Poecilostomatoida

Poecilostomatoida
Sapphirina darwinii with egg cases
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Maxillopoda
Subclass: Copepoda
Order: Poecilostomatoida
Thorell, 1859
Families

See text

Poecilostomatoida are an order of copepods previously included in the Cyclopoida.[1][2]

Description

The classification of these copepods has been established on the basis of the structure of the mouth. In poecilostomatoids the mouth is represented by a transverse slit, partially covered by the overhanging labrum which resembles an upper lip. Although there is variability in the form of the mandible among poecilostomatoids, it can be generalized as being falcate (sickle-shaped).[1][2]

The antennules are frequently reduced in size and the antennae modified to terminate in small hooks or claws that are used in attachment to host organisms.[1][2]

Life cycle

As with many crustaceans, larval development is metamorphic with immature forms differing greatly from those of adults. Embryos are carried in paired or single sacs attached to first abdominal somite (as seen in the illustration of the female Sapphirina darwinii above right).[3][4]

Ecology

Most poecilostomatoid copepods are ectoparasites of saltwater fish or invertebrates (including among the latter mollusks and echinoderms). They usually attach to the external surface of the host, in the throat-mouth cavity, or the gills.[1][2][5][6] One family of poecilostomatoid copepods, however, have evolved an endoparasitic mode of life and live deep within their hosts' bodies rather than merely attaching themselves to exterior and semi-exterior surface tissue.[1][2]

In addition to typical marine environments, poecilostomatoid copepods may be found in such very particular habitats as anchialine caves and deep sea vents (both hydrothermal vents and cold seeps). Here, many primitive associated copepods belonging to the orders Poecilostomatoida and Siphonostomatoida and have been found.[6] Representatives of one Poecilostomatoida family have successfully made the transition to freshwater habitats and host animals therein.[1][2]

Male Oncaea venusta

List of families

There are over sixty families currently recognized within the group:[7]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A. G. Humes & G. A. Boxshall (1996). "A revision of the lichomolgoid complex (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida), with the recognition of six new families". Journal of Natural History. 30 (2): 175–227. doi:10.1080/00222939600771131.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. p. 132.
  3. ↑ J. K. Lowry (October 2, 1999). "Crustacea, the Higher Taxa: Description, Identification, and Information Retrieval".
  4. ↑ "Introduction to Copepods" (PDF). University of Connecticut. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2008.
  5. ↑ Masahiro Dojiri & Roger F. Cressey (1987). "Revision of the Taeniacanthidae (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) parasitic on fishes and sea urchins". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 447: 1–250. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.447.i. hdl:10088/5504.
  6. 1 2 "Introduction to Copepods" (PDF). University of Connecticut.
  7. ↑ Geoff Boxshall, & T. Chad Walter (2010). T. Chad Walter & Geoff Boxshall, ed. "Poecilostomatoida". World Copepoda database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
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