Superior National Forest

Superior National Forest
IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)

This view from Eagle Mountain shows features of a peneplain; even in an area of significant local relief, the distant horizon is relatively flat.[1]
Map showing the location of Superior National Forest
Location Saint Louis, Lake, and Cook counties, Minnesota, USA
Coordinates 48°N 92°W / 48°N 92°W / 48; -92Coordinates: 48°N 92°W / 48°N 92°W / 48; -92
Area 3,900,000 acres (6,100 mi2 or 16,000 km2)
Established February 13, 1909[2]
Governing body U.S. Forest Service
Website Superior National Forest
Location of the forest

Superior National Forest, part of the United States National Forest system, is located in the Arrowhead Region of the state of Minnesota between the Canada–United States border and the north shore of Lake Superior. The area is part of the greater Boundary Waters region along the border of Minnesota and the Canadian province of Ontario, a historic and important thoroughfare in the fur trading and exploring days of New France and British North America.

Under the administration of the United States Forest Service, the Superior National Forest comprises over 3,900,000 acres (6,100 mi2 or 16,000 km2) of woods and waters. The majority of the forest is multiple-use, including both logging and recreational activities such as camping, boating, and fishing. Slightly over a quarter of the forest is set aside as a wilderness reserve known as the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA), where canoers can travel along interconnected lakes and rivers and over historic portages once used by the Native Americans and later by European explorers and traders.

Location

The forest is located in Cook, Lake, and Saint Louis counties in northeastern Minnesota. Forest headquarters are located in Duluth, Minnesota, outside the boundaries of the forest. There are local ranger district offices in Aurora, Cook, Ely, Grand Marais, and Tofte.[3]

Landforms

The forest covers 3.9 million acres (6,100 mi2 or 16,000 km2), and has over 445,000 acres (1,800 km2) of water.[4] Its waters include some 2,000 lakes and rivers,[5] more than 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of cold water streams, and 950 miles (1,530 km) of warm water streams.[6] Many of the lakes are located in depressions formed by the differential erosion of tilted layers of bedded rock; these depressions were given their final form by glacial scouring during recent ice ages.[1]

The forest is located on part of the Canadian Shield. The area is on a low plateau which is part of the Superior Upland. High points include the Sawtooth Mountains, a range of hills along the shore of Lake Superior, the Misquah Hills including Eagle Mountain, the state's highest point, and other uplands along the Laurentian Divide separating the watershed of the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean from that of Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean. Despite the presence of dramatic cliffs and other local differences in elevation, the area is essentially flat, as it is part of an old peneplain eroded by weathering, water, and especially glaciers.[1]

The principal surficial result of recent glaciation is not the deposition of glacial drift (unlike most of the rest of Minnesota), but the remodeling of the landscape by the scraping away of softer surfaces down to bare hard rock. The land therefore is raw, with many outcroppings of ancient bedrock, overlain in places by thin layers of gravelly soil and, in the west, silts deposited by Glacial Lake Agassiz.[1]

Eagle Mountain, the highest natural point in Minnesota at 2,301 feet (701 m) is located in the Superior National Forest.

Life forms

Flora

The forest contains a small slice of true boreal forest (taiga), and a mixed conifer-hardwood forest known as the North Woods, a transition province between the northern boreal forest and deciduous forests to the south.[7] Conifers include several varieties of pine, fir, and spruce trees, principal deciduous species are mountain ash, maple, aspen, oak, and paper birch are also common.[8] Characteristic aquatic plants include water lilies and wild rice.

Fauna

Fish species such as walleye, northern pike, smallmouth bass, lake trout, brook trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout can be found in abundance in the forest's waters. Larger wildlife species include white-tailed deer, moose, Canadian lynx, American black bear, and the gray or timber wolf. Northern Minnesota has the largest population of gray wolves in the lower 48 states, with approximately 300-400 wolves within the boundaries of the Superior National Forest.[9] Located at the northern edge of the range of the hummingbird and near the southern edge of the range of the Canada jay, the forest has 163 nesting species of birds, the largest number of any national forest.[5] Species include the bald eagle and other raptors, the ubiquitous common loon, and northern waterfowl.

Recreation

The Superior National Forest maintains developed fee campgrounds with amenities like drinking water and garbage disposal, rustic campgrounds without drinking water or fees, and backcountry campsites with only a pit latrine and a fire grate, and no permits or fees.[10] Additionally, dispersed camping is permitted anywhere on undeveloped public land without permit or fee.[10] An exception is made for the designated wilderness of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, which requires special permits for entrance.

Fee Campgrounds

Tofte Ranger District

See also

References

Cited references

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ojakangas, Richard; Matsch, Charles (1982). "Minnesota's Geology". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0953-5.
  2. ↑ "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). ForestHistory.org. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  3. ↑ USFS Ranger Districts by State
  4. ↑ "America's 10 Most Endangered National Forests" (PDF). Report. National Forest Protection Alliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  5. 1 2 "Superior National Forest recreation". USDA Forest Service. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  6. ↑ "Superior National Forest: About Us". USDA Forest Service. 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  7. ↑ Gibbon, Guy E.; Johnson, Craig M.; Hobbes, Elizabeth (2000). "Chapter 3: Minnesota's Environment and Native American Culture History". A Predictive Model of Precontact Archaeological Site Location for The State of Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved 2013-09-03. (archive of original)
  8. ↑ Heinselman, Miron (1996). "The Boundary Waters Wilderness ecosystem". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 16–31. ISBN 0-8166-2804-1..
  9. ↑ "Superior National Forest wildlife". USDA Forest Service. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  10. 1 2 Camping, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

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