Polish alexandrine

Polish alexandrine (in Polish "trzynastozgłoskowiec") is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional Polish poetry and verse drama. It is similar to the French alexandrine. Each line is composed of thirteen syllables and divided into two half-lines: 7+6. Main stresses are placed on the 6th and 12th syllables. Rhymes are almost always feminine.

 1 2     3   4 5   6 7   1 2   3    4  5 6
 o o     o   o o   S x | o o   o    o  S x
Moja wdzięczna Orszulo, bodaj ty mnie była

S=stressed syllable; x=unstressed syllable; o=any syllable.

The Polish alexandrine was introduced in the 15th century. It was borrowed from Latin poetry.^[1] It was widely used by Jan Kochanowski,^[2] the first great Polish poet, as exemplified in the first two lines of his "Lament 13", with a formal paraphrase in English:

Moja wdzięczna Orszulo, bodaj ty mnie była Albo nie umierała lub się nie rodziła![1] ^ Jan Kochanowski, "Tren 13" (Lament 13), lines 1-2.		My Ursula, so charming, I brood in my sighing: Better never born, dearest, than live, so soon dying.

The Polish national epic, Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, is written in this measure.^[3] Polish alexandrines replaced hendecasyllables in sonnets: in the 16th century poets like Sebastian Grabowiecki and Mikołaj Sęp-Szarzyński wrote sonnets using 11-syllable metre, but in the 17th century Daniel Naborowski translated one of Petrarch's sonnets using 13-syllable lines:

S’amor non è, che dunque è quel ch’io sento? Ma s’egli è amor, perdio, che cosa et quale? Se bona, onde l’effecto aspro mortale? Se ria, onde sí dolce ogni tormento?		Jeśli nie masz miłości, cóż jest, co ja czuję? Jeśli miłość jest, co to przebóg takowego? Jeśli dobra, skąd skutku nabywa tak złego? Jeśli zła, czemu sobie mękę tak smakuję?
—Petrach (endecasillabos)		—Daniel Naborowski

Adam Mickiewicz composed his famous Crimean Sonnets^[4] in 13-syllable lines:

Wpłynąłem na suchego przestwór oceanu, Wóz nurza się w zieloność i jak łódka brodzi, Śród fali łąk szumiących, śród kwiatów powodzi, Omijam koralowe ostrowy burzanu.		Across sea-meadows measureless I go, My wagon sinking under grass so tall The flowery petals in foam on me fall, And blossom-isles float by I do not know.
		—Edna Worthley Underwood (translated into iambic pentameter)

The Polish alexandrine was used by many translators (among others, Franciszek Ksawery Dmochowski) as an equivalent of ancient Greek and Roman dactylic hexameter:

1. ^ Homer, Iliad, lines 1-2, translated by Franciszek Ksawery Dmochowski.

As Polish words are longer than English ones, the 13-syllable line is good for translating English iambic pentameter.

Nowadays Polish alexandrine lines are often mixed with hendecasyllable ones in one poem.^[5]

Notes