Robert Desnos

Robert Desnos

Robert Desnos in 1924
Born (1900-07-04)4 July 1900
Paris, France
Died 8 June 1945(1945-06-08) (aged 44)
Theresienstadt concentration camp, Czechoslovakia
Nationality French
Known for Poetry

Robert Desnos (French: [dɛsnɔs]; 4 July 1900 – 8 June 1945), was a French surrealist poet who played a key role in the Surrealist movement of his day.

Biography

Robert Desnos was born in Paris on 4 July 1900, the son of a licensed dealer in game and poultry at the Halles market. Other sources state Desnos was the son of a Parisien café owner. Desnos attended commercial college, and started work as a clerk. He also worked as an amanuensis for journalist Jean de Bonnefon.[1] After that he worked as a literary columnist for the newspaper Paris-Soir.

The first poems by Desnos to appear in print were published in 1917 in La Tribune des Jeunes (Platform for Youth) and in 1919 in the avant-garde review, Le Trait d’union (Hyphen), and also the same year in the Dadaist magazine Littérature. In 1922, he published his first book, a collection of surrealistic aphorisms, with the title Rrose Sélavy (based upon the name (pseudonym) of the popular French artist Marcel Duchamp).

In 1919, he met the poet Benjamin Péret who introduced him to the Paris Dada group and André Breton, with whom he soon became friends. While working as a literary columnist for Paris-Soir, Desnos was an active member of the Surrealist group and developed a particular talent for automatic writing. He, together with writers such as Louis Aragon and Paul Éluard, would form the literary vanguard of surrealism. André Breton included two photographs of Desnos sleeping in his surrealist novel Nadja.[2] Although he was praised by Breton in his 1924 Manifeste du Surréalisme for being the movement's "prophet", Desnos disagreed with Surrealism's involvement in communist politics, which caused a rift between him and Breton. Desnos continued work as a columnist.

In 1926, he composed The Night of Loveless Nights, a lyric poem dealing with solitude curiously written in classic quatrains, which makes it more like Baudelaire than Breton. Desnos fell in love with Yvonne George, a singer whose obsessed fans made his love impossible. He wrote several poems for her, as well as the erotic surrealist novel La liberté ou l'amour! (1927). Critic Ray Keenoy describes La liberté ou l'amour! as "literary and lyrical in its outpourings of sexual delirium".[3]

By 1929, Breton definitively condemned Desnos, who in turn joined Georges Bataille and Documents, as one of the authors to sign Un Cadavre (A cadaver) attacking "le boeuf Breton" (the ox Breton). He wrote articles on "Modern Imagery", "Avant-garde Cinema" (1929, issue 7), "Pygmalion and the Sphinx" (1930, issue 1), and Sergei Eisenstein, the Soviet filmmaker, on his film titled The General Line (1930, issue 4).

His career in radio began in 1932 with a show dedicated to Fantômas. During that time, he became friends with Picasso, Hemingway, Artaud and John Dos Passos; published many critical reviews on jazz and cinema; and became increasingly involved in politics. He wrote for many periodicals, including Littérature, La Révolution surréaliste, and Variétés. Besides his numerous collections of poems, he published three novels, Deuil pour deuil (1924), La Liberté ou l’amour! (1927), and Le vin est tiré (1943); a play La Place De L'Etoile, (1928; revised 1944) and a film script, L'Etoile de mer (1928), which was directed by Man Ray that same year.

Resistance and deportation

Last known photo of Desnos in the Theresienstadt concentration camp (1945)

During World War II, Desnos was an active member of the French Résistance network Réseau AGIR,[4] under the direction of Michel Hollard, often publishing under pseudonyms. For Réseau Agir, Desnos provided information collected during his job at the journal Aujourd'hui and made false identity papers [4] and was arrested by the Gestapo on 22 February 1944.

He was first deported to the German concentration camps of Auschwitz in occupied Poland, then Buchenwald, Flossenburg in Germany and finally to Terezín (Theresienstadt) in occupied Czechoslovakia in 1945.[5][6][7][8]

Desnos died in "Malá pevnost", which was an inner part of Terezín used only for political prisoners, from typhoid, a month after the camp's liberation. He wrote poems during his imprisonment which were accidentally destroyed following his death.

There is a moving anecdote about Desnos's last days after liberation while being tended to by a young Czech medical student, Josef Stuna, who recognised him thanks to reading Breton's Nadja.[9]

Susan Griffin relates a story, previously recounted slightly differently by Yuen,[10] that exemplifies Desnos' surrealist mindset; his capacity to envisage solutions that defy conventional logic:[11]

“ Even in the grimmest of circumstances, a shift in perspective can create startling change. I am thinking of a story I heard a few years ago from my friend Odette, a writer and a survivor of the holocaust. Along with many others who crowd the bed of a large truck, she tells me, Robert Desnos is being taken away from the barracks of the concentration camp where he has been held prisoner. Leaving the barracks, the mood is somber; everyone knows the truck is headed for the gas chambers. And when the truck arrives no one can speak at all; even the guards fall silent. But this silence is soon interrupted by an energetic man, who jumps into the line and grabs one of the condemned. Improbable as it is, Odette explains, Desnos reads the man's palm. Oh, he says, I see you have a very long lifeline. And you are going to have three children. He is exuberant. And his excitement is contagious. First one man, then another, offers up his hand, and the prediction is for longevity, more children, abundant joy.

As Desnos reads more palms, not only does the mood of the prisoners change but that of the guards too. How can one explain it? Perhaps the element of surprise has planted a shadow of doubt in their minds. If they told themselves these deaths were inevitable, this no longer seems so inarguable. They are in any case so disoriented by this sudden change of mood among those they are about to kill that they are unable to go through with the executions. So all the men, along with Desnos, are packed back onto the truck and taken back to the barracks. Desnos has saved his own life and the lives of others by using his imagination.

 ”

The legend of "The Last Poem"

A so-called "Last Poem" (Dernier poème) has been published numerous times; it was even set to music by Francis Poulenc in 1956. However, this poem has never existed. The belief in its existence started after a misunderstanding. A Czech newspaper Svobodné noviny (Free Newspaper) published his obituary which ended by the sentence "In a strange, tragic way his verses have fulfilled" followed by a quote from Desnos' poem I Dreamt About You So Much translated by a Czech poet Jindřich Hořejší and printed in six lines. When re-published in France in Les Lettres Françaises, the sentence was translated in a completely wrong way: "A strange and tragic fate gave a concrete meaning to a poem, the only one found with him and dedicated probably to his spouse" followed by an erroneous translation of the aforementioned verses (furthermore, the translation excluded the last line of the Czech translation). Due to this the legend of "The Last Poem" survived well into the 1970s. It was thanks to a Czech translator Adolf Kroupa and his two well-founded articles in Les Lettres Françaises (June 1960, August 1970) that this false belief in the poem started to cease to exist.[9]

Desnos was married to Youki Desnos, formerly Lucie Badoud, nicknamed "Youki" ("snow") by her lover Tsuguharu Foujita before she left him for Desnos. Desnos wrote several poems about her. One of his most famous poems is "Letter to Youki", written after his arrest.

He is buried at the Montparnasse cemetery in Paris.

Legacy

Desnos' poetry has been set to music by a number of composers, including Witold Lutosławski with Les Espaces du Sommeil (1975) and Chantefleurs et Chantefables (1991), Francis Poulenc (Dernier poème, 1956) and Henri Dutilleux with Le Temps l'Horloge (2007). Carolyn Forché has translated his poetry and names Desnos as a significant influence on her own work.

In 1974, at the urging of Robert Desnos' widow, Joan Miró published an "illustrated book" with text from Robert Desnos titled Les pénalités de l'enfer ou les nouvelles Hébrides (The Penalties of Hell or The New Hebrides), Maeght Editeur, Paris, 1974. It was a set of 25 lithographs, five in black, and the others in colors.

In 2006, the book was displayed in "Joan Miró, Illustrated Books" at the Vero Beach Museum of Art. One critic said it is "an especially powerful set, not only for the rich imagery but also for the story behind the book's creation. The lithographs are long, narrow verticals, and while they feature Miró's familiar shapes, there's an unusual emphasis on texture." The critic continued, "I was instantly attracted to these four prints, to an emotional lushness, that's in contrast with the cool surfaces of so much of Miró's work. Their poignancy is even greater, I think, when you read how they came to be. The artist met and became friends with Desnos, perhaps the most beloved and influential surrealist writer, in 1925, and before long, they made plans to collaborate on a livre d'artist. Those plans were put on hold because of the Spanish civil war and World War II. Desnos' bold criticism of the latter led to his imprisonment in Auschwitz, and he died at age 45 shortly after his release in 1945. Nearly three decades later, at the suggestion of Desnos' widow, Miró set out to illustrate the poet's manuscript. It was his first work in prose, which was written in Morocco in 1922 but remained unpublished until this posthumous collaboration."

A reading of "Relation d'un Rêve" (Description of a Dream) recorded by Desnos for radio broadcast in 1938 can be heard on the audiobook CD Surrealism Reviewed, issued in 2002.[12]

Selected works

Film

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Lahire, Bernard (2006). La condition littéraire : La double vie des écrivains. Paris: Edition La Découverte. p. 138. ISBN 9782707149428. OCLC 421524893. Retrieved March 29, 2016 – via Cairn.info. (registration required (help)).
  2. ↑ Sitney, P Adams. Modernist montage : the obscurity of vision in cinema and literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. 28.
  3. ↑ Ray Keenoy, Liberty or Love! in Keeney (ed.), The Babel guide to French fiction in English translation. (pp.72-3). London : Boulevard, 1996. ISBN 1-899460-10-1
  4. 1 2 Conley, Katharine (2003). Robert Desnos, surrealism, and the marvelous in everyday life. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8032-1523-8.
  5. ↑ Clinton, Alan Ramon (2004), Mechanical occult : automatism, modernism, and the specter of politics, Peter Lang, ISBN 978-0-8204-6943-0
  6. ↑ Desnos, Youki (1999). Les confidences de Youki. Fayard, Paris
  7. ↑ Prouteau, Gilbert (1962). Les dieux meurent le matin. Grasset, Paris
  8. ↑ Georges Hugnet, preface to 'Choix de poèmes de Robert Desnos’ published 1945 in L'Honneur des poètes (1ère éd. publique). Editions de minuit, Paris
  9. 1 2 Desnos, Robert (1984), Prostory spánku, Odeon, Prague. Published in The Last Album: Eyes from the Ashes of Auschwitz, edited by Ann Weiss.
  10. ↑ Yuen, Nicky González (1994). The Politics of liberation : an introductory reader on political life and government in the United States Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co, Dubuque, Iowa p.426
  11. ↑ Griffin, S. (1996). To love the marigold: the politics of imagination. Whole Earth Review, (89)
  12. ↑ Surrealism Reviewed audiobook
Bibliography
  • Waldberg, Patrick. Surrealism. Thames and Hudson, 1965.
  • Durozi, Gerard. The History of the Surrealist Movement. University of Chicago Press, 2002.
  • Pollizzotti, Mark. Revolution of the Mind. Da Capo, 1997
  • Dada and Surrealist Film. Edited by Rudolf E. Kuenzli. MIT Press, 1996.
  • Modern French Theatre. Edied & translated by Michael Benedikt and George E. Wellwarth. E.P. Dutton, 1966
  • Desnos, Robert. Liberty or Love. Atlas Press, 1993
  • Conley, Katharine (2003). Robert Desnos, surrealism, and the marvelous in everyday life. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1523-8.
  • Weiss, Ann. The Last Album: Eyes from the Ashes of Auschwitz, 2001, 2005, Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 9780827607842.
  • Thacker, Eugene. The Period of the Sleeping Fits. Mute magazine, 16 October 2013.
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