Pan-national epic

A pan-national epic is a lengthy work of poetry or prose that is widely taken to be representative of the pan-national character of a large cultural grouping that exceeds the bounds of a single nation-state or even a specific language or language group. Pan-national epics can be subdivided into supranational epics, which are epics held dear to several national groups speaking more than one language, and language epics, which are more narrowly restricted to nations sharing the same language. A nation can have its own distinct national epic in addition to a supranational and/or a language epic. Examples of pan-national epics follow:

Supranational Epics

The Americas - The True History of the Conquest of New Spain by Bernal Díaz del Castillo
Indic Civilization – the Mahabharata and Ramayana
Mesoamerican Civilization – the Popol Vuh
Sinic world – the Four Great Classical Novels: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of the Red Chamber
Western Civilization – the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer and the Aeneid of Vergil

Language Epics

Further information: National epic

For languages spread across various nations, earlier national epics of the older nation work as language epics. For example, national epics of England, such as The Canterbury Tales, or the works of Shakespeare are used as language epics across the Anglosphere, and the Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran (Persia) is used as a language epic by other Persian-speaking communities, in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. See national epics for more examples.

Religious texts such as The King James Bible (English), Luther Bible (German), Quran (Arabic), and Tanakh (Hebrew) have similar impact within a specific language, while the Bible itself (in all translations) is instead a supranational epic of Western civilization.

World view

Related terms

Aspects

Biases	Academic Attentional Attitude polarization Belief Cognitive (list) Collective narcissism Confirmation Congruence Cryptomnesia Cultural Ethnocentrism Filter bubble Homophily In-group favoritism Magical thinking Media Observer-expectancy Observational error Selective exposure Selective perception Self-deception Self-fulfilling prophecy (Clever Hans effect, placebo effect, wishful thinking) Status quo Stereotyping

Change and maintenance	Activism Argument Argumentum ad populum Attitude change Censorship Charisma Circular reporting Cognitive dissonance Critical thinking Crowd manipulation Cultural dissonance Deprogramming Echo chamber Education (religious, values) Euphemism Excommunication Fear mongering Historical revisionism Ideological repression Indoctrination Media manipulation Media regulation Mind control Missionaries Moral entrepreneurship Persuasion Polite fiction Political engineering Propaganda Propaganda model Proselytism Psychological manipulation Psychological warfare Religious conversion (forced) Religious persecution Religious uniformity Revolutions Rhetoric Self-censorship Social change Social control Social engineering Social influence Social progress Suppression of dissent Systemic bias Woozle effect

Culture	Anthropology (cultural, social) Calendars Ceremonies Coronations Cross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology Doctrine Employment/Serfdom/Slavery Families Funerals/Burial Games Holidays Hygiene (ritual) Identity (philosophy) (cultural) Institutions Liminality Liturgy Marriage Myth and ritual Oaths Pilgrimages Play Rites of passage (secular) Rituals Social class/Social status/Caste Symbols Symbolic boundaries Worship

Groupthink	Abilene paradox Bandwagon effect Collectives Collective behavior (animal) Collective effervescence Collective intelligence Conformity Consensus theory Crowd Crowd psychology Cults Culture-bound syndromes Deindividuation Democracy Emergence Emotional contagion Entitativity False-consensus effect Folie à deux Group action Group dynamics Group emotion Group polarization Groupshift Herd behavior Holism Hysterical contagion Information cascade Invisible hand Lynching Majoritarianism/Ochlocracy Mass action Mass hysteria Mass psychogenic illness Milieu control Mobbing Moral panic Organizations Peer pressure Pluralistic ignorance Political correctness Pseudoconsensus Scapegoating Self-organization Social action Social behavior Social emotions Social exclusion Social facilitation (animal) Social group Social proof Social psychology Sociology Spontaneous order Status quo Stigmergy Swarm behaviour System justification Systems thinking Viral phenomena

Knowledge	Axioms (tacit assumptions) Epistemology (outline) Evidence (anecdotal, scientific) Explanations Faith (fideism) Gnosis Intuition Meaning-making Memory Metaknowledge Methodology Observation Observational learning Perception Reasoning (fallacious, logic) Revelation Testimony Tradition (folklore) Truth (consensus theory, criteria)

Metaphysics	Ætiology Afterlife Anima mundi Being Causality Concepts Consciousness (mind–body problem) Cosmogony Cosmology (religious) Creation myth Deities (existence) Destiny Eschatology Everything/Nothing Evolution Existence Fiction/Non-fiction Free will Future History Ideas Idios kosmos Illusions Incarnation Information Intelligence Magic Matter Miracles Mythology (comparative) National mythoi Nature (philosophical) Ontology Origin myths (political myths) Otherworlds (axes mundi) Problem of evil Physics (natural philosophy) Reality Souls Spirit Supernature Teleology Theology Time Unobservables

Value	Æsthetics Almsgiving/Charity Altruism Autonomy Beauty Codes of conduct Comedy Common good Conscience Consent Creativity Disgust Duty Economics Ecstasy (emotional, religious) Elegance Emotions (æsthetic) Entertainment Eroticism Ethics Étiquette Family values Food and drink prohibitions (unclean animals) Golden Rule Guilt/Culpability Happiness Harmony Honour Human rights Judgement Justice Laws (jurisprudence, religious) Liberty (political freedom) Love Magnificence Maxims Meaning of life Morality (public) Obligations Peace Piety Praxeology Principles Punishment Qualities Repentance Reverence Rights Sexuality (ethics) Sin Social stigma Stewardship Styles Sublime, The Suffering Sympathy Taboo Taste Theodicy Trust Unspoken rules Virtues & Vices Works of art Wrongdoing

Examples

Attitudes	Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz

Economic & political ideologies	Authoritarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Colonialism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Imperialism Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Pacifism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism Veganism

Religions	African traditional religions Bahá'í Buddhism Cao Dai Cheondoism Chinese traditional religions Christianity Ethnic religions Hòa Hảo Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Korean shamanism Neo-Paganism Rastafarianism Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist Shinto Sikhism Spiritism Taoism Tenrikyo Tenriism Unitarian Universalism Zoroastrianism

Schools of philosophy	Agriculturalism Aristotelianism Atomism Averroism Cartesianism Cārvāka Collectivism Confucianism/New Confucianism Critical theory Cynicism Cyrenaics Determinism Dualism Eleatics Empiricism Eretrian school Epicureanism Existentialism Foundationalism Hedonism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Historicism/New Historicism Holism Humanism/Renaissance humanism Illuminationism ʿIlm al-Kalām Idealism Individualism Ionian Kantianism/Neo-Kantianism Kokugaku Legalism Logicians Materialism Mohism Megarian school Modernism/Postmodernism Monism Natural Law Naturalism (Chinese) Naturalism (western) Nihilism Peripatetic Phenomenology Platonism/Neoplatonism Pluralism Positivism Pragmatism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism/Neopythagoreanism Rationalism Reductionism Scholasticism/Neo-Scholasticism Social constructionism Sophism Spinozism Stoicism Structuralism/Post-structuralism Thomism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Yangism

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