Robert Leonhardt

Robert Leonhardt
Also known as Robert Leonard
Born 1877
Linz, Austria
Died February 2, 1923(1923-02-02)
New York City
Genres opera, German folk
Occupation(s) singer
Years active 1900–1922
Labels Gramophone Company, Zonophone, Homokord, Edison, Columbia, Victor
Associated acts Enrico Caruso, Metropolitan Opera

Robert Leonhardt (1877 – February 2, 1923) was an operatic baritone who sang several notable roles with the New York Metropolitan Opera between 1913 and 1922. He made numerous recordings for major record labels, both in Europe and in the United States.

Biography

Leonhardt was born in 1877[1] in Linz. His operatic debut was in 1898, in Linz.[2] For four years he found permanent employment at the German Theatre in Prague starting in 1905.[2] Specializing in Wagnerian roles,[3] he sang at Brün from 1909 to 1911, and from 1911 until 1913 with the Vienna Volksoper while also guesting with the Vienna Imperial Opera in 1909 and the Berlin Gura Summer Opera in 1910.[2] In October 1913 it was announced that Leonhardt had joined the New York Metropolitan opera.[4] Sailing from Bremen, he endured a difficult voyage before arriving in the U.S. on November 6.[5] He first appeared on stage for his new employer in December[6] in the role of Peter in Engelbert Humperdinck's opera Hänsel und Gretel.[7] Receiving critical acclaim for his work in this role,[8] he would appear in Met productions over the course of the next nine years. He was expected to appear in an expanded role at the met,[9] but world circumstances would prevent this. Beginning in December 1917 he billed himself as "Robert Leonard" to distance himself from his Germanic heritage.[10] Nevertheless, Leonhardt, a citizen of Austria, was dropped by the New York Met in April 1918 because of his status as an enemy alien despite continued critical praise.[11] The opera's manager, Mr. Gatti, expressed his regret at having to make such a move. Leonhardt's wife and children resided in Vienna for the duration of the war.[12] After the war his employment recommenced with the Met and he was performing on stage again as of November 1920.[13] Here he continued to perform until shortly before his death.[14] He developed an illness that lasted for some time, and never recovered. Robert Leonhardt died at St. Mark's Hospital in New York City on February 2, 1923.[15]

Performance style

Reviews of Leonhard's performances are wide-ranging. He has been noted for a "dark, steely, throaty bass" with mundane performance, although this is perhaps due to Leonhard being out of his voice's comfort zone regarding range.[16] Conversely, he was noted for having a "luscious and lovely Italian voice" with a splendid, spontaneous sense of humor.[17]

Operatic roles

United States

Year Company Opera Role Notes
1910 Gura Summer Opera Die Meistersinger Von Nürnberg Beckmesser [2]
1910 Gura Summer Opera Der Ring des Nibelungen Alberich [2]
1913 New York Met Hänsel und Gretel Peter debut with the New York Met[7]
1914 Boston Opera Company Die Meistersinger Von Nürnberg Beckmesser [18]
1914 New York Met Königskinder Innkeeper [19]
1914 New York Met Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg Nachtigall [20]
1914 New York Met Der Rosenkavalier Faninal [21]
1914 New York Met L'Amore Medico Macroton U.S. Premier [22]
1914 New York Met Die Zauberflöte Papageno [23]
1914 New York Met La Bohème Benoit [24]
1914 New York Met Tosca Sacristan [25]
1915 New York Met Carmen Dancaïre [26]
1915 New York Met Madame Sans-Gêne Leroy World Premiere[27]
1915 New York Met Fidelio Second Prisoner [28]
1915 New York Met Siegfried Alberich [29]
1915 New York Met La Bohème Alcindoro [30]
1915 New York Met Manon Innkeeper [31]
1916 New York Met The Taming of the Shrew Hortensio [32]
1916 New York Met Iphigénie en Tauride Temple Attendant U.S. Premiere[33]
1916 New York Met Lohengrin Herald [34]
1917 New York Met Le Nozze di Figaro Antonio [35]
1917 New York Met The Canterbury Pilgrims[12] The Knight, Man of Law World Premiere [36][37]
1917 New York Met Tristan und Isolde Melot [38]
1917 New York Met Mârouf Ahmad (Pastry Cook)[39] U.S. Premiere[10]
1918 New York Met Saint Elisabeth (Liszt)[12] Steward [11]
1918 New York Met Le Prophète Anabaptist [40]
1920 New York Met La Juive Ruggiero [13]
1920 New York Met Parsifal Amfortas [41]
1921 New York Met Louise Philosopher [42]
1921 New York Met Andrea Chénier Fouquier Tinville [43]
1921 New York Met The Polish Jew Judge Schmitt U.S. Premiere[44]
1921 New York Met Die tote Stadt Frank U.S. Premiere[45]
1922 New York Met Le roi d'Ys St. Corentin [46]
1922 New York Met Boris Godunov Shchelkalov [47]

Recordings

Leonhardt's career are a recording artist may be more important than his performing career. He recorded many popular songs, as well as operatic arias.[14] His recording career began in 1900 for the Gramophone Company, recording prolifically for them through 1905. Many of these recordings were issued in the Standard German Catalogue. Several European recordings also appeared on the International Zonophone[48] and Homokord labels. From 1903 to 1905 he also made records for the European Columbia branch.[2] He recorded cylinders for the Edison company before coming to the United States, and these were marketed in the U.S. to the German-speaking population. After changing his residency to the United States, he continued his recording career with Columbia Records from 1915 through 1920. Although promoted as from the "Metropolitan Opeara Co.", not all of his recordings were operatic and like the Edison cylinders, his records were marketed to German-speaking Americans, in their E-prefix ethnic catalog, and not to the general public. An exception is Record #A2053, to which the prestigious tri-color banner label was applied. This record was released in 1916, and an announcement was made in the English-speaking trade press,[49][50] but no other records by Leonhardt appeared in this series. His final recordings were made for Victor in 1921 and 1922, also released in their ethnic series. Collectors of operatic recordings were instructed to seek out these ethnic selections of Leonhardt's.[3]

Discography

(incomplete)

note:All Columbia listings are U.S. releases.

Label Catalog # Title Format Year Notes
Gramophone 42609 Stell' auf den Tisch 78 rpm 1900 [51]
Gramophone 42322 Carmen: Toreador (Georges Bizet) 78 rpm February 1900 matrix 641A[52]
Gramophone 42349 Bonn (August Bungert) 78 rpm 1901 [52]
Gramophone 42461 Dem Buren die Ehre, oder Das verlorene Glück des Buren 78 rpm 1901 matrix 648A[51]
Gramophone 42319 Zwei Äuglein braun (Ferdinand Gumbert) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 1102B[53]
Gramophone 42320 Deine blauen Augen (Kötzschke) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 1112B[54]
Gramophone 42325 Zwei dunkle Augen (Carl Heins) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 1113B[54]
Gramophone 42326 Leicht' Gepäck (Hämmerlein) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 1114B[54]
Gramophone 42322 Ach, könnt' ich noch einmal so lieben (Wilhelm Aletter) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 1115B[52]
Gramophone 42324 Das Herz am Rhein - Es liegt eine Krone im tiefen Rhein (Wilhelm Hill) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 1146B[54]
Gramophone 42473 Li-ti-ti, Rheinländer 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 1302B[51]
Gramophone 42383 Morgenhymne (George Henschel) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 119x[54]
Gramophone 42380 Ach, könnt' ich noch einmal so lieben (Wilhelm Aletter) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 120x[52]
Gramophone 42404 Bruder Liederlich (Blasser) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 185x[52]
Gramophone 42407 Zwei dunkle Augen (Carl Heins) 78 rpm October 1901 matrix 199x[54]
Gramophone 44029 Die Haselnuss, Überbrettlgesang 78 rpm October 1901 duet with Gertrud Runge[51]
Gramophone 42327 Schneeglöckchen 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1162B[51]
Gramophone 42664 Lehn' deine Wang' an meine Wang' (Jensen) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 2113B[54]
Gramophone 42675 Steh' ich in finstrer Mitternacht, Volkslied 78 rpm 1902 matrix 2187B[51]
Gramophone 42682 Ach, wie wär's möglich dann (Kücken) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 2188B[54]
Gramophone 42684 Deutschland über alles (Haydn - August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 2190B[54]
Gramophone 42685 Muss i' denn zum Städtle hinaus, Volkslied 78 rpm 1902 matrix 2192B[51]
Gramophone 42073 Es zogen drei Burschen, Volkslied 78 rpm 1902 matrix 2893B[51]
Gramophone 42943 Freiheit, die ich meine (Karl Groos) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1278x[53]
Gramophone 42945 Wem Gott will rechte Gunst erweisen (Mathias Fröhlich) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1280x[53]
Gramophone 42982 Carmen: Torerolied (Bizet) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1307x[52]
Gramophone 42950 Die Schöne von New York: Du mein Girl (Gustave Kerker) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1313x[54]
Gramophone 42986 Waldandacht (Franz Wilhelm Abt) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1371x[52]
Gramophone 42980 Ich sieh einem jungen Mann 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1286x[51]
Gramophone 42949 Das Grab auf der Haide (Heiser) 78 rpm 1902 matrix 1312x[54]
Gramophone 2-42652 Aennchen im Garten (Hoelzel) 78 rpm 1903 matrix 1749x[54]
Gramophone 2-42655 Ich sende diese Blumen dir (Gallrein) 78 rpm 1903 matrix 1768x[53]
Gramophone 2-42656 Wenn die Schwalben heimwärts zieh'n 78 rpm 1903 matrix 1769x[51]
Gramophone 2-42637 Die Puppe: Lied von der Zufriedenheit - Fragt jemand (Edmond Audran) 78 rpm 1903 matrix 1770x[52]
Gramophone 2-42657 Morgens send' ich dir die Veilchen 78 rpm 1903 matrix 1784x[51]
Gramophone 2-42658 Die Puppe: Lied des Maximus (Edmond Audran) 78 rpm 1903 matrix 1785x[52]
Gramophone 2-42114 Lauf der Welt (Goldschmidt) 78 rpm 1903 matrix 3181B[53]
Gramophone 3-42094 Ach, wie ist's möglich dann 78 rpm 1904 matrix 2475L[51]
Gramophone 2-42247 Das Vergissmeinnicht 78 rpm 1904 matrix 1901k[51]
Gramophone 44436 Das ist der Tag des Herrn (Conradin Kreutzer) 78 rpm 1904 duet with Gertrud Runge; matrix 2326h[54]
Gramophone 3-42057 Zampa: Reizendes Mädchen (Ferdinand Hérold) 78 rpm 1904 matrix 2382L[54]
Gramophone 3-42054 Das Vergissmeinnicht 78 rpm 1904 matrix 2404L[51]
Gramophone 3-42093 Morgenrot, Morgenrot, Volkslied 78 rpm 1904 matrix 2478L[51]
Gramophone 2-42252 Muss i' denn zum Städtle hinaus, Volkslied 78 rpm 1904 matrix 1916k[51]
Gramophone 3-42065 Muss i' denn zum Städtle hinaus, Volkslied 78 rpm 1904 matrix 2407L[51]
Gramophone 3-42422 Zu Mantua in Banden (Leopold Knebelsberger) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 234r[54]
Gramophone 3-42335 Waldandacht (Franz Wilhelm Abt) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 236r[52]
Gramophone 3-42310 Im Krug zum grünen Kranze, Volkslied 78 rpm 1905 matrix 238r[51]
Gramophone 3-42311 O alte Burschenherrlichkeit, Studentenlied 78 rpm 1905 matrix 239r[51]
Gramophone 3-42312 Franz Wilhelm Abt) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 240r[52]
Gramophone 2-42320 Zwei dunkle Augen (Carl Heins) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 256q[54]
Gramophone 2-42327 Die Schöne von New York: Du mein Girl (Gustave Kerker) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 257q[54]
Gramophone 2-42322 Wem Gott will rechte Gunst erweisen (Mathias Fröhlich) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 260q[53]
Gramophone 2-42323 O alte Burschenherrlichkeit, Studentenlied 78 rpm 1905 matrix 262q[51]
Gramophone 3-42309 Zwei dunkle Augen (Carl Heins) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 5h[54]
Gramophone 3-42093X Morgenrot, Morgenrot, Volkslied 78 rpm 1905 matrix 17h[51]
Gramophone 3-42199 Tief im Böhmerwald, Volkslied (Hans Bichert) 78 rpm 1905 matrix 3066L[52]
Gramophone 3-42169 Der rote Sarafan, russische Volkslied 78 rpm - matrix 2662L[51]
Gramophone 2-42231 Zampa: Reizendes Mädchen (Ferdinand Hérold) 78 rpm - matrix 1902k[54]
Victor 61151 Die Musik kommt 78 rpm - [55]
Homokord 1135 Die Loreley 10" 78 rpm - (backed with #1212)[56]
Homokord 1212 Vom Rhein der Wein 10" 78 rpm - (backed with #1135)[56]
Homokord D238 Wenn du noch eine Mutter hast 10" 78 rpm - (reverse side by Rodulf Wang)[57]
Homokord D240 Ach, ich hab sie ja nur auf die Schulter geküsst (C. Millöcker) 10" 78 rpm - -
Homokord D240 Ich weiss ein Herz, für das ich bete 10" 78 rpm - -
Pathé 1056 Nun ist's vollbracht (Lortzing) 10.5" vertical-cut 78 rpm - (reverse side by Peter Lordmann)[58]
Edison 12236 Die Zauberflöte: Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja 2-minute cylinder - [59]
Edison 12262 Zwei dunkle Augen 2-minute cylinder 1907 [60]
Edison 12264 Aria (Pardon de Ploërmel: Ah! mon remords te venge) 2-minute cylinder 1907 [61]
Edison 15189 Edelweiss 2-minute cylinder 1908 [62]
Edison 15197 Stolzenfels am Rhein (J. Meissler) 2-minute cylinder - [63]
Edison 15198 Ich sende diese Blume dir (Wagner) 2-minute cylinder - [63]
Edison 15254 Muss I Denn Zum Staedtele Hinaus[64] 2-minute cylinder - -
Edison 15302 Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern (Philipp Nicolai) 2-minute cylinder
Edison 15334 Tief Im Böhmerwald 2-minute cylinder - [65]
Edison 16090 Ballad of Nelusko (L'Africaine: Adamastor, roi des vagues profondes) 2-minute cylinder ~1909 [66]
Columbia 40510 Tannhäuser: O du mein holder Abendstern 10" single-sided 78 rpm - -
Columbia 40515 An der Weser Pressl single-sided 78 rpm - -
Columbia E2565 Die Musik kimmt (Oskar Strauss) 10" 78 rpm October 29, 1915 matrix 46163 take 2[67]
Columbia E2565 Prinz Eugen, der edle Ritter (Carl Löwe) 10" 78 rpm October 29, 1915 matrix 46164 take 1[67]
Columbia E2566 Das goldene Kreuz - Lied des Bombardon 10" 78 rpm October 29, 1915 matrix 46165 take 1[67]
Columbia E2566 Bonn (Wen nur der Rhein nicht wär'...) 10" 78 rpm October 29, 1915 matrix 46166 take 1[67]
Columbia E2644 Heimweh (Hugo Wolf) 10" 78 rpm November 1, 1915 matrix 46169 take 1[67]
Columbia E2644 Nachtigallenlied, from "Der Vogelhändler" (Zeller) 10" 78 rpm November 1, 1915 matrix 46170 take 1[67]
Columbia A2053 Der Trompeter von Säkkingen: Es hat nicht sollen sein 10" 78 rpm ~April 1916 matrix 43921 take 1[67]
Columbia A2053 O schöne Zeit, o sel'ge Zeit (Götze) 10" 78 rpm ~April 1916 matrix 43922 take 1[67]
Columbia E2951 Andreas Hofer 10" 78 rpm ~April 1916 matrix 43923[67]
Columbia E2951 Gott erhalte (Austrian folk hymn) 10" 78 rpm ~April 1916 matrix 43924[67]
Columbia E3098 Die Schlesischen Zecher und die Teufel (Reissiger) 10" 78 rpm ~May 1916 matrix 43975 take 2[67]
Columbia E3098 Drei Wanderer 10" 78 rpm ~May 1916 matrix 43978 take 1[67]
Columbia E3140 Aus der Jugendzeit (Radecke) 10" 78 rpm ~May 1916 matrix 44070 take 1[67]
Columbia E3230 Vom Rhein beim Wein 10" 78 rpm 1916 [67]
Columbia E3230 Still wie die Nacht, tief wie das Meer 10" 78 rpm 1916 duet with Julia Kuebler[67]
Columbia E3273 Sechse, sieben oder acht (Herrmann) 10" 78 rpm ~May 1916 matrix 44069 take 1[67]
Columbia E3273 Loblied der Polin, from "Der Bettelstudent" (Millöcker) 10" 78 rpm ~May 1916 matrix 44071 take 2[67]
Columbia E3320 Küssen ist keine Sünd 10" 78 rpm - 44033 take 1 (duet with Elinor Navarry)
Columbia E3320 Sei nicht böse 10" 78 rpm - 44032 take 2 (duet with Elinor Navarry)
Columbia E4898 Wohlauf noch getrunken - Wanderlied 10" 78 rpm October 1920 matrix 86736 take 1[67]
Columbia E4898 Loreley 10" 78 rpm October 1920 matrix 86737 take 2[67]
Columbia E4935 Aus der Jugendzeit 10" 78 rpm October 1920 matrix 86739 take 1[67]
Columbia E4935 Wenn die Schwalben wiederkehr'n 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86891 take 2[67]
Columbia E4997 Reiters Morgenlied 10" 78 rpm October 1920 matrix 86738[67]
Columbia E4997 Andreas Hofer 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86875[67]
Columbia E4956 Die Beiden Grenadiere 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86874 take 1[67]
Columbia E4956 Prinz Eugen der Ritter 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86889 take 3[67]
Columbia E7073 Der Trompeter von Säkkingen:Behüt' dich Gott 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86890 take 1[67]
Columbia E7073 Nachtigall Lied 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86896 take 2[67]
Columbia E7489 Der letzte Gruss 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86873[67]
Columbia E7489 Einst spielt' ich mit Szepter, from "Zar und Zimmermann" 10" 78 rpm December 1920 matrix 86897[67]
Victor 68583 Der Trompeter von Säkkingen: Behüt' dich Gott, es wär' zu schön gewesen 12" 78 rpm December 27, 1921 Nathaniel Shilkret, conductor[68]
Victor 68583 Erlkönig 12" 78 rpm December 27, 1921 Nathaniel Shilkret, conductor[69]
Victor 73258 Im Prater blüh 'n wieder die Bäume (Kurt Robitschek - Robert Stolz) 10" 78 rpm February 21, 1922 matrix B 26208 take 2[67]
Victor 73258 Weisst du, Muatterl, was I träumt hab? (A. Kutschera) 10" 78 rpm February 21, 1922 matrix B 26208 take 2[67]

References

  1. ↑ Laird, Paul R. (2008). The Cambridge Companion to the Musical. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780521862387.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kutsch, K.J.; Riemens, Leo (1969). A Concise Biographical Dictionary of Singers. Philadelphia: Chilton Book Company. p. 250. LCCN 79-94106.
  3. 1 2 "JEMF Quarterly". JEMF Quarterly. John Edwards Memorial Foundation. 15: 229. 1979. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  4. ↑ "Many New Operas for Metropolitan". The New York Times. October 6, 1913.
  5. ↑ "Hard Voyage for Bremen". The New York Times. November 7, 1913.
  6. ↑ "New Baritone Appears". The New York Times. December 27, 1913. p. 18.
  7. 1 2 "[Met Performance] CID:55450 Hänsel und Gretel {75} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 12/26/1913.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Caruso Again Sings Canio". The New York Times. January 15, 1914.
  9. ↑ "Metropolitan Grand Opera Season Closes; Company Goes to Boston". The Sunday Oregonian. April 16, 1916. p. Section 5 page 7. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  10. 1 2 "[Met Performance] CID:67430 United States Premiere Mârouf {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/19/1917.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  11. 1 2 "[Met Performance] CID:67620 United States Stage Premiere Saint Elisabeth {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/3/1918.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 "Opera Clears Out 20 Enemy Aliens". The New York Times. April 27, 1918. p. 10. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  13. 1 2 "[Met Performance] CID:76000 La Juive {29} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/15/1920.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  14. 1 2 Kutsch, K. J.; Riemens, Leo (1975). Unvergängliche Stimmen, Volume 1. Francke. p. 381. ISBN 3772011454. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Robert Leonhardt, Opera Baritone". The New York Times. February 3, 1923. p. 13.
  16. ↑ Blyth, Alan; Walker, Malcolm (1984). Opera on Record 3. Hutchinson. p. 137. ISBN 0091586208.
  17. ↑ "Season of Grand Opera Draws Near to Close in New York City". The Sunday Oregonian. April 2, 1916. p. Section 5 page 2. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Plays and Players". Cambridge Tribune. February 17, 1914. p. 7.
  19. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:55620 Königskinder {33} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/8/1914.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  20. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:55710 Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg {122} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/15/1914.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  21. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:56510 Der Rosenkavalier {9} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/19/1914.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  22. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:56590 United States Premiere (L'Amore Medico)". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  23. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:56900 Die Zauberflöte {43} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/18/1914.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  24. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:58270 La Bohème {131} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/9/1914.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  25. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:58360 Tosca {108} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/17/1914.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  26. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:58650 Carmen {210} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/9/1915.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  27. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:58840 World Premiere Madame Sans-Gêne {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/25/1915.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  28. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:58900 Fidelio {40} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/30/1915.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Siegfried {106} Ring Cycle [42] Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 02/12/1915.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  30. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:59900 L'Oracolo {7} La Bohème {137} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 04/17/1915.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  31. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:61180 Manon {54} Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 11/30/1915.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  32. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:62470 Metropolitan Opera Premiere The Taming of the Shrew {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/15/1916.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  33. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:64130 United States Premiere Iphigénie en Tauride {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/25/1916.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  34. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:64210 Lohengrin {301} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/1/1916.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  35. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:64850 Le Nozze di Figaro {49} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/24/1917.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  36. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:65390 World Premiere The Canterbury Pilgrims {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/8/1917.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  37. ↑ Krehbiel, Henry Edward (1919). More Chapters of Opera: Being Historical and Critical Observations and Records Concerning the Lyric Drama in New York from 1908 to 1918. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 370. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  38. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:65860 Tristan und Isolde {143} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/13/1917.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  39. ↑ Krehbiel, Henry Edward (1919). More Chapters of Opera: Being Historical and Critical Observations and Records Concerning the Lyric Drama in New York from 1908 to 1918. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 398. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  40. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:68110 Le Prophète {53} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/15/1918.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  41. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:76560 Parsifal {92} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 12/31/1920.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  42. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:76750 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Louise {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/15/1921.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  43. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:77330 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Andrea Chénier {1} Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 03/1/1921.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  44. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:77430 United States Premiere (The Polish Jew) The Polish Jew {1} Il Segreto di Susanna {8} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/9/1921.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  45. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:79050 United States Premiere Die Tote Stadt {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/19/1921.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  46. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:79890 Le Roi d'Ys {3} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/21/1922.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  47. ↑ "[Met Performance] CID:79950 Boris Godunov {54} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/26/1922.". The Metropolitan Opera Archives. The Metropolitan Opera. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  48. ↑ Bayly, Ernie; Kinnear, Michael S. (2001). The Zon-o-phone record: a discography of recordings produced by the International Zonophone Company and associated companies in Europe and the Americas, 1901-1903. ISBN 9780957735521.
  49. ↑ "Columbia Records". Theatre Magazine. 24: 252. 1916. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  50. ↑ "Columbia Record Advertisement". The Saturday Evening Post. 189 (1): 63. 1916. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Kelly, Alan. "The Gramophone Company - Standard German Catalogue (1898-1929) - Recordings for which the composer is not stated". operadis-opera-discography.org.uk. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Kelly, Alan. "The Gramophone Company - Standard German Catalogue (1898-1929) - composers A-D". operadis-opera-discography.org.uk. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kelly, Alan. "The Gramophone Company - Standard German Catalogue (1898-1929) - composers E-G". operadis-opera-discography.org.uk. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Kelly, Alan. "The Gramophone Company - Standard German Catalogue (1898-1929) - composers H-K". operadis-opera-discography.org.uk. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  55. ↑ "New Victor Records (advertisement)". The Outing Magazine. Outing Publishing company. 47: 258. 1905. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  56. 1 2 Nauck, Kurt (2009). Vintage Record Auction #45. Spring, TX. Page 26.
  57. ↑ Nauck, Kurt (2004). Vintage Record Auction #36. Spring, TX. Page 26.
  58. ↑ Nauck, Kurt (2007). Vintage Record Auction #42. Spring, TX. Page 50.
  59. ↑ "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja". Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project. Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  60. ↑ "Zwei dunkle Augen". Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project. Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  61. ↑ "Arie". Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project. Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  62. ↑ "Edelweiss". Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project. Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  63. 1 2 Thomas A. Edison, Inc (1978). Edison Amberola Monthly Vol. 5.
  64. ↑ "Gesang muss i denn zum Staedtele hinaus". Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project. Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  65. ↑ Nauck, Kurt (2009). Vintage Record Auction #45. Spring, TX. Page 111.
  66. ↑ "Ballade des Nelusko". Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project. Donald C. Davidson Library, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Spottswood, Richard K. (1990). Ethnic Music on Records, a Discography of Ethnic Recordings Produced in the United States, 1893 to 1942; Vol. 1 - Western Europe. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-252-01719-6.
  68. ↑ "Es hat nicht sollen sein". National Jukebox. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  69. ↑ "Erlkönig". National Jukebox. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
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