Parade (ballet)

This article is about Massine's ballet. For other uses, see Parade (disambiguation).
Parade
Choreographer Léonide Massine
Music Erik Satie
Premiere 18 May 1917
Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris
Original ballet company Ballets Russes
Design Pablo Picasso

Parade is a ballet with music by Erik Satie and a one-act scenario by Jean Cocteau. The ballet was composed 1916–1917 for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. The ballet premiered on Friday, May 18, 1917 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, with costumes and sets designed by Pablo Picasso, choreography by Léonide Massine (who danced), and the orchestra conducted by Ernest Ansermet.

The idea of the ballet seems to have come from Jean Cocteau. He had heard Satie's Trois morceaux en forme de poire ("Three Pieces in the Shape of a Pear") in a concert, and thought of writing a ballet scenario to such music. Satie welcomed the idea of composing ballet music (which he had never done until that moment) but refused to allow any of his previous compositions to be used for the occasion, so Cocteau started writing a scenario (the theme being a publicity parade in which three groups of circus artists try to attract an audience to an indoor performance), to which Satie composed the music (with some additions to the orchestral score by Cocteau, see below).

Work on the production started in the middle of the First World War, with Jean Cocteau traveling back and forth to the war front in Belgium until shortly before the premiere. The most difficult part of the creative process, however, seems to have been to convince Misia Edwards in supporting the idea of having this ballet performed by the Ballets Russes. She was easily offended but was trusted completely by Sergei Diaghilev for advice on his productions. A first version of the music (for piano) was dedicated to Misia and performed in 1916.

Eventually, after aborting some other plans (and some more intrigue), Sergei Diaghilev's support was won, and the choreography was entrusted to Léonide Massine, who had recently become the first dancer of the Ballets Russes and lover of Diaghilev, replacing Vaslav Nijinsky who had left Paris shortly before the outbreak of the war. The set and costume design was entrusted to the then cubist painter Pablo Picasso. In addition to the costume designs Pablo Picasso also designed a curtain which illustrated a group of performers at a fair consuming dinner before a performance.[1] The Italian futurist artist Giacomo Balla aided Picasso in his creating the curtain and other designs for the Parade.[2] In February 1917 all the collaborators, excluding Satie, met in Rome to begin working of Parade scheduled to premiere in May.

Costume design by Pablo Picasso for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes performance of Parade at Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris 18 May 1917

The poet Guillaume Apollinaire described Parade as "a kind of surrealism" (une sorte de surréalisme) when he wrote the program note in 1917, thus coining the word three years before Surrealism emerged as an art movement in Paris. The English premiere of Parade, performed by Ballet Russes, was performed at London's Empire Theatre in November 14, 1919 and became a cultural event. (Hargrove, 1998)

The ballet was remarkable for several reasons:

The premiere of the ballet resulted in a number of scandals. One faction of the audience booed, hissed, and was very unruly, nearly causing a riot before they were drowned out by enthusiastic applause.[4] Many of their objections were focused on Picasso's Cubist design, which was met with cries of "sales boche" (dirty Krauts).[5]

According to the painter Gabriel Fournier, one of the most memorable scandals was an altercation between Cocteau, Satie, and music critic Jean Poueigh, who gave Parade an unfavorable review. Satie had written a postcard to the critic which read, "Monsieur et cher ami – vous êtes un cul, un cul sans musique! Signé Erik Satie" ("Sir and dear friend – you are an arse, an arse without music! Signed, Erik Satie."). The critic sued Satie, and at the trial Cocteau was arrested and beaten by police for repeatedly yelling "arse" in the courtroom. Satie was given a sentence of eight days in jail.[6][7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Hargrove, Nancy (1998). "The Great Parade: Cocteau, Picasso, Satie, Massine, Diaghilev—and T.S. Eliot". Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature. 31 (1).
  2. ↑ McCarren, Felicia (2003). Dancing Machines: Choreographies of the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  3. ↑ Massine, Leonide (1968). My Life in Ballet. London: Macmillan.
  4. ↑ Peterkin, Norman. "Erik Satie's 'Parade'", The Musical Times, Vol. 60, No. 918 (Aug. 1, 1919), 426.
  5. ↑ Davis, Mary E. "Modernity a la mode: Popular Culture and Avant-Gardism in Erik Satie s Sports et divertissements", Musical Quarterly (1999) 83 (3): 465.
  6. ↑ Austin, William W. Music in the 20th Century. New York. W. W. Norton, 1966. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 64-18776
  7. ↑ Davis, Mary; Eric Satie, p.120
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