Slovene verbs
This article describes the conjugation and use of verbs in Slovene. Further information about the grammar of the Slovene language can be found in the article Slovene grammar.
Grammatical categories
In Slovene, there are four tenses:
- The present tense (sedanjik), which considers events that are occurring.
- The past or preterite tense (preteklik), which considers events that occurred in the past.
- The pluperfect (past perfect) tense (predpreteklik), which considers events that occurred before a given event already in the past. It is rare in normal use.
- The future tense (prihodnjik), which considers events that will occur.
There are 3 verb moods:
- Indicative mood, which is used to state a fact or opinion.
- Imperative mood, which is used to give commands.
- Conditional mood, which is used to state possibilities or wishes, for example, If only I knew that....
In addition, there are several non-finite forms:
- An infinitive in -ti and a supine in -t.
- Two present active participles, in -č and in -e, indicating ongoing action.
- Two past active participles, in -l and in -(v)ši, indicating a past or completed action.
- A past passive participle in -n or -t, indicating an action having been performed on something.
Only the present indicative, the imperative and the non-finite forms are formed synthetically, by changing the form of the verb directly. All other forms are periphrastic (analytic), and are formed using auxiliary verbs or other additional words.
As in all Slavic languages, Slovene verbs are classified based on their aspect:
- Perfective (dovršni) verbs, which represent a completed action.
- Imperfective (nedovršni) verbs, which represent an ongoing action.
Each verb is either perfective or imperfective, and most verbs occur in pairs to express the same meaning with different aspects. For example, the concept of jumping is expressed in the 2 different aspects is skákati, which has an imperfective aspect and can roughly be translated as to be jumping (continuously), and skočíti, which has a perfective aspect and can roughly be translated as to jump (once). While each aspect is represented by a full verb with its own distinct conjugation, certain combinations are not or rarely used in one aspect or the other. For example, imperfective verbs generally lack a past passive participle, while perfective verbs have no present participles. Additionally, the present tense has 2 different meanings depending on the aspect of a verb. For imperfective verbs, it has present meaning, while for perfective verbs, it has a future meaning expressing a desire to carry out the action. For example, To kravo prodam "I want to sell the cow" (compare this with the future tense To kravo bom prodal "I will sell the cow").
As well, verbs can be classified based on their transitivity (Glagolska prehodnost) and aspect (Glagolski vid). Many verbs in Slovene can be both transitive and intransitive depending on their use in a sentence. However, all reflexive verbs, which are marked by the participle se (one self) are intransitive.
Conjugation
All conjugated forms of Slovene verbs can be derived from one of two verb stems. The present stem forms the base for all forms of the present indicative and the imperative, as well as the present participles. The infinitive stem forms the infinitive, supine and past participles.
The Slovene verb can be classified into several different conjugation patterns. The following table lists the basic patterns, but note that individual verbs may be irregular and have unpredictable changes. The "present" column shows the ending of the first person singular present indicative. Letters that belong to the present or infinitive stem (and are thus common to all forms based on those stems) are shown in bold.
| Present | Infinitive | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| -em | -ti, -či -ati |
nêsti, nêsem "carry", rêči, rêčem "say" bráti, bêrem "read", mléti, méljem "grind" |
Basic (old) stems ending in a consonant. There are many irregularities in this group. The final consonant may be altered by some endings, in particular the infinitive, or it may switch places with the preceding vowel. |
| -jem | -ti -jati |
bíti, bíjem "beat", čúti, čújem "hear" dajáti, dájem "give" |
Basic (old) stems ending in a vowel or certain consonants. |
| -jem | -ati | rísati, ríšem "draw", jemáti, jémljem "take" | An extra -j- appears in the present tense, which can affect the final consonant of the stem. |
| -ujem | -ovati -evati |
kupováti, kupújem "buy" plačeváti, plačújem "pay" |
The verbs ending in -evati always have stems ending in -č-, -š-, -ž- or -j-. |
| -am | -ati | délati, délam "do, make" | These verbs originally had longer stems, in -aje-, in which the -j- was lost and the vowels contracted. The -j- remains in the imperative and present participles. |
| -em | -eti | razuméti, razúmem "understand" | |
| -im | -iti -eti -ati |
mísliti, míslim "think" vídeti, vídim "see" slíšati, slíšim "hear" |
The verbs ending in -ati always have stems ending in -č-, -š-, -ž- or -j-. |
| -nem | -niti | dvígniti, dvígnem "lift, raise" |
Present indicative
These following endings are added to the present stem of a verb, to form the present indicative.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | -(e)m | -(e)va | -(e)mo |
| Second person | -(e)š | -(e)ta | -(e)te |
| Third person | -(e) | -(e)ta | -(e)jo |
The extra -e- is added to the endings when the verb stem ends in a consonant. This -e- causes changes to stems ending in -k- or -g- (which have an infinitive in -či); these become -č- and -ž- before the present tense endings.
In some consonant stem verbs, an older, shorter form of the third person plural ending exists, which is just -o instead of -ejo. Similarly, in verbs with present stems in -i-, the ending -ijo has a shorter alternative form -e.
Imperative mood
The imperative mood is used to give commands, and only exists in the present tense. There are no forms for the first person singular or the third person of any number.
The following endings are added to the present stem of a verb, to form the present indicative.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First person | -iva | -imo | |
| Second person | -i | -ita | -ite |
If the present stem ends in -a-, the initial -i- of the ending changes to a -j-. Present stems ending with other vowels drop their final vowel. The endings also cause changes to stems ending in -k- or -g- (which have an infinitive in -či); these become -c- and -z- respectively before the imperative endings.
An additional kind of imperative, which may be called the optative or hortative, is formed by using the particle naj with the present indicative. This acts as a substitute for the imperative in the third person as well.
Non-finite forms
Infinitive and supine
There are 2 verbal nouns: the infinitive (nedoločnik) and the supine (namenilnik).
The infinitive is the basic verb form found in dictionaries, and ends in -ti. When the infinitive ending is attached to a stem ending in a consonant, that consonant may change, as follows:
- -p-ti → -psti
- -b-ti → -bsti (grêbsti, grêbe "scratch, scrape")
- -d-ti → -sti (sésti, sédem "sit down")
- -t-ti → -sti (plêsti, plêtem "braid")
- -st-ti → -sti (rásti, rástem "grow")
- -z-ti → -sti (grísti, grízem "bite, chew")
- -g-ti → -či (léči, léžem (légel) "lie down")
- -k-ti → -či (rêči, rêčem (rékel) "say")
The supine is formed by dropping the last -i of the infinitive. It is used after verbs that designate motion. For example, the supine would be used in the following sentences, (the supine has been bolded):
- V novi svet so odšli iskat bogastvo. (They went to the New World to seek fortune.)
- Pojdi se solit. (Literally, Go salt yourself. This idiomatic statement is used to express annoyance or refusal)
- Stekli smo pogasit ogenj. (We ran to put out the fire.)
Present active participle
There are two present active participles, which are used with imperfective verbs. They correspond to the English participle in -ing, and indicate ongoing or current action.
The first is an adjectival participle. It is formed by adding -eč to verbs with present stem in -i- or -e- (which lose their final vowel), -joč to verbs with present stem in -a- (the vowel is kept, so -ajoč), and -oč to all other verbs. It declines as a regular soft adjective.
Examples:
- Otrok, ki joka, je jokajoč otrok. (A child that cries is a crying child.)
- V sobo je vstopil glasno pojoč. (He entered the room singing loudly.)
The second is an adverbial participle. It was originally the nominative singular of the first participle, which had an irregular form. It is formed by removing -č from the first participle and changing -o to -e. For verbs in -uj-/-ovati this produces -uje, but this form is now archaic and has been replaced by -ovaje, as though it were an a-verb.
- Sede se je pretegnil. ([While] sitting, he stretched.)
Past active participle
There are two kinds of past active participle, used with different functions.
The l-participle exists for all verbs, and is used mainly to form the past tense. Although it is adjectival, it exists only in the nominative case, and declines for gender and number (not for person). It is formed by adding -l to the infinitive stem. A fill vowel (schwa, -e-) is inserted in the masculine singular form when attached to verbs with an infinitive stem ending in a consonant.
Examples:
- Videl sem. (I saw.)
- Ob tej novici je prebledela. (Upon [hearing] the news, she became pale.)
The š-participle is an adverbial participle, and is rarely used in modern Slovene. It denotes completed action, and is equivalent to the English construct with having + past participle. It is formed by adding -vši to the infinitive stem. The ending is only -ši if the infinitive stem ends in a consonant.
Examples:
- Stopivši iz hiše, se je napotil v krčmo. (Having stepped out of the house, he headed to the pub.)
Past passive participle
This participle corresponds to the English participle in '-ed or -en, and is an adjective that indicates a state of having undergone an action. It exists only for transitive verbs, and almost only if they are perfective. It is formed with two possible suffixes.
-n is added to verbs with an infinitive stem in -a-. Verbs with an infinitive stem in -i- receive -jen, but the -j- may disappear and alter the preceding consonant. All other verbs have -en. However, a small number of verbs, mostly those with presents in a vowel followed by -je-, have a completely different ending -t.
Examples of this participle are:
- Parkiran avto je bil ukraden. (The parked car was stolen.) (perhaps better in the active voice, "Parkiran avto so ukradli.")
- Sodišče je sodilo obtoženemu roparju. (The court tried the accused robber.)
- Spočit konj je čakal na dvorišču. (A rested horse was waiting on the yard.)
Analytical forms
Past indicative
The past (or preterite) indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. Slovene does not distinguish the past tense ("saw") from the perfect tense ("have seen").
It is formed with the auxiliary verb biti (to be) in the present tense, plus the l-participle of the verb. The participle must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:
- sem videl (I saw, said by a male)
- sem videla (I saw, said by a female)
- je odšla (she went)
- so odkrili (they discovered)
Pluperfect indicative
The pluperfect indicative is used to indicate an action that occurred before some other future action. It is rarely used in colloquial speech, where it is replaced by the past tense.
It is formed as though it were the past tense of the past tense: the auxiliary verb biti (to be) in the present tense, plus the l-participle of the verb biti (to be), plus the l-participle of the verb. The participles must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:
- sem bil videl (I had seen, said by a male)
- sem bila videla (I had seen, said by a female)
- je bila odšla (she had gone)
- so bili odkrili (they had discovered)
Future indicative
The future indicative tense is used to state events that will happen in the future.
The verb biti (to be) has its own unique set of future tense forms, with the stem bo-. No other verb has a distinct form for the future tense. Instead, it is formed using biti in the future tense, plus the l-participle of the verb. The participle must agree with the subject in number and gender. For example:
- videl bom (I will see, said by a male)
- videla bom (I will see, said by a female)
- odšla bo (she will go)
- bodo odkrili (they will discover)
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to express desires, wishes, and hypothetical (often impossible) conditions.
The present conditional is formed using the special particle bi, plus the l'-participle of the lexical verb. The past conditional is rarely used, like the pluperfect, and is formed analogously: the particle bi, plus l-participle of the verb biti (to be), plus the l-participle of the verb. Examples of the conditional mood are:
- Če bi mi postalo slabo, mi, prosim, podajte tiste tablete. (Literally: If it became sick to me, to me, I kindly ask, pass those pills.; If I should become sick, kindly pass me those pills.)
- V primeru, da bi prišlo do požara, bomo umrli. (Should there be a fire, we would die.)
- Če bi (bili) končali prej, bi bili zdaj prosti. (If we had finished earlier, we would be free now.)
- Želi si, da bi bil maneken, vendar s svojimi obraznimi nečistočami nima možnosti. (He wishes that he were a model, but with his facial impurities, he has no chance.)
- O, da bi bila jesen! (O, if only it were autumn!) (literary)
- O, ko bi le bila jesen! (O, if only it were autumn!)
Passive voice
The passive voice is formed by using the auxiliary verb biti (to be), plus the passive past participle of the verb. It may also be formed by turning a verb into a reflexive verb, by adding the reflexive pronoun se to the end of a verb. Except for reflexive verbs, the passive voice is rarely used. An example of the passive voice is:
- Izvoljen je bil za člana Kraljeve družbe (He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society).
However, this is more commonly stated using the active voice with an impersonal form of the third person plural (like English "impersonal they"):
- Izvolili so ga za člana Kraljeve družbe (They elected him a fellow of the Royal Society).
Sample conjugations of Slovene verbs
The following table present the conjugation pattern for each of the 5 classes, as well as the irregular verbs.
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | tresem | sem tresel | sem bil tresel | bom tresel | -- | bi tresel | bi bil tresel | ||
| Second | treseš | si tresel | si bil tresel | boš tresel | tresi | bi tresel | bi bil tresel | |||
| Third | trese | je tresel | je bil tresel | bo tresel | naj trese | bi tresel | bi bil tresel | |||
| Dual | First | treseva | sva tresla | sva bila tresla | bova tresla | tresiva | bi tresla | bi bila tresla | ||
| Second | treseta | sta tresla | sta bila tresla | bosta tresla | tresita | bi tresla | bi bila tresla | |||
| Third | treseta | sta tresla | sta bil tresla | bosta tresla | naj treseta | bi tresla | bi bila tresla | |||
| Plural | First | tresemo | smo tresli | smo bili tresli | bomo tresli | tresimo | bi tresli | bi bili tresli | ||
| Second | tresete | ste tresli | ste bili tresli | boste tresli | tresite | bi tresli | bi bili tresli | |||
| Third | tresejo | so tresli | so bili tresli | bodo tresli | naj tresejo | bi tresli | bi bili tresli | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | --- | ||||||||
| Past active I | tresel | tresla | treslo | tresla | tresli | tresli | tresli | tresle | tresla | |
| Past passive | raztresen | raztresena | raztreseno | raztresena | raztreseni | raztreseni | raztreseni | raztresene | raztresena | |
| Gerunds | Present active | --- | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | tresti | |||||
| Past active II | -- | Supine | trest | |||||||
- The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | venem | sem venil | sem bil venil | bom venil | -- | bi venil | bi bil venil | ||
| Second | veneš | si venil | si bil venil | boš venil | veni | bi venil | bi bil venil | |||
| Third | vene | je venil | je bil venil | bo venil | naj vene | bi venil | bi bil venil | |||
| Dual | First | veneva | sva venila | sva bila venila | bova venila | veniva | bi venila | bi bila venila | ||
| Second | veneta | sta venila | sta bila venila | bosta venila | venita | bi venila | bi bila venila | |||
| Third | veneta | sta venila | sta bil venila | bosta venila | naj veneta | bi venila | bi bila venila | |||
| Plural | First | venemo | smo venili | smo bili venili | bomo venili | venimo | bi venili | bi bili venili | ||
| Second | venete | ste venili | ste bili venili | boste venili | venite | bi venili | bi bili venili | |||
| Third | venejo | so venili | so bili venili | bodo venili | naj venejo | bi venili | bi bili venili | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | --- | ||||||||
| Past active I | venil | venila | venilo | venila | venili | venili | venili | venile | venila | |
| Past passive | --- | |||||||||
| Gerunds | Present active | --- | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | veniti | |||||
| Past active II | -- | Supine | venit | |||||||
(1) Indicates that the participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | kupujem | sem kupoval | sem bil kupoval | bom kupoval | -- | bi kupoval | bi bil kupoval | ||
| Second | kupuješ | si kupoval | si bil kupoval | boš kupoval | kupuj | bi kupoval | bi bil kupoval | |||
| Third | kupuje | je kupoval | je bil kupoval | bo kupoval | naj kupuje | bi kupoval | bi bil kupoval | |||
| Dual | First | kupujeva | sva kupovala | sva bila kupovala | bova kupoval | kupujva | bi kupovala | bi bila kupovala | ||
| Second | kupujeta | sta kupovala | sta bila kupovala | bosta kupovala | kupujta | bi kupovala | bi bila kupovala | |||
| Third | kupujeta | sta kupovala | sta bil kupovala | bosta kupovala | naj kupujeta | bi kupovala | bi bila kupovala | |||
| Plural | First | kupujemo | smo kupovali | smo bili kupovali | bomo kupovali | kupujmo | bi kupovali | bi bili kupovali | ||
| Second | kupujete | ste kupovali | ste bili kupovali | boste kupovali | kupujte | bi kupovali | bi bili kupovali | |||
| Third | kupujejo | so kupovali | so bili kupovali | bodo kupovali | naj kupujejo | bi kupovali | bi bili kupovali | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | kupujoč | kupujoča | kupujoče | kupujoča | kupujoči | kupujoči | kupujoči | kupujoče | kupujoča |
| Past active I | kupoval | kupovala | kupovalo | kupovala | kupovali | kupovali | kupovali | kupovale | kupovala | |
| Past passive | kupovan | kupovana | kupovano | kupovana | kupovani | kupovani | kupovani | kupovane | kupovana | |
| Gerunds | Present active | kupovaje | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | kupovati | |||||
| Past active II | -- | Supine | kupovat | |||||||
- The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | delam | sem delal | sem bil delal | bom delal | -- | bi delal | bi bil delal | ||
| Second | delaš | si delal | si bil delal | boš delal | delaj | bi delal | bi bil delal | |||
| Third | dela | je delal | je bil delal | bo delal | naj dela | bi delal | bi bil delal | |||
| Dual | First | delava | sva delala | sva bila delala | bova delal | delajva | bi delala | bi bila delala | ||
| Second | delata | sta delala | sta bila delala | bosta delala | delajta | bi delala | bi bila delala | |||
| Third | delata | sta delala | sta bil delala | bosta delala | naj delata | bi delala | bi bila delala | |||
| Plural | First | delamo | smo delali | smo bili delali | bomo delali | delajmo | bi delali | bi bili delali | ||
| Second | delate | ste delali | ste bili delali | boste delali | delajte | bi delali | bi bili delali | |||
| Third | delajo | so delali | so bili delali | bodo delali | naj delajo | bi delali | bi bili delali | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | delajoč | delajoča | delajoče | delajoča | delajoči | delajoči | delajoči | delajoče | delajoča |
| Past active I | delal | delala | delalo | delala | delali | delali | delali | delale | delala | |
| Past passive | zdelan | zdelana | zdelano | zdelana | zdelani | zdelani | zdelani | zdelane | zdelana | |
| Gerunds | Present active | --- | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | delati | |||||
| Past active II | predelavši | Supine | delat | |||||||
- The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | želim | sem želel | sem bil želel | bom želel | -- | bi želel | bi bil želel | ||
| Second | želiš | si želel | si bil želel | boš želel | želi | bi želel | bi bil želel | |||
| Third | želi | je želel | je bil želel | bo želel | naj želi | bi želel | bi bil želel | |||
| Dual | First | želiva | sva želela | sva bila želela | bova želel | želiva | bi želela | bi bila želela | ||
| Second | želita | sta želela | sta bila želela | bosta želela | želita | bi želela | bi bila želela | |||
| Third | želita | sta želela | sta bil želela | bosta želela | naj želita | bi želela | bi bila želela | |||
| Plural | First | želimo | smo želeli | smo bili želeli | bomo želeli | želimo | bi želeli | bi bili želeli | ||
| Second | želite | ste želeli | ste bili želeli | boste želeli | želite | bi želeli | bi bili želeli | |||
| Third | žele / želijo | so želeli | so bili želeli | bodo želeli | naj žele | bi želeli | bi bili želeli | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | želeč | želeča | želeče | želeča | želeči | želeči | želeči | želeče | želeča |
| Past active I | želel | želela | želelo | želela | želeli | želeli | želeli | želele | želela | |
| Past passive | zaželen | zaželena | zaželeno | zaželena | zaželeni | zaželeni | zaželeni | zaželene | zaželena | |
| Gerunds | Present active | žele | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | želeti | |||||
| Past active II | zaželevši | Supine | želet | |||||||
- The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
The following is the conjugation of the athematic Slovene verbs: dati (to give), vedeti (to know), jesti (to eat), and biti (to be).
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | dam | sem dal | sem bil dal | bom dal | -- | bi dal | bi bil dal | ||
| Second | daš | si dal | si bil dal | boš dal | daj | bi dal | bi bil dal | |||
| Third | da | je dal | je bil dal | bo dal | naj da | bi dal | bi bil dal | |||
| Dual | First | dava | sva dala | sva bila dala | bova dal | dajva | bi dala | bi bila dala | ||
| Second | dasta | sta dala | sta bila dala | bosta dala | dajta | bi dala | bi bila dala | |||
| Third | dasta | sta dala | sta bil dala | bosta dala | naj data | bi dala | bi bila dala | |||
| Plural | First | damo | smo dali | smo bili dali | bomo dali | dajmo | bi dali | bi bili dali | ||
| Second | daste | ste dali | ste bili dali | boste dali | dajte | bi dali | bi bili dali | |||
| Third | dado / dajo | so dali | so bili dali | bodo dali | naj dado | bi dali | bi bili dali | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | --- | ||||||||
| Past active I | dal | dala | dalo | dala | dali | dali | dali | dale | dala | |
| Past passive | dan | dana | dano | dana | dani | dani | dani | dane | dana | |
| Gerunds | Present active | --- | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | dati | |||||
| Past active II | podavši | Supine | dat | |||||||
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | vem | sem vedel | sem bil vedel | bom vedel | -- | bi vedel | bi bil vedel | ||
| Second | veš | si vedel | si bil vedel | boš vedel | vedi | bi vedel | bi bil vedel | |||
| Third | ve | je vedel | je bil vedel | bo vedel | naj ve | bi vedel | bi bil vedel | |||
| Dual | First | veva | sva vedela | sva bila vedela | bova vedel | vediva | bi vedela | bi bila vedela | ||
| Second | vesta | sta vedela | sta bila vedela | bosta vedela | vedita | bi vedela | bi bila vedela | |||
| Third | vesta | sta vedela | sta bil vedela | bosta vedela | naj vesta | bi vedela | bi bila vedela | |||
| Plural | First | vemo | smo vedeli | smo bili vedeli | bomo vedeli | vedimo | bi vedeli | bi bili vedeli | ||
| Second | veste | ste vedeli | ste bili vedeli | boste vedeli | vedite | bi vedeli | bi bili vedeli | |||
| Third | vedo | so vedeli | so bili vedeli | bodo vedeli | naj vedo | bi vedeli | bi bili vedeli | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | vedoč | vedoča | vedoče | vedoča | vedoči | vedoči | vedoči | vedoče | vedoča |
| Past active I | vedel | vedela | vedelo | vedela | vedeli | vedeli | vedeli | vedele | vedela | |
| Past passive | --- | |||||||||
| Gerunds | Present active | vede | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | vedeti | |||||
| Past active II | zvedevši | Supine | --- | |||||||
- The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative1 | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | jem | sem jedel | sem bil jedel | bom jedel | -- | bi jedel | bi bil jedl | ||
| Second | ješ | si jedel | si bil jedel | boš jedel | jej | bi jedel | bi bil jedl | |||
| Third | je | je jedel | je bil jedl | bo jedl | naj je | bi jedl | bi bil jedel | |||
| Dual | First | jeva | sva jedla | sva bila jedla | bova jedl | jejva | bi jedla | bi bila jedla | ||
| Second | jesta | sta jedla | sta bila jedla | bosta jedla | jejta | bi jedla | bi bila jedla | |||
| Third | jesta | sta jedla | sta bil jedla | bosta jedla | naj jeta | bi jedla | bi bila jedla | |||
| Plural | First | jemo | smo jedli | smo bili jedli | bomo jedli | jejmo | bi jedli | bi bili jedli | ||
| Second | jeste | ste jedli | ste bili jedli | boste jedli | jejte | bi jedli | bi bili jedli | |||
| Third | jejo / jedo | so jedli | so bili jedli | bodo jedli | naj jedo | bi jedli | bi bili jedli | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | --- | ||||||||
| Past active I | jedel / jel | jedla / jela | jedlo / jelo | jedla / jela | jedli / jeli | jedli / jeli | jedli / jeli | jedle / jele | jedla / jela | |
| Past passive | pojeden | pojedena | pojedeno | pojedena | pojedeni | pojedeni | pojedeni | pojedene | pojedena | |
| Gerunds | Present active | jede | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | jesti | |||||
| Past active II | pojevši | Supine | jest | |||||||
- The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
| Tenses | ||||||||||
| Number | Person | Present indicative | Past indicative1 | Pluperfect indicative1 | Future indicative | Imperative | Present conditional1 | Past conditional1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | sem | sem bil | sem bil bil | bom | -- | bi bil | bi bil bil | ||
| Second | si | si bil | si bil bil | boš | bodi | bi bil | bi bil bil | |||
| Third | je | je bil | je bil bil | bo | naj je | bi bil | bi bil bil | |||
| Dual | First | sva | sva bila | sva bila bila | bova | bodiva | bi bila | bi bila bila | ||
| Second | sta | sta bila | sta bila bila | bosta | bodita | bi bila | bi bila bila | |||
| Third | sta | sta bila | sta bil bila | bosta | naj sta | bi bila | bi bila bila | |||
| Plural | First | smo | smo bili | smo bili bili | bomo | bodimo | bi bili | bi bili bili | ||
| Second | ste | ste bili | ste bili bili | boste | bodite | bi bili | bi bili bili | |||
| Third | so | so bili | so bili bili | bodo | naj so | bi bili | bi bili bili | |||
| Participles, gerunds, and verbal nouns | ||||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||
| Name | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Participles | Present active | prihodnji | prihodnja | prihodnje | prihodnja | prihodnji | prihodnji | prihodnji | prihodnje | prihodnja |
| Past active I | bil | bila | bilo | bila | bili | bili | bili | bile | bila | |
| Past passive | --- | |||||||||
| Gerunds | Present active | --- | Verbal nouns | Infinitive | biti | |||||
| Past active II | bivši | Supine | --- | |||||||
- The participle agrees with the subject of the sentence.
In the future, there also exist forms with an inserted -de between the stem bo- and the ending. For example, bodem for bom. The negative form of the verb, to not be, is formed by attaching ni to the present indicative forms.
References
- De Bray, R. G. A. Introduction to Slavonic Languages. London, 1951.
External links
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For a list of words relating to Slovene verbs, see the Slovene verbs category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |