Siddhar
The Siddhar (Tamil: Cittar from Tamil cittu meaning knowledge, singular Citta, Sanskrit siddha) are saints in India, mostly Shaiva, in Tamil Nadu, who professed and practised an unorthodox type of sādhanā (spiritual practices) to attain liberation. A siddha obtains yogic powers called siddhi by constant practice of certain yogic disciplines and tapasya. The siddhars can be compared to mystics in Western culture.
Historically, Siddhar also refers to the people who were early age wandering adepts that dominated ancient Tamil teaching and philosophy. They were knowledgeable in science, technology, astronomy, literature, fine arts, music, drama, dance, and provided solutions to common people in their illness and advice for their future.[1] Some of their ideologies are considered to have originated during the First Sangam period.[2][3][4]
Practice
Siddhars are people who are believed to control and transcend the barriers of time and space by meditation (Yoga), the use of substances called Rasayanas that transform the body to make it potentially deathless, and a particular type of Pranayama (breathing-practice). Through their practices they are believed to have reached stages of insight which enabled them to tune into the powers hidden in various material substances and practices.
Typically Siddhars were saints, doctors, alchemists and mystics all at once. They wrote their findings in the form of poems in the Tamil language, on palm leaves which are collected and stored in what are known as the "Palm leaf manuscripts". These are still owned by some families in Tamil Nadu and handed down through the generations, as well as being kept in public institutions such as universities in India, Germany, Great Britain and the United States.[5]
In this way Siddhars developed, among other branches of a vast knowledge-system, what is now known as Siddha medicine, practised mainly in Tamil Nadu as a type of traditional native medicine. A rustic form of healing that is similar to Siddha medicine has since been practised by experienced elders in the villages of Tamil Nadu. (This has sometimes been confused with Paatti Vaitthiyam" and "Naattu marunthu (forms of traditional Tamil medicine) and Mooligai marutthuvam (Ayurvedic medicine)).
Siddhars are also believed to be the founders of Varmam - a martial art for self-defence and medical treatment at the same time. Varmam are specific points located in the human body which when pressed in different ways can give various results, such as disabling an attacker in self-defence, or balancing a physical condition as an easy first-aid medical treatment.
Tamil Siddhars were the first to develop pulse-reading ("naadi paarththal" in Tamil) to identify the origin of diseases. This method was later copied and used in Ayurveda.[6]
Siddhars have also written many religious poems. It is believed that most of them have lived for ages, in a mystic mountain called Sathuragiri, near Thanipparai village in Tamil Nadu.
Some Siddhars
The Abithana Chintamani encyclopedia states that the Siddhars are either of the 9 or 18 persons listed below, but sage Agastyar states that there are many who precede and follow these. Many of the great Siddhars are regarded to have powers magical and spiritual.
The 9 Siddhars
The 9 listed in "Abithana Chintamani" are as follows:
- Sathyanathar
- Sathoganathar
- Aadhinathar
- Anadhinathar
- Vegulinathar
- Madhanganathar
- Machaendranathar
- Gadaendranathar or Gajendranathar
- Korakkanathar
The 18 Siddhars
There are 18 siddhars in the Tamil Siddha tradition. They are[7][8]
- Pathanjali
- Agastya
- Kamalamuni
- Tirumular
- Kuthambai
- Korakkar
- Thanvandri
- Konganar
- Sattamuni
- Vanmeegar
- Ramadevar
- Nandeeswarar (Nandidevar)
- Edaikkadar
- Machamuni
- Karuvoorar
- Bogar
- Pambatti
- Sundarandandar
Powers of siddhas
The siddhars are believed to have had both major and minor powers which are described in detail in various yogic and religious texts.[9] They also are said to have the power of converting their mass to energy and thereby travelling to different universes.
- Anima (shrinking) -- Power of becoming the size of an atom and entering the smallest beings
- Mahima (illimitability) -- Power of becoming mighty and co-extensive with the universe. The power of increasing one's size without limit
- Laghima (lightness) -- Capacity to be quite light though big in size
- Garima (weight) -- Capacity to weigh a lot, though seemingly being small in size
- Prapti (fulfillment of desires) -- Capacity to enter all the worlds from Brahma Loga to the nether world. It is the power of attaining everything desired
- Prakasysm (irresistible will) -- Power of disembodying and entering into other bodies and going to heaven and enjoying what everyone aspires for, simply from where he stays
- Ishtavam (supremacy) -- Have the creative power of God and control over the Sun, Moon and the elements
- Vashitavam (dominion over the elements) -- Power of control over kings and gods. The power of changing the course of nature and assuming any form
These eight are the Great Siddhis (Ashtama siddhis), or Great Perfections.[10]
See also
Notes and references
- ↑ Meditation Revolution: A History and Theology of the Siddha Yoga Lineage. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 2000. ISBN 9788120816480.
- ↑ S. Cunjithapatham, M. Arunachalam (1989). Musical tradition of Tamilnadu. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations. p. 11.
- ↑ Journal of Indian history, Volume 38. Dept. of History, University of Kerala. 1960.
- ↑ Weiss, Richard (2009). Recipes for Immortality : Healing, Religion, and Community in South India: Healing, Religion, and Community in South India. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780199715008.
- ↑ V. Jayaram. "Study of siddhas". Hinduwebsite.com. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
- ↑ Dr. J. Raamachandran, Herbs of Siddha Mediicines/The First 3D book, pp.iii
- ↑ "18 siddhars". Palanitemples.com. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
- ↑ "Siddhars". Sathuragiri.org. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
- ↑ Thirumandiram 668
- ↑ "Ashtama Siddhis". Siddhars.com. Retrieved 2013-06-22.