Battalion, along with the 5th Battalion King's Regiment (Liverpool). American units included both infantry and combat engineers, including the 1269th Engineer Combat Battalion.[3]

Actions

World War II

T-Force units accompanied combat units when capturing industrial plants, or arrived soon afterward to take control of them. They had to prevent any looting or sabotaging in the plants, and were responsible for ensuring that key personnel did not escape and no documents were removed. Once the T-Force took control of a plant, CIOS would be informed of it, and investigators were sent there immediately.[7] In practice, their methods were characteristically heavy-handed: "Their methods had echoes of the Gestapo: kidnapping at night by state officials who offered no evidence of identity."[8] What couldn't be carried off was destroyed. An unknown number of victims were taken in the waning weeks of the war; somewhere between 500 and 1,500 more were abducted in the postwar period by Britain alone.[1]

Replica of the German experimental nuclear reactor captured and dismantled by Alsos Mission T-Force personnel at Haigerloch during Operation Big

Among the key activities of T-Force units was the Alsos Mission set up to seize key elements of the German nuclear energy project in southwestern Germany in the waning stages of World War II. A working experimental nuclear reactor, uranium ingots, heavy water, and several dozen top atomic scientists and their staffs were seized, including Werner Heisenberg.

On 5 May 1945, to deny the Soviet Union a warm-water port, a T-Force unit went into territory designated for conquest by the Red Army and seized Kiel. By that time, in accordance with the terms of a surrender of German forces at Lüneburg Heath, Allied troops had been ordered not to move north past Bad Segeberg; but the T-Force group, led by Major Tony Hibbert, was given permission to advance to Kiel and seize the targets there. Not knowing that this permission had been given in error, the T-Force moved into the city unopposed and took control of their assigned targets. A strong German force present in the city was reluctant to surrender when asked by the T-Force, until Admiral Karl Dönitz instructed them to do so.[9][10]

Aggressive actions such as Hibbert's on behalf of T-Force and the preemptive bombing of the Auergesellschaft atomic materials processing plant in Oranienburg can be seen as the beginning of the Cold War, which together with the scope and nature of how operations were carried out account for the continued scarcity of publicly available information on its role.

Postwar

In postwar Germany, T-Force was tasked with carrying out abductions of German scientists and businessmen. In addition, in a related program German businessmen are also alleged to have been forced to travel to post-war Britain to be questioned by their commercial rivals, being interned if they refused to reveal trade secrets.[1] Such abductions not only helped cripple the German recovery and enabled Britain to use German technological knowledge in building up the British economy after the war,[11] they also denied it to the Soviets.[6][12]

For example, Courtauld’s received the latest information on manmade fibres, Dorman Long benefited from information and equipment originating from the Hermann Goering Steel Works and even the British coal industry had pit props sent to them from the Harz Mountains. On the military side much information was gathered, which could have been vital, had the war in the Far East not ended so soon.

Apart from this, there were wider political and economic implications, including the significance of the early liberation of Kiel, which prevented the Russians from adding Schleswig-Holstein and the Jutland Peninsula to their area of influence, as indeed they temporarily did with the Danish island of Bornholm. The unit's role remained secret until very recently, coming to wider notice only with the publication of Sean Longden’s book T Force, the Race for Nazi War Secrets, 1945 in September 2010.

The post-war French war crimes trials concentrated on French native collaborators. The records of the Militärbefehlshaber Frankreich (MBF) were necessary for the prosecution. However, these captured records were the results of the British and American T-Force document hunters. The French had not prepared for this task, and so had to work with the British and American forces for the trials. "Yet whereas the British and Americans entered the Reich well prepared for the document hunt- Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF) had assigned special Target Forces, the French could not keep pace. Thus, the most prominent military and political records, including parts of the MBF, found their way to document centers under Anglo-American jurisdiction.” [13]

Many of the operations of the T-Force units were turned over to the Field Information Agency; Technical (FIAT). In its charter, issued at the end of May 1945, FIAT was authorized to “coordinate, integrate, and direct the activities of the various missions and agencies” interested in scientific and technical intelligence but prohibited from collecting and exploiting such information on its own responsibility.[14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 The Guardian: How T-Force abducted Germany's best brains for Britain
  2. 1 2 Ziemke, Earl F. ed., The US Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944-1946, 1975.. US Army Publication, Page 314.
  3. 1 2 Allison, William H: 1269th Engineer Combat Battalion History
  4. ↑ Judt, Matthias; Ciesla, Burghard (1996). Technology transfer out of Germany after 1945. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 3-7186-5822-4. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  5. ↑ Gimbel, John (1990). Science, technology, and reparations: exploitation and plunder in postwar Germany. Stanford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-8047-1761-3. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  6. 1 2 Stewart, Payne (30 August 2007). "How Britain put Nazis' top men to work". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  7. ↑ Bellamy, Matthew J. (2005). Profiting the crown: Canada's Polymer Corporation, 1942-1990. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 0-7735-2815-6. Retrieved 31 August 2009.Profiting the crown: Canada's Polymer Corporation, 1942-1990
  8. ↑ Cobain, Ian, The Guardian: How T-Force abducted Germany's best brains for Britain "Usually an NCO arrives without notice at the house or office of the German and warns that he will be required. He does not give him any details of the reasons, nor does he present his credentials. Some time later the German is seized (often in the middle of the night) and removed under guard. This procedure savours very much of the Gestapo methods and, quite apart from causing great and unnecessary inconvenience to the individual and to the industry employing him, it is bound to create feelings of alarm and insecurity."
  9. ↑ Jones, Gwilym Thomas (2001). Living history chronicles. General Store Publishing House. pp. 102–104. ISBN 1-894263-50-2. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  10. ↑ A diary of ‘T’ Force operations in KIEL ARCRE—Archive research & document copying
  11. ↑ Cobain, Ian, The Guardian: "Herbert Morrison, lord president of the council, told the prime minister, Clement Attlee: 'It is most important at this formative stage to start shaping the German economy in the way which will best assist our own economic plans and will run the least risk of it developing into an unnecessarily awkward competitor.'"
  12. ↑ Cobain, Ian (29 August 2007). "How T-Force abducted Germany's best brains for Britain". The Guardian.
  13. ↑ “Fight for the Files: Captured German Records after World War II.” 2002. Panel at the German Studies Association, San Diego, California, October 3–6, 2002. Co-sponsored by the German Historical Institute, Washington, DC. GHI Bulletin. Number 32, Spring, 2003. Page 145.
  14. ↑ US Archives and Records Service. (1) SHAEF, CofS, to distribution, sub: Establishment of FIAT, 31 May 45, in OPD, 336, sec. V, Class 104-. (2) Memo, Hqs, US Gp CC, for Distribution, sub: Establishment of FIAT, US Gp CC, 14 Jul 45, in USFET SGS 322.

External links

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