Ribostamycin

Ribostamycin
Clinical data

AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
ATC code	J01GB10 (WHO)
Identifiers
IUPAC name (1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-hydroxy-2-(β-D-ribofuranosyloxy)cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside
Synonyms	(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-5-amino-2-(aminomethyl)-6-{[(1R,2R,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-2-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy}oxane-3,4-diol
CAS Number	53797-35-6
PubChem (CID)	33042
ChemSpider	30581^N
UNII	2Q5JOU7T53^N
ChEMBL	CHEMBL221572^N
ECHA InfoCard	100.053.421
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₇H₃₄N₄O₁₀
Molar mass	454.47266 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
SMILES C1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1N)O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CN)O)O)N)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)O)N
InChI InChI=1S/C17H34N4O10/c18-2-6-10(24)12(26)8(21)16(28-6)30-14-5(20)1-4(19)9(23)15(14)31-17-13(27)11(25)7(3-22)29-17/h4-17,22-27H,1-3,18-21H2/t4-,5+,6-,7-,8-,9+,10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17+/m1/s1^N Key:NSKGQURZWSPSBC-VVPCINPTSA-N^N
^NY (what is this?) (verify)

Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from a streptomycete, Streptomyces ribosidificus, originally identified in a soil sample from Tsu City of Mie Prefecture in Japan.^[1] It is made up of 3 ring subunits: 2-deoxystreptamine (DOS), neosamine C, and ribose.^[2] Ribostamycin, along with other aminoglycosides with the DOS subunit, is an important broad-spectrum antibiotic with important use against human immunodeficiency virus and is considered a critically important antimicrobial by the World Health Organization.,^[3]^[4] Resistance against aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as ribostamycin, is a growing concern. The resistant bacteria contain enzymes that modify the structure through phosphorylation, adenylation, and acetylation and prevent the antibiotic from being able to interact with the bacterial ribosomal RNAs.^[5]

Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of ribostamycin begins with the sugar, D-glucose, which is phosphorylated at the 6 position to form glucose-6-phosphate. Enzyme rbmA contains a genetic sequence that corresponds to NAD+ binding and catalyzes the formation of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose. Enzyme rmbB then catalyzes the transamination of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose to 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosamine with L-glutamine and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). Enzyme rbmC oxidizes the ring to 2-deoxy-3-amino-scyllo-inosose, which is then transaminated by enzyme rmbB to DOS. DOS is then glycosylated by the glycosyltransferase rmbD with uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-Glc-NAc) to form 2’-N-acetylparomamine. The deacetylase, racJ, removes the acetyl group and forms paromamine. Paromamine is oxidized by enzyme rbmG and then enzyme rmbH transaminates to produce neamine. Neamine is then ribosylated to form ribostamycin.,^[2]^[3]

Antibacterials: protein synthesis inhibitors (J01A, J01B, J01F, J01G, QJ01XQ)

30S

Aminoglycosides
(initiation inhibitors)

-mycin (Streptomyces)	Streptomycin^# Dihydrostreptomycin Neomycin^# Framycetin Paromomycin Ribostamycin Kanamycin^# Amikacin Arbekacin Bekanamycin Dibekacin Tobramycin Spectinomycin^# Hygromycin B Paromomycin

-micin (Micromonospora)	Gentamicin^# Netilmicin Sisomicin Plazomicin^† Isepamicin Verdamicin Astromicin

Tetracycline antibiotics
(tRNA binding)

Tetracyclines	Doxycycline^# Chlortetracycline Clomocycline Demeclocycline Lymecycline Meclocycline Metacycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Penimepicycline Rolitetracycline Tetracycline

Glycylcyclines	Tigecycline

Fluorocyclines	Eravacycline^†

50S

Oxazolidinone
(initiation inhibitors)

Peptidyl transferase

Amphenicols	Chloramphenicol^# Azidamfenicol Thiamphenicol Florfenicol

Pleuromutilins	Retapamulin Tiamulin Valnemulin

MLS (transpeptidation/translocation)

Macrolides	Azithromycin^# Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin^# Flurithromycin Josamycin Midecamycin Miocamycin Oleandomycin Rokitamycin Roxithromycin Spiramycin Troleandomycin Tylosin Ketolides Telithromycin Cethromycin Solithromycin^†

Lincosamides	Clindamycin^# Lincomycin Pirlimycin

Streptogramins	Pristinamycin Quinupristin/dalfopristin Virginiamycin

EF-G

Steroid antibacterials	Fusidic acid

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

References

↑ Shomura, T.; Ezaki, N.; Tsuruoka, T.; Niwa, T.; Akita, E.; Niida, T.; Studies on Antibiotic SF-733, a New Antibiotic. I Taxonomy, Isolation and Characterization. The Journal of Antibiotics. 1970, 23 (3), 155-161.
1 2 Subba, B.; Kharel, M.K.; Lee, H.C.; Liou, K.; Kim, B.G; Sohng, J.K.; The Ribostamycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster in Streptomyces ribosidificus: Comparison With Butirosin Biosynthesis. Molecules and Cells. 2005, 20 (1), 90-96.
1 2 Kurumbang N.P.; Liou, K.; Sohng, J.K.; Biosynthesis of Ribostamycin Derivatives by Reconstitution and Heterologous Expression of Required Gene Sets. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2011, 163, 373-382.
↑ World Health Organization. Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine 3rd revision. 2011
↑ Kudo, F.; Eguchi, T.; Biosynthetic Genes for Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. The Journal of Antibiotics. 2009, 62, 471-481.

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