Electronic voice phenomenon

Within ghost hunting and parapsychology, electronic voice phenomena (EVP) are sounds found on electronic recordings that are interpreted as spirit voices that have been either unintentionally recorded or intentionally requested and recorded. Parapsychologist Konstantīns Raudive, who popularized the idea in the 1970s, described EVP as typically brief, usually the length of a word or short phrase.[1]

Enthusiasts consider EVP to be a form of paranormal phenomena often found in recordings with static or other background noise. However, psychologists regard EVP as a form of auditory pareidolia (interpreting random sounds as voices in one's own language) and a pseudoscience promulgated by popular culture. Rational explanations for EVP include apophenia (perceiving patterns in random information), equipment artifacts, and hoaxes.[2][3]

History

As the Spiritualist religious movement became prominent in the 1840s–1920s with a distinguishing belief that the spirits of the dead can be contacted by mediums, new technologies of the era including photography were employed by spiritualists in an effort to demonstrate contact with a spirit world. So popular were such ideas that Thomas Edison was asked in an interview with Scientific American to comment on the possibility of using his inventions to communicate with spirits. He replied that if the spirits were only capable of subtle influences, a sensitive recording device would provide a better chance of spirit communication than the table tipping and ouija boards mediums employed at the time. However, there is no indication that Edison ever designed or constructed a device for such a purpose.[4] As sound recording became widespread, mediums explored using this technology to demonstrate communication with the dead as well. Spiritualism declined in the latter part of the 20th century, but attempts to use portable recording devices and modern digital technologies to communicate with spirits continued.[5]

Early interest

American photographer Attila von Szalay was among the first to try recording what he believed to be voices of the dead as a way to augment his investigations in photographing ghosts. He began his attempts in 1941 using a 78 rpm record, but it wasn't until 1956, after switching to a reel-to-reel tape recorder, that he believed he was successful.[6] Working with Raymond Bayless, von Szalay conducted a number of recording sessions with a custom-made apparatus, consisting of a microphone in an insulated cabinet connected to an external recording device and speaker. Szalay reported finding many sounds on the tape that could not be heard on the speaker at the time of recording, some of which were recorded when there was no one in the cabinet. He believed these sounds to be the voices of discarnate spirits. Among the first recordings believed to be spirit voices were such messages as "This is G!", "Hot dog, Art!", and "Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to you all".[6] Von Szalay and Raymond Bayless' work was published by the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research in 1959.[7] Bayless later went on to co-author the 1979 book, Phone Calls From the Dead.

In 1959, Swedish painter and film producer Friedrich Jürgenson was recording bird songs. Upon playing the tape later, he heard what he interpreted to be his dead father's voice and then the spirit of his deceased wife calling his name.[6] He went on to make several more recordings, including one that he said contained a message from his late mother.[8]

Raudive voices

Konstantin Raudive, a Latvian psychologist who had taught at the Uppsala University, Sweden and who had worked in conjunction with Jürgenson, made over 100,000 recordings which he described as being communications with discarnate people. Some of these recordings were conducted in an RF-screened laboratory and contained words Raudive said were identifiable.[1][5] In an attempt to confirm the content of his collection of recordings, Raudive invited listeners to hear and interpret them.[5][6][7][8][9] He believed that the clarity of the voices heard in his recordings implied that they could not be readily explained by normal means.[5] Raudive published his first book, Breakthrough: An Amazing Experiment in Electronic Communication with the Dead in 1968 and it was translated into English in 1971.[10]

Spiricom and Frank's Box

In 1980, William O'Neil constructed an electronic audio device called "The Spiricom". O'Neil claimed the device was built to specifications which he received psychically from George Mueller, a scientist who had died six years previously.[5][11] At a Washington, DC press conference on April 6, 1982, O'Neil stated that he was able to hold two-way conversations with spirits through the Spiricom device, and provided the design specifications to researchers for free. However, nobody is known to have replicated the results O'Neil claimed using their own Spiricom devices.[12][13] O'Neil's partner, retired industrialist George Meek, attributed O'Neil's success, and the inability of others to replicate it, to O'Neil's mediumistic abilities forming part of the loop that made the system work.[11][14]

Another electronic device specifically constructed in an attempt to capture EVP is "Frank's Box" or the "Ghost Box", created in 2002 by EVP enthusiast Frank Sumption for supposed real-time communication with the dead. Sumption claims he received his design instructions from the spirit world. The device is described as a combination white noise generator and AM radio receiver modified to sweep back and forth through the AM band selecting split-second snippets of sound. Critics of the device say its effect is subjective and incapable of being replicated, and since it relies on radio noise, any meaningful response a user gets is purely coincidental, or simply the result of pareidolia.[15]

Modern interest

In 1982, Sarah Estep founded the American Association of Electronic Voice Phenomena (AA-EVP) in Severna Park, Maryland, a nonprofit organization with the purpose of increasing awareness of EVP, and of teaching standardized methods for capturing it.[16] Estep began her exploration of EVP in 1976, and says she has made hundreds of recordings of messages from deceased friends, relatives, and extraterrestrials whom she speculated originated from other planets or dimensions.[17]

The term Instrumental Trans-Communication (ITC) was coined by Ernst Senkowski in the 1970s to refer more generally to communication through any sort of electronic device such as tape recorders, fax machines, television sets or computers between spirits or other discarnate entities and the living.[11][18] One particularly famous claimed incidence of ITC occurred when the image of EVP enthusiast Friedrich Jürgenson (whose funeral was held that day) was said to have appeared on a television in the home of a colleague, which had been purposefully tuned to a vacant channel.[11] ITC enthusiasts also look at the TV and video camera feedback loop of the Droste effect.[19][20]

In 1979, parapsychologist D. Scott Rogo described an alleged paranormal phenomenon in which people report that they receive simple, brief, and usually single-occurrence telephone calls from spirits of deceased relatives, friends, or strangers.[21] Rosemary Guiley has written "within the parapsychology establishment, Rogo was often faulted for poor scholarship, which, critics said, led to erroneous conclusions."[22]

In 1995, the parapsychologist David Fontana proposed in an article that poltergeists could haunt tape recorders. He speculated that this may have happened to the parapsychologist Maurice Grosse who investigated the Enfield Poltergeist case. However, Tom Flynn a media expert for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry examined Fontana's article and suggested an entirely naturalistic explanation for the phenomena. According to the skeptical investigator Joe Nickell "Occasionally, especially with older tape and under humid conditions, as the tape travels it can adhere to one of the guide posts. When this happens on a deck where both supply and take-up spindles are powered, the tape continues to feed, creating a fold. It was such a loop of tape, Flynn theorizes, that threaded its way amid the works of Grosse’s recorder."[23]

In 1997, Imants Barušs, of the Department of Psychology at the University of Western Ontario, conducted a series of experiments using the methods of EVP investigator Konstantin Raudive, and the work of "instrumental transcommunication researcher" Mark Macy, as a guide. A radio was tuned to an empty frequency, and over 81 sessions a total of 60 hours and 11 minutes of recordings were collected. During recordings, a person either sat in silence or attempted to make verbal contact with potential sources of EVP.[11] Barušs stated that he did record several events that sounded like voices, but they were too few and too random to represent viable data and too open to interpretation to be described definitively as EVP. He concluded: "While we did replicate EVP in the weak sense of finding voices on audio tapes, none of the phenomena found in our study was clearly anomalous, let alone attributable to discarnate beings. Hence we have failed to replicate EVP in the strong sense." The findings were published in the Journal of Scientific Exploration in 2001, and include a literature review.[11]

In 2005, the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research published a report by paranormal investigator Alexander MacRae. MacRae conducted recording sessions using a device of his own design that generated EVP.[24] In an attempt to demonstrate that different individuals would interpret EVP in the recordings the same way, MacRae asked seven people to compare some selections to a list of five phrases he provided, and to choose the best match. MacRae said the results of the listening panels indicated that the selections were of paranormal origin.[6][25][26]

Portable digital voice recorders are currently the technology of choice for some EVP investigators. Since some of these devices are very susceptible to Radio Frequency (RF) contamination, EVP enthusiasts sometimes try to record EVP in RF- and sound-screened rooms.[27]

Some EVP enthusiasts describe hearing the words in EVP as an ability, much like learning a new language.[28] Skeptics suggest that the claimed instances may be misinterpretations of natural phenomena, inadvertent influence of the electronic equipment by researchers, or deliberate influencing of the researchers and the equipment by third parties. EVP and ITC are seldom researched within the scientific community, so most research in the field is carried out by amateur researchers who lack training and resources to conduct scientific research, and who are motivated by subjective notions.[11]

Explanations and origins

Paranormal claims for the origin of EVP include living humans imprinting thoughts directly on an electronic medium through psychokinesis[29] and communication by discarnate entities such as spirits,[30][31] nature energies, beings from other dimensions, or extraterrestrials.[32] Paranormal explanations for EVP generally assume production of EVP by a communicating intelligence through means other than the typical functioning of communication technologies. Natural explanations for reported instances of EVP tend to dispute this assumption explicitly and provide explanations which do not require novel mechanisms that are not based on recognized scientific phenomena.

One study, by psychologist Imants Barušs, was unable to replicate suggested paranormal origins for EVP recorded under controlled conditions.[33] Brian Regal in Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia (2009) has written "A case can be made for the idea that many EVPs are artifacts of the recording process itself with which the operators are unfamiliar. The majority of EVPS have alternative, nonspiritual sources; anomalous ones have no clear proof they are of spiritual origin."[34]

Natural explanations

There are a number of simple scientific explanations that can account for why some listeners to the static on audio devices may believe they hear voices, including radio interference and the tendency of the human brain to recognize patterns in random stimuli.[35] Some recordings may be hoaxes created by frauds or pranksters.[35]

Psychology and perception

Auditory pareidolia is a situation created when the brain incorrectly interprets random patterns as being familiar patterns.[36] In the case of EVP it could result in an observer interpreting random noise on an audio recording as being the familiar sound of a human voice.[35][37][38] The propensity for an apparent voice heard in white noise recordings to be in a language understood well by those researching it, rather than in an unfamiliar language, has been cited as evidence of this,[35] and a broad class of phenomena referred to by author Joe Banks as Rorschach Audio has been described as a global explanation for all manifestations of EVP.[39][40][41][42]

Skeptics such as David Federlein, Chris French, Terence Hines and Michael Shermer say that EVP are usually recorded by raising the "noise floor" – the electrical noise created by all electrical devices – in order to create white noise. When this noise is filtered, it can be made to produce noises which sound like speech. Federlein says that this is no different from using a wah pedal on a guitar, which is a focused sweep filter which moves around the spectrum and creates open vowel sounds. This, according to Federlein, sounds exactly like some EVP. This, in combination with such things as cross modulation of radio stations or faulty ground loops can cause the impression of paranormal voices.[4] The human brain evolved to recognize patterns, and if a person listens to enough noise the brain will detect words, even when there is no intelligent source for them.[43][44] Expectation also plays an important part in making people believe they are hearing voices in random noise.[45]

Apophenia is related to, but distinct from pareidolia.[46] Apophenia is defined as "the spontaneous finding of connections or meaning in things which are random, unconnected or meaningless", and has been put forward as a possible explanation.[47] According to the psychologist James Alcock what people hear in EVP recordings can best be explained by apophenia, cross-modulation or expectation and wishful thinking. Alcock concluded "Electronic Voice Phenomena are the products of hope and expectation; the claims wither away under the light of scientific scrutiny."[48]

Physics

Interference, for example, is seen in certain EVP recordings, especially those recorded on devices which contain RLC circuitry. These cases represent radio signals of voices or other sounds from broadcast sources.[49] Interference from CB Radio transmissions and wireless baby monitors, or anomalies generated through cross modulation from other electronic devices, are all documented phenomena.[35] It is even possible for circuits to resonate without any internal power source by means of radio reception.[49]

Capture errors are anomalies created by the method used to capture audio signals, such as noise generated through the over-amplification of a signal at the point of recording.[35][50]

Artifacts created during attempts to boost the clarity of an existing recording might explain some EVP. Methods include re-sampling, frequency isolation, and noise reduction or enhancement, which can cause recordings to take on qualities significantly different from those that were present in the original recording.[35][51]

The very first EVP recordings may have originated from the use of tape recording equipment with poorly aligned erasure and recording heads, resulting in the incomplete erasure of previous audio recordings on the tape. This could allow a small percentage of previous content to be superimposed or mixed into a new 'silent' recording.[52]

Sporadic meteors and meteor showers

For all radio transmissions above 30 MHz (which are not reflected by the ionosphere) there is a possibility of meteor reflection of the radio signal.[53] Meteors leave a trail of ionised particles and electrons as they pass through the upper atmosphere (a process called ablation) which reflect transmission radio waves which would usually flow into space.[54] These reflected waves are from transmitters which are below the horizon of the received meteor reflection. In Europe this means the brief scattered wave may carry a foreign voice which can interfere with radio receivers. Meteor reflected radio waves last between 0.05 seconds and 1 second, depending on the size of the meteor.[55]

Organizations that show interest in EVP

There are a number of organizations dedicated to studying EVP and instrumental transcommunication, or which otherwise express interest in the subject. Individuals within these organizations may participate in investigations, author books or journal articles, deliver presentations, and hold conferences where they share experiences.[56] In addition organizations exist which dispute the validity of the phenomena on scientific grounds.[51]

The Association TransCommunication (ATransC), formerly the American Association of Electronic Voice Phenomena (AA-EVP),[57] and the International Ghost Hunters Society conduct ongoing investigations of EVP and ITC including collecting examples of purported EVP available over the internet.[58] The Rorschach Audio Project, initiated by sound artist Joe Banks,[39][40][59][60] which presents EVP as a product of radio interference combined with auditory pareidolia and the Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Biopsychocybernetics Research, a non-profit organization dedicated to studying anomalous phenomena related to neurophysiological conditions.[61] According to the AA-EVP it is "the only organized group of researchers we know of specializing in the study of ITC".[62]

Parapsychologists and Spiritualists have an ongoing interest in EVP.[63] Many Spiritualists experiment with a variety of techniques for spirit communication which they believe provide evidence of the continuation of life.[64] According to the National Spiritualist Association of Churches, "An important modern day development in mediumship is spirit communications via an electronic device. This is most commonly known as Electronic Voice Phenomena (EVP)".[65] An informal survey by the organization's Department Of Phenomenal Evidence cites that 1/3 of churches conduct sessions in which participants seek to communicate with spirit entities using EVP.[66]

The James Randi Educational Foundation offers a million dollars for proof that any phenomena, including EVP,[51] are caused paranormally.[67]

Cultural impact

The concept of EVP has influenced popular culture. It is popular as an entertaining pursuit, as in ghost hunting, and as a means of dealing with grief. It has influenced literature, radio, film, television, and music.

Groups

Investigation of EVP is the subject of hundreds of regional and national groups and Internet message boards.[68][69] Paranormal investigator John Zaffis claims, "There's been a boom in ghost hunting ever since the Internet took off." Investigators, equipped with electronic gear—like EMF meters, video cameras, and audio recorders—scour reportedly haunted venues, trying to uncover visual and audio evidence of ghosts. Many use portable recording devices in an attempt to capture EVP.[68]

Films

Films involving EVP include Poltergeist, The Sixth Sense, White Noise,[70] and The Changeling. It has also been featured on television series like Ghost Whisperer, The Omega Factor, A Haunting, Ghost Hunters,[71] MonsterQuest, Ghost Adventures, The Secret Saturdays, Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files, Supernatural, Derren Brown Investigates, and Ghost Lab.

TV and radio

Coast To Coast AM hosts George Noory and Art Bell have explored the topic of EVP with featured guests such as Brendan Cook and Barbara McBeath of the Ghost Investigators Society, and paranormal investigator and 'demonologist' Lou Gentile.[72][73] The Spirit of John Lennon, a pay-per-view seance broadcast in 2006, in which TV crew members, a psychic, and an "expert in paranormal activity" claim the spirit of former Beatle John Lennon made contact with them through what was described as "an Electronic Voice Phenomenon (EVP)."[74]

Novels

Dead Lines: In the novel Dead Lines by Greg Bear, a new type of analog cell phone called Trans with global reach, requiring no network of relay towers, is promoted by the book's protagonist, Peter Russell. The technology utilized by Trans uses the nearly unlimited quantum bandwidth by which subatomic particles communicate with each other, and when users of Trans begin to see ghosts, Peter gradually discovers that Trans has tapped into a channel where human memories are stored and survive the death of the body. Unfortunately, Trans has made a noise and awakened nameless things much older than human beings, who feed on souls and memories.

Legion: Legion, a 1983 novel by William Peter Blatty, contains a subplot where Dr. Vincent Amfortas, a terminally ill neurologist, leaves a "to-be-opened-upon-my-death" letter for Lt. Kinderman detailing his accounts of contact with the dead, including the doctor's recently deceased wife, Ann, through EVP recordings. Amfortas' character and the EVP subplot do not appear in the film version of the novel, The Exorcist III, although in Kinderman's dream dead people are seen trying to communicate with the living by radio.

Pattern Recognition: In Pattern Recognition, a 2003 novel by William Gibson, the main character's mother tries to convince her that her father is communicating with her from recordings after his death/disappearance in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Theater and music

In Nyctivoe a 2001 vampire-inspired play by Dimitris Lyacos the male character as well as his deceased companion are speaking from a recording device amidst a static/white noise background.

In With the people from the bridge, a 2014 play by Dimitris Lyacos based on the idea of the return of the dead, the voice of the female character NCTV is transmitted from a television monitor amidst a static/white noise background.

EVP is the subject of Vyktoria Pratt Keating's song "Disembodied Voices on Tape" from her 2003 album Things that Fall from the Sky, produced by Andrew Giddings of Jethro Tull.

Laurie Anderson's "Example #22", from her 1981 album Big Science, interposes spoken sentences and phrases in German with sung passages in English representing EVP.

During the outro to "Rubber Ring" by The Smiths, a sample from an EVP recording is repeated. The phrase "You are sleeping, you do not want to believe," is a 'translation' of the 'spirit voices' from a 1970s flexitape.

Bass Communion's 2004 album Ghosts on Magnetic Tape was inspired by EVP.[75]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Raudive, Konstantin (1971). Breakthrough: An Amazing Experiment in Electronic Communication With the Dead (Original title: The Inaudible Becomes Audible). Taplinger Publishing Co. ISBN 0-8008-0965-3.
  2. ↑ Nees, Michael A.; Phillips, Charlotte (2014). "Auditory Pareidolia: Effects of Contextual Priming on Perceptions of Purportedly Paranormal and Ambiguous Auditory Stimuli". Applied Cognitive Psychology: n/a. doi:10.1002/acp.3068. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  3. ↑ Shermer M, Gould SJ (2002). Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. New York: Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8050-7089-3.
  4. 1 2 Carroll, Robert Todd, The Skeptic's Dictionary 2003, Wiley Publishing Company, ISBN 0-471-27242-6
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Fontana, David (2005). Is There an Afterlife: A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence. Hants, UK: O Books. pp. 352–381. ISBN 1-903816-90-4.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Senkowski, Ernst (1995). "Analysis of Anomalous Audio and Video Recordings, presented before the "Society For Scientific Exploration" USA – June 1995". Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  7. 1 2 Brune, Francois (1988). The Dead Speak To Us. Philippe Lebaud. ISBN 2-253-05123-3.
  8. 1 2 Cardoso, Anabela (2003). ITC Voices: Contact with Another Reality?. ParaDocs.
  9. ↑ Bander, Peter (1973). Voices from the tapes: Recordings from the other world. Drake Publishers. ASIN B0006CCBAE.
  10. ↑ http://worlditc.org/ Under researchers results - Konstantin Raudive.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Baruss, Imants (2001), Failure to Replicate Electronic Voice Phenomenon, Journal of Scientific Exploration, V15#3, 0892-3310/01
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  13. ↑ Meek, George W. "An electromagnetic-etheric systems approach to communications with other levels of human consciousness". Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  14. ↑ Meek, George W (1988). "Report from Europe: Earthside instrumental communications with higher planes of existence via telephone and computer are now a reality". Unlimited Horizons, Metascience Foundation Inc. 6 (1): 1–11.
  15. ↑ Stollznow, Karen (January 28, 2010). "Frank's Box: The Broken Radio". The Committee For Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  16. ↑ "Association TransCommunication (Previously known as the AA-EVP)". atransc.org. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  17. ↑ Robert Carroll (11 January 2011). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-04563-3. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  18. ↑ Dr. Cardoso, Anabela (2003) "ITC Voices: Contact with Another Reality?"
  19. ↑ " "Claus Schreiber, Germany". World ITC. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  20. ↑ Carroll, Robert Todd. "Skeptic's Dictionary on instrumental transcommunication (ITC)". Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  21. ↑ Rogo, D. Scott; Bayless, Raymond (1979). Phone Calls from the Dead. New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-664334-5.
  22. ↑ Guiley, Rosemary. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. pp. 284-285
  23. ↑ The Haunted Tape Recorder by Joe Nickell
  24. ↑ MacRae, Alexander. "A Bio-electromagnetic Device of Unusual Properties". www.skyelab.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  25. ↑ MacRae, Alexander (October 2005). "Report of an Electronic Voice Phenomenon Experiment inside a Double-Screened Room". Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. Society for Psychical Research.
  26. ↑ Feola, José (2000-07-01). "The Alpha Mystery". FATE Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  27. ↑ Chisholm, Judith (2000). "A Short History of EVP". Psychic World. Archived from the original on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2006-12-03.
  28. ↑ Konstantinos (2001-02-01). "You can Hear Dead People". Fate. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  29. ↑ Jahn, Robert G.; Dunne, Brenda J. (1987). Margins of Reality: The Role of Consciousness in the Physical World. San Diego, California: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-157148-1.
  30. ↑ EVPs - Questions & Answers
  31. ↑ Josh Bosack, Josh (October 26, 2004). "Group analyzes paranormal activity". The Collegian.
  32. ↑ Estep, Sarah, "Voices Of Eternity," page 144
  33. ↑ Baruss, Imants (2001). "Failure to Replicate Electronic Voice Phenomenon," Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 355–367, 2001
  34. ↑ Regal, Brian (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-3
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "EVP". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
  36. ↑ Wiggins Arthur W. Wynn Charles M. (2001), "Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends and Pseudoscience Begins", National Academies Press, ISBN 0-309-07309-X
  37. ↑ Zusne, Leonard; Warren H. Jones (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 78. ISBN 0-8058-0508-7. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
  38. ↑ Shermer, Michael (May 2005). "Turn Me On, Dead Man: What do the Beatles, the Virgin Mary, Jesus, Patricia Arquette and Michael Keaton all have in common?". Scientific American. Scientific American Inc.
  39. 1 2 Joe Banks "Rorschach Audio", the "Ghost Orchid" CD sleevenotes, PARC / Ash International, 1999
  40. 1 2 Joe Banks "Rorschach Audio: A Lecture at The Royal Society of British Sculptors", Diffusion 8, pp. 2-6, Sonic Arts Network, 2000
  41. ↑ Joe Banks "Rorschach Audio: Ghost Voices and Perceptual Creativity", Leonardo Music Journal 11, pp. 77-83, The MIT Press, 2001
  42. ↑ Joe Banks "Rorschach Audio: Art and Illusion for Sound", Strange Attractor Journal 1, pp. 124-159, Strange Attractor Press, 2004
  43. ↑ Shermer, Michael (May 2005). "Turn Me On, Dead Man". Scientific American. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  44. ↑ Williams, Huw (2005-01-06). "'Ghostly' chatter - fact or fiction?". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  45. ↑ Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 111. ISBN 1-57392-979-4. "If one expects to hear voices, constructive perception will produce voices. The voices, not surprisingly, are usually described as speaking in hoarse whispers. The Indians used to believe that the dead spoke as the wind swirled through the trees. The tape recorder has simply brought this illusion into a technological age."
  46. ↑ " "Definition of Apophenia". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  47. ↑ Phaedra (2006). "Believing is seeing". The Skeptic Express. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  48. ↑ James Alcock. (2004). "Electronic Voice Phenomena: Voices of the Dead?". Csicop.org. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
  49. 1 2 Paul Tipler (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0810-8.
  50. ↑ Smith, Steven W. (2002) Digital Signal Processing - A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists, Newnes, ISBN 0-7506-7444-X
  51. 1 2 3 Randi, James (2006-06-09), Just Where is Lou Gentile?,
  52. ↑ Analysing Analogue
  53. ↑ P Harvey & KJ Bohlman. Stereo radio F.M. Handbook, Chapter 7, 1974
  54. ↑ L.A. Manning et al., Determination of ionospheric electron distribution, Proc Inst Radio Engineers Vol 37, pp599-603 (1949)
  55. ↑ A.B.C. Lovell (1954). Meteor Astronomy. Clarendon Press.
  56. ↑
  57. ↑ "AA-EVP:Electronic Voice Phenomena and Instrumental TransCommunication". Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  58. ↑ Dave and Sharon Oester. "International Ghost Hunters Society". Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  59. ↑ Banks, Joe (2001). "Rorschach Audio: Ghost Voices and Perceptual Creativity". Leonardo Music Journal. 11: 77–83. doi:10.1162/09611210152780728.
  60. ↑ Banks, Joe (2004). "Rorschach Audio: Art and Illusion for Sound". Strange Attractor Journal 1: 124–159.
  61. ↑ "Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Biopsychocybernetics Research Who we are". Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  62. ↑ "EVP/ITC Organizations & Websites Around the World". Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  63. ↑ "About The Campaign for Philosophical Freedom". Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  64. ↑ "NSAC - Spiritualism". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  65. ↑ "Phenomenal Evidence Department of the National Spiritualist Association of Churches Concepts Involved in Spiritualism". Archived from the original on 2007-08-31. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  66. ↑ " "About the NSAC Churches". National Spiritualist Association of Churches. 2005-11-29. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  67. ↑ James Randi Educational Foundation offer page
  68. 1 2 Schlesinger, Victoria (2005-03-10). "Ghost hunters in search of the paranormal". AZCentral.com. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  69. ↑ " Appleton, Roy (2006-10-28). "Paranormal investigators not afraid to scare up some ghosts". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  70. ↑ " "Long awaited movie White Noise - A major disappointment". Lone Star Spirits.com. Spring 2005. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  71. ↑ "Ghost Hunters Episodes". SciFi.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  72. ↑ Noory, George (2006-04-02). "Demonology & EVPs". Coast to Coast AM. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  73. ↑ Bell, Art (2006-04-15). "Recorded Spirit Communications". Coast to Coast AM. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  74. ↑ "TV psychics claim Lennon contact". BBC News. 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  75. ↑ http://stevenwilsonhq.com/sw/back-catalogue-bass-communions-ghosts-on-magnetic-tape-2/
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