Quantum machine learning

Quantum machine learning is a newly emerging interdisciplinary research area between quantum physics and computer science that summarises efforts to combine quantum mechanics with methods of machine learning.[1][2] Quantum machine learning models or algorithms intend to use the advantages of quantum information in order to improve classical methods of machine learning, for example by developing efficient implementations of expensive classical algorithms on a quantum computer.[3][4][5] However, quantum machine learning also includes the vice versa approach, namely applying classical methods of machine learning to quantum information theory.

Although yet in its infancy, quantum machine learning is met with high expectations of providing a solution for big data analysis using the ‘parallel’ power of quantum computation.[6] This trend is underlined by recent investments of companies such as Google and Microsoft into quantum computing hardware and research. However, quantum machine learning is still in its infancy and requires more theoretical foundations as well as solid scientific results in order to mature to a full academic discipline.

Quantum methods for Machine Learning

A number of proposals suggest ideas of how to adapt classical methods of machine learning to quantum information processing.[7]

Quantum Support Vector Machines

A support vector machine can be implemented on a quantum computer using a combination of known quantum algorithms.[8] In order to construct the hyperplane separating the dataset for classification tasks, the linear equation from the dual form or least squares formulation is solved using a quantum algorithm to solve linear equations [9] An important trick is thereby a routine to construct a density matrix whose entries correspond to those of the kernel matrix.

Extracting information from the final state can be done through quantum principal component analysis.[10] The classification of a new input is accomplished through a so-called swap test, in which the overlap between two quantum states is calculated. The quantum support vector machine can be implemented in time that depends logarithmically on the dimension of the feature space and the number of training vectors, while the classical solution requires a polynomial dependence.[11] First experiments on a quantum support vector machine have been realised.[12]

Quantum Clustering and k-nearest neighbour methods

Machine learning algorithms such as k-means clustering or classification with k-nearest neighbours are based on calculating distances between feature vectors and selecting the closest one (either to identify the nearest cluster centroid or the nearest neighbours to a certain feature vector). Implementing such distance-based methods on a quantum computer means in the first place to find a way of calculating classical distances with quantum algorithms. A frequent idea is to employ the overlap of two carefully prepared wavefunctions as a distance measure between quantum states.

The minimum distance can be found based on an iterative Grover search.[13][14]

Distance-based machine learning algorithms such as unsupervised clustering can also be implemented through adiabatic quantum computing which improves the classical computation time of for Lloyd’s algorithm to (where M is the number of N-dimensional data vectors, and k is the given number of clusters).[15]

First experiment on distance-based quantum machine learning algorithms has been implemented on a photonic quantum computer up to eight dimensions, demonstrating supervised nearest-neighbor algorithm and unsupervised k-means algorithm.[16]

Quantum neural networks

Quantum neural networks were initially discussed from a different perspective, namely the question of whether and how quantum effects could play a role in the brain’s biological neural networks.[17] However, the debate quickly shifted towards a purely computational focus on quantum versions of artificial neural networks, which play an important role in machine learning. A number of ideas for quantum neural network models have been published since.[18][19][20][21][22][23] An interesting approach for quantum machine learning is the quantum associative memory model based on Grover’s search algorithm.[24] However, finding a convincing method to train a quantum neural network is still an open task.[25]

Machine learning methods for quantum information

The term quantum machine learning can also be used for approaches that apply classical methods of machine learning to problems of quantum information theory. For example, when experimentalists have to deal with incomplete information on a quantum system or source, Bayesian methods and concepts of algorithmic learning can be fruitfully applied. This includes machine learning approaches to quantum state classification,[26] Hamiltonian learning,[27] and learning an unknown unitary transformation.[28][29]

Corporate investments into quantum machine learning research

Not only academia but also leading IT companies show interest in the potential of quantum machine learning for future technological implementations. Google Research launched its Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab in 2013.[30] which is run as a joint initiative together with NASA and the Universities Space Research Association. An important hardware asset is the controversially debated D-Wave quantum computer.[31] Also Microsoft seems to become interested in the topic, and Microsoft’s Head of Research Peter Lee announced to “dramatically” increase the companies’ activity in quantum computing.[32]

References

  1. ↑ Maria Schuld, Ilya Sinayiskiy, and Francesco Petruccione (2014) An introduction to quantum machine learning, Contemporary Physics, doi:10.1080/00107514.2014.964942 (preprint available at arXiv:1409.3097)
  2. ↑ Wittek, Peter (2014). Quantum Machine Learning: What Quantum Computing Means to Data Mining. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-800953-6.
  3. ↑ see for example, Nathan Wiebe, Ashish Kapoor, and Krysta M. Svorey (2014) Quantum Algorithms for Nearest-Neighbor Methods for Supervised and Unsupervised Learning, arXiv:1401.2142v2
  4. ↑ Seth Lloyd, Masoud Mohseni, and Patrick Rebentrost (2014) Quantum algorithms for supervised and unsupervised machine learning, arXiv:1307.0411v2
  5. ↑ Seokwon Yoo, Jeongho Bang, Changhyoup Lee, and Jinhyoung Lee, A quantum speedup in machine learning: finding an N-bit Boolean function for a classification, New Journal of Physics 16 (2014) 103014, arXiv:1303.6055
  6. ↑ "How Quantum Computers and Machine Learning Will Revolutionize Big Data". WIRED. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  7. ↑ For a review, see Maria Schuld, Ilya Sinayiskiy, and Francesco Petruccione (2014) An introduction to quantum machine learning, Contemporary Physics, doi:10.1080/00107514.2014.964942 (upcoming, preprint available at arXiv:1409.3097)
  8. ↑ Patrick Rebentrost, Masoud Mohseni, and Seth Lloyd (2014) Quantum support vector machine for big data classification, Physical Review Letters 113 130501
  9. ↑ Aram W. Harrow, Avinatan Hassidim and Seth Lloyd (2009) Quantum Algorithm for Linear Systems of Equations, Physical Review Letters 103 150502, arXiv:0811.3171
  10. ↑ Seth Lloyd, Masoud Mohseni, and Patrick Rebentrost (2014) Quantum principal component analysis, Nature Physics 10 pp. 631-633
  11. ↑ Patrick Rebentrost, Masoud Mohseni, and Seth Lloyd (2014) Quantum support vector machine for big data classification], Physical Review Letters 113 130501, arXiv:1307.0471v3
  12. ↑ Zhaokai Li, Xiaomei Liu, Nanyang Xu, and Jiangfeng Du (2014) Experimental Realization of Quantum Artificial Intelligence, arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.1054v1
  13. ↑ C. Duerr and P. Hoyer (1996), A quantum algorithm for finding the minimum, arXiv preprint quantph/ 9607014
  14. ↑ Esma Aïmeur, Gilles Brassard, Sébastien Gambs (2013) Quantum speed-up for unsupervised learning, Machine Learning 90, pp. 261-287
  15. ↑ Seth Lloyd, Masoud Mohseni, and Patrick Rebentrost Quantum algorithms for supervised and unsupervised machine learning, arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.0411v2
  16. ↑ Cai, X.-D.; Wu, D.; Su, Z.-E.; Chen, M.-C.; Wang, X.-L.; Li, Li; Liu, N.-L.; Lu, C.-Y.; Pan, J.-W. (2015). "Entanglement-Based Machine Learning on a Quantum Computer". Physical Review Letters. 114: 110504. arXiv:1409.7770Freely accessible. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114k0504C. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.110504.
  17. ↑ Kak (1995). "Quantum neural computing, Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics 94". Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics: 259–313. doi:10.1016/S1076-5670(08)70147-2. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  18. ↑ for example, Menneer, T., Narayanan, A. (1995) Quantum-inspired neural networks. Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, UK, Technical Report 32
  19. ↑ Altaisky, M.V. (2001) Quantum neural network. arXiv:quant-ph/0107012
  20. ↑ Zak, M., Williams, C.P. (1998) Quantum neural nets. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 37(2), pp. 651–684
  21. ↑ Behrman, E.C., Steck, J.E., Skinner, S.R. (1999) A spatial quantum neural computer. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE IJCNN’99, Vol. 2, pp. 874–877
  22. ↑ Purushothaman, G., Karayiannis, N.B. (1997) Quantum neural networks (qnns): inherently fuzzy feedforward neural networks. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 8(3), pp. 679–693
  23. ↑ da Silva, Adenilton J.; Ludermir, Teresa B.; de Oliveira, Wilson R. "Quantum perceptron over a field and neural network architecture selection in a quantum computer". Neural Networks. 76: 55–64. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2016.01.002.
  24. ↑ Dan Ventura, and Tony Martinez (2000) Quantum associative memory, Information Sciences 124 pp. 273-296
  25. ↑ Maria Schuld, Ilya Sinayskiy, Francesco Petruccione (2014) The quest for a Quantum Neural Network, Quantum Information Processing, doi:10.1007/s11128-014-0809-8
  26. ↑ Sentıs, G.; Calsamiglia, J.; Munoz-Tapia, R.; Bagan, E. (2012). "Quantum learning without quantum memory". Scientific Reports. 2: 708. arXiv:1106.2742Freely accessible. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.708S. doi:10.1038/srep00708.
  27. ↑ Wiebe, Nathan; Granade, Christopher; Ferrie, Christopher; Cory, David (2014). "Quantum Hamiltonian learning using imperfect quantum resources". Physical Review A. 89: 042314. arXiv:1311.5269Freely accessible. Bibcode:2014PhRvA..89d2314W. doi:10.1103/physreva.89.042314.
  28. ↑ Alessandro Bisio, Giulio Chiribella, Giacomo Mauro D’Ariano, Stefano Facchini, and Paolo Perinotti (2010) Optimal quantum learning of a unitary transformation, Physical Review A 81, 032324, arXiv:arXiv:0903.0543
  29. ↑ Jeongho; Junghee Ryu, Bang; Yoo, Seokwon; Pawłowski, Marcin; Lee, Jinhyoung (2014). "A strategy for quantum algorithm design assisted by machine learning". New Journal of Physics. 16: 073017. arXiv:1304.2169Freely accessible. Bibcode:2014NJPh...16a3017K. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/1/013017.
  30. ↑ "Google Quantum A.I. Lab Team - Google+". Plus.google.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  31. ↑ "NIPS 2009 Demonstration: Binary Classification using Hardware Implementation of Quantum Annealing" (PDF). Static.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  32. ↑ "Microsoft Leans on Machine Learning and Quantum Computing in New Research Strategy - MIT Technology Review". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
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