E (state)

State of E
鄂
Monarchy
c. 12th century BCE–863 BCE
Capital		Xiangning County Nanyang, Henan Province Ezhou, Hubei Province
Religion		Chinese folk religion, Ancestor worship
Political structure		Monarchy
History
•	Established	c. 12th century BCE
•	Disestablished	863 BCE
Currency		Spade money
Preceded by Succeeded by Zhou Dynasty Warring States period Chu (state) Qin Dynasty

The State of E (Chinese: 鄂) was an ancient Chinese state in the area of present-day Henan and Hubei in China from around the 12th century BCE until its overthrow in 863 BCE. It was a vassal of the Shang state and its ruler was one of the Three Ducal Ministers appointed by Dixin of Shang, who is known pejoratively as King Zhou of Shang.^[1]

E was originally located in the southern part of the modern province of Henan^[2] but later moved to Hubei. Its name is now used as the provincial abbreviation for Hubei.

History

There are a number of different theories about the origins of E, including that its original inhabitants were descended from the Baiyue^[3] or the Daxi culture.^[4] Another theory claims that during the Shang dynasty, descendants of the Yellow Emperor surnamed Jí (姞) were granted land by Dixin around modern-day Xiangning County in Shanxi and that it became the original nucleus of E.

In Chinese historical records, Dixin was said to have wanted to make the daughter of the Marquess of Jiu an imperial concubine but she was a dignified woman who regarded such a role as beneath her. In a fit of anger, Dixin murdered both the Marquess and his daughter and turned the marquess's body into mincemeat. The Marquess of E, protesting this injustice, renounced his vassalage but was also then murdered.

Following the c. 1046 BCE establishment of the Western Zhou, the state of Jin moved into E’s territory and forced its people to flee southward into the northern part of modern-day Nanyang, Henan. The relocation exposed them to the powerful southern state of Chu. By the middle of the Western Zhou, E had fled once again, settling east of present-day Ezhou in Hubei.

E led a confederation of Southern Huaiyi tribes in a rebellion during the seventh year of the reign of King Yi of Zhou (863 BCE) and was destroyed by Zhou forces, permitting Chu to finally absorb the smaller state. Chu's ruler Xiong Qu conferred its former lands upon his son Xiong Zhi. The destruction of E was inscribed upon a bronze tripod cauldron, the Yu Ding.^[5]

Xiong Zhi continued to live in E's capital after the death of his father, making it the de facto capital of Chu. Subsequent rulers remained there until Xiong E (r. 799-1 BCE) decided to reduce it to the status of an alternative capital.

After Chu became an independent state in the Spring and Autumn period, King Gong of Chu (楚共王, r. 590–560 BCE) made his third son Lord of E. In the sixth year of the reign of King Huai of Chu (323 BCE), the king made his younger brother Xiong Qu the Lord of E. Following the destruction of Chu by Qin in 223, E became a county under the Qin and Han dynasties.

See also

• History of China
• Spring and Autumn period
• Warring States period

References