Steiner inellipse

The Steiner Inellipse. According to Marden's theorem, given the triangle with vertices (1,7), (7,5) and (3,1), the foci of inellipse are (3,5) and (13/3,11/3), since D_x(1 + 7i − x)(7 + 5i − x)(3 + i − x) = -3(13/3 + 11/3i − x)(3 + 5i − x).

In geometry, the Steiner inellipse,^[1] midpoint inellipse, or midpoint ellipse of a triangle is the unique ellipse inscribed in the triangle and tangent to the sides at their midpoints. It is an example of an inconic. By comparison the inscribed circle and Mandart inellipse of a triangle are other inconics that are tangent to the sides, but not at the midpoints unless the triangle is equilateral. The Steiner inellipse is attributed by Dörrie^[2] to Jakob Steiner, and a proof of its uniqueness is given by Kalman.^[3]

The Steiner inellipse contrasts with the Steiner circumellipse, also called simply the Steiner ellipse, which is the unique ellipse that touches a given triangle at its vertices and whose center is the triangle's centroid.^[4]

Trilinear equation

The equation of the Steiner inellipse in trilinear coordinates for a triangle with side lengths a, b, c is^[1]

a^{2}x^{2}+b^{2}y^{2}+c^{2}z^{2}-2abxy-2bcyz-2cazx=0

Properties

The center of a triangle's Steiner inellipse is the triangle's centroid — the intersection of the triangle's medians.^[1]^[5] The Steiner inellipse is the only inellipse whose center is at the triangle's centroid.^[5]^:p.142

The Steiner inellipse of a triangle has the largest area of any inellipse of that triangle; as the largest inscribed ellipse, it is the John ellipsoid of the triangle. Its area is ${\tfrac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}$ times the area of the triangle.^[5]^:p.146 ^[6]^{:Corollary 4.2} Thus its area is one-fourth that of the Steiner circumellipse.

The Steiner inellipse is the only inconic that is tangent at the midpoints of two of the triangle's sides. That is, if an ellipse is tangent to the triangle at two sides' midpoints and also tangent to the third side, then the latter point of tangency is the midpoint of that side.^[5]

The Steiner inellipse is the Steiner circumellipse of the medial triangle.

The lengths of the semi-major and semi-minor axes for a triangle with sides a, b, c are^[1]

{\frac {1}{6}}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}\pm 2Z}},

where

Z={\sqrt {a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4}-a^{2}b^{2}-b^{2}c^{2}-c^{2}a^{2}}}.

According to Marden's theorem,^[3] if the three vertices of the triangle are the complex zeros of a cubic polynomial, then the foci of the Steiner inellipse are the zeros of the derivative of the polynomial.

The major axis of the Steiner inellipse is the line of best orthogonal fit for the vertices.^[6]^{:Corollary 2.4}

Denote as G, F₊, and F₋ respectively the centroid and the first and second Fermat points of a triangle. The major axis of the triangle's Steiner inellipse is the inner bisector of ∠F₊GF₋. The lengths of the axes are |GF₋| ± |GF₊|: that is, the sum and difference of the distances of the Fermat points from the centroid.^[7]^{:Thm. 1}

The axes of the Steiner inellipse of a triangle are tangent to its Kiepert parabola, the unique parabola that is tangent to the sides of the triangle and has the Euler line as its directrix.^[7]^{:Thm. 3}

The foci of the Steiner inellipse of a triangle are the intersections of the inellipse's major axis and the circle with center on the minor axis and going through the Fermat points.^[7]^{:Thm. 6}

As with any ellipse inscribed in a triangle ABC, letting the foci be P and Q we have^[8]

{\frac {{\overline {PA}}\cdot {\overline {QA}}}{{\overline {CA}}\cdot {\overline {AB}}}}+{\frac {{\overline {PB}}\cdot {\overline {QB}}}{{\overline {AB}}\cdot {\overline {BC}}}}+{\frac {{\overline {PC}}\cdot {\overline {QC}}}{{\overline {BC}}\cdot {\overline {CA}}}}=1.

Generalization

The Steiner inellipse of a triangle can be generalized to n-gons: some n-gons have an interior ellipse that is tangent to each side at the side's midpoint. Marden's theorem still applies: the foci of the Steiner inellipse are zeroes of the derivative of the polynomial whose zeroes are the vertices of the n-gon.^[9]

References

1 2 3 4 Weisstein, E. "Steiner Inellipse" — From MathWorld, A Wolfram Web Resource, http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SteinerInellipse.html.
↑ H. Dörrie, 100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics, Their History and Solution (trans. D. Antin), Dover, New York, 1965, problem 98.
1 2 Kalman, Dan (2008), "An elementary proof of Marden's theorem" (PDF), American Mathematical Monthly, 115 (4): 330–338, MR 2398412 .
↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Steiner Circumellipse". MathWorld.
1 2 3 4 Chakerian, G. D. (1979), "A distorted view of geometry", in Honsberger, Ross, Mathematical plums, The Dolciani Mathematical Expositions, 4, Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America, pp. 135–136, 145–146 .
1 2 Minda, D.; Phelps, S. (2008), "Triangles, ellipses, and cubic polynomials" (PDF), American Mathematical Monthly, 115 (8): 679–689, MR 2456092 .
1 2 3 Scimemi, Benedetto, "Simple Relations Regarding the Steiner Inellipse of a Triangle", Forum Geometricorum 10, 2010: 55–77.
↑ Allaire, Patricia R.; Zhou, Junmin; and Yao, Haishen, "Proving a nineteenth century ellipse identity", Mathematical Gazette 96, March 2012, 161-165.
↑ Parish, James L., "On the derivative of a vertex polynomial", Forum Geometricorum 6, 2006, pp. 285–288: Proposition 5.

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