Isotopes of silicon
Silicon (Si) has 24 known isotopes, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 45. 28Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), 29Si (4.67%), and 30Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 32Si, which is produced by cosmic ray spallation of argon. Its half-life has been determined to be approximately 150 years (0.21 MeV), and it decays by beta emission to 32P (which has a 14.28 day half-life ) and then to 32S. After 32Si, 31Si has the second longest half-life at 157.3 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds. The relative atomic mass is 28.0855(3). The least stable is usually 43Si with a half-life greater than 60 nanoseconds.
Table
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[1] | daughter isotope(s)[n 1] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
22Si | 14 | 8 | 22.03453(22)# | 29(2) ms | β+ (68%) | 22Al | 0+ | ||
β+, p (32%) | 21Mg | ||||||||
23Si | 14 | 9 | 23.02552(21)# | 42.3(4) ms | β+ | 23Al | 3/2+# | ||
24Si | 14 | 10 | 24.011546(21) | 140(8) ms | β+ (92%) | 24Al | 0+ | ||
β+, p (8%) | 23Mg | ||||||||
25Si | 14 | 11 | 25.004106(11) | 220(3) ms | β+ (63.19%) | 25Al | 5/2+ | ||
β+, p (36.8%) | 24Mg | ||||||||
26Si | 14 | 12 | 25.992330(3) | 2.234(13) s | β+ | 26Al | 0+ | ||
27Si | 14 | 13 | 26.98670491(16) | 4.16(2) s | β+ | 27Al | 5/2+ | ||
28Si | 14 | 14 | 27.9769265325(19) | Stable | 0+ | 0.92223(19) | 0.92205–0.92241 | ||
29Si | 14 | 15 | 28.976494700(22) | Stable | 1/2+ | 0.04685(8) | 0.04678–0.04692 | ||
30Si | 14 | 16 | 29.97377017(3) | Stable | 0+ | 0.03092(11) | 0.03082–0.03102 | ||
31Si | 14 | 17 | 30.97536323(4) | 157.3(3) min | β− | 31P | 3/2+ | ||
32Si | 14 | 18 | 31.97414808(5) | 153(19) y | β− | 32P | 0+ | trace | cosmogenic |
33Si | 14 | 19 | 32.978000(17) | 6.18(18) s | β− | 33P | (3/2+) | ||
34Si | 14 | 20 | 33.978576(15) | 2.77(20) s | β− | 34P | 0+ | ||
35Si | 14 | 21 | 34.98458(4) | 780(120) ms | β− (94.74%) | 35P | 7/2−# | ||
β−, n (5.26%) | 34P | ||||||||
36Si | 14 | 22 | 35.98660(13) | 0.45(6) s | β− (88%) | 36P | 0+ | ||
β−, n (12%) | 35P | ||||||||
37Si | 14 | 23 | 36.99294(18) | 90(60) ms | β− (83%) | 37P | (7/2−)# | ||
β−, n (17%) | 36P | ||||||||
38Si | 14 | 24 | 37.99563(15) | 90# ms [>1 µs] | β−, n | 37P | 0+ | ||
β− | 38P | ||||||||
39Si | 14 | 25 | 39.00207(36) | 47.5(20) ms | β− | 39P | 7/2−# | ||
40Si | 14 | 26 | 40.00587(60) | 33.0(10) ms | β− | 40P | 0+ | ||
41Si | 14 | 27 | 41.01456(198) | 20.0(25) ms | β− | 41P | 7/2−# | ||
42Si | 14 | 28 | 42.01979(54)# | 13(4) ms | β− | 42P | 0+ | ||
43Si | 14 | 29 | 43.02866(75)# | 15# ms [>260 ns] | 3/2−# | ||||
44Si | 14 | 30 | 44.03526(86)# | 10# ms | 0+ |
- ↑ Bold for stable isotopes
Notes
- The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
- Blank spaces in the "natural abundance" and "range of natural variation" column show that the isotope discussed in the corresponding row is synthetic.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in:
|access-date=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (registration required (help)).
External links
Isotopes of aluminium | Isotopes of silicon | Isotopes of phosphorus |
Table of nuclides |
Isotopes of the chemical elements | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 H |
2 He | ||||||||||||||||
3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | ||||||||||
11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | ||||||||||
19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr |
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe |
55 Cs |
56 Ba |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn | |
87 Fr |
88 Ra |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og | |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
71 Lu | |||
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
103 Lr | |||
|
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