Nora Volkow

Nora Volkow
Nora Volkow in 2013.
Born	(1956-03-27) 27 March 1956 Mexico City, Mexico
Fields	Psychiatry
Institutions	Stony Brook University Brookhaven National Laboratory National Institute on Drug Abuse
Alma mater	National University of Mexico New York University
Known for	TEDMED
Spouse	Stephen Adler

Nora Volkow (born 27 March 1956) is a Mexican-born naturalized American psychiatrist.^[1] She is currently the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),^[2] which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).^[3]

Volkow is the first person from the NIH to visit the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala, HP, India. During this 2013 visit, Dr. Volkow took part in a dialogue with the Dalai Lama about addiction science, as part of a five-day conference sponsored by the Mind and Life Institute.^[4][5]

In 2014, Volkow was a featured speaker at TEDMED, the annual multi-disciplinary gathering where leaders from all sectors of society come together to explore the promise of technology and potential of human achievement in health and medicine. Dr. Volkow's talk focused on the parallels between compulsive overeating and drug addiction.^[6]

Early life and education

Dr. Nora Volkow with the Dalai Lama and other participants in the Mind and Life Conference on Craving, Desire and Addiction in Dharamsala, India

Volkow earned her bachelor's degree from the Modern American School, then earned a medical degree from National University of Mexico before going to New York University for psychiatric residency. She chose a career in brain research after reading an article on the use of positron emission tomography in studying brain function. She did research at Brookhaven National Laboratory^[7] before becoming director of NIDA in 2003.^[8][9]

Research career

Volkow's imaging studies of the brains of people addicted to drugs have helped to clarify the mechanisms of drug addiction.^[9] At Brookhaven, positron emission tomography (PET) scanning was being used to study the brain in people with schizophrenia.^[10] When Volkow moved to the University of Texas, studying patients with schizophrenia was not an option, but studying patients with cocaine addiction was possible.^[10] Volkow and colleagues studied the distribution of blood flow in the brain of chronic cocaine users and control patients who did use cocaine. They found decreased blood flow to the prefrontal cortex of cocaine users, that continued after 10 days of withdrawal from cocaine use.^[11]

This research has played a part in changing the public's view of drug addiction, from that of a moral violation or character flaw to an understanding that pathological changes to brain structure make it very difficult for addicts to give up their addictions.^[9][12] Volkow concludes that abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex create a feeling of need or craving that people with addictions find difficult to prevent. She argues that this makes it difficult to override compulsions by exercising cognitive control. The main areas affected are the orbitofrontal cortex, which maintains attention to goals, and the anterior cingulate cortex, that mediates the capacity to monitor and select action plans. Both areas receive stimulation from dopamine neurons that originate in the ventral tegmental area. A steady influx of dopamine makes it difficult to shift attention away from the goal of attaining drugs. It also fastens attention to the motivational value of drugs, not pleasure. Volkow suggests that people with addictions are caught in a vicious circle of physical brain changes and the psychological consequences of those changes, leading to further changes.^[9][13][14]

Dr. Nora Volkow with patient in PET scan

Dr. Volkow spent most of her professional career at the Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, where she held several leadership positions including Director of Nuclear Medicine, Chairman of the Medical Department, and Associate Director for Life Sciences. Dr. Volkow was also a Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Associate Dean of the Medical School at the Stony Brook University.

Awards and recognition

Volkow has been recognized for her scientific contributions, both before and during her time at NIDA. The following are among the most significant:

• Innovator of the Year. U.S. News & World Report, 2000.
• NEWSWEEK: Who's Next 2007, a list of 21 people predicted to be newsmakers in 2007.^[15]
• The 2007 TIME 100. TIME's list of the 100 men and women whose power, talent or moral example is transforming the world.^[16]
• The List of the Top 100 Most Powerful Women. Washingtonian Magazine's list of women who lead and lobby, educate and enlighten, and look for cures and pathways to a better world.^[17]
• Washington's 100 Most Powerful Women, Washingtonian Magazine's list of females who've made it to the top.^[18]
• Finalist for the Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Medal for the Science and Environment Medal (Sammies), Washington DC 2013. These awards recognize outstanding service and are considered among the most prestigious available to federal workers.^[19]
• In 2007, NIDA and another NIH Institute (the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) received an Emmy Award for HBO's The Addiction Project. Nora Volkow represented NIDA in receiving the Emmy.^[20]
• In 2011, Volkow received the Joan and Stanford Alexander Award in Psychiatry, from Baylor College of Medicine’s Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.The prize is awarded to "a mental health professional who has made significant contributions in research, education and clinical or community service for people suffering from severe and persistent mental illness." Volkow's award was in recognition of her work in "demonstrating that drug addiction is a disease of the human brain," and "pioneering the use of brain imaging to investigate the toxic effects of drugs and their addictive properties."^[21]
• Hispanic Scientist of the Year Award by Museum of Science & Industry (Tampa) in 2012, for promoting scientific understanding in the community and providing a role model for Hispanic youth.^[22]
• In 2013, Volkow received the Distinguished Scientist Award from the Child Mind Institute, in recognition of her "outstanding contributions to brain development and psychopathology research." The prize is awarded to "a scientist whose lifelong commitment to research in mental health and developmental neuroscience has led to more effective, evidence-based treatments and a deeper understanding of psychiatric, addictive, and developmental disorders."^[23]

Personal life

Dr. Volkow is the great-granddaughter of Russian revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky. Her father Esteban Volkov is the son of Leon Trotsky’s eldest daughter Zinaida Volkova.^[24][9] Born in Mexico City, Volkow and her three sisters grew up in Coyoacán in the house where Trotsky was killed (now the Leon Trotsky House Museum).^[9][25][26] In 2014, Volkow participated in Moth at the World Science Festival, where scientists, writers and artists tell stories of their personal relationships with science. During this time, Volkow discussed her family history, and how it furthered her ambition to pursue science in order to positively influence others.^[27]

Volkow is married to Dr. Stephen Adler, a physicist with the National Cancer Institute.^[9]

References

External links

• Nora D. Volkow, M.D., Director's Page, National Institute of Drug Abuse
• Piore, Adam. "This Is Your Brain On Drugs." Discover Magazine, 30 October 2014.
• Nora Volkow on Diane Rehm
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Nora Volkow on Charlie Rose
• Why Bad Habits are Hard to Break (CBS 60 Minutes interview, April 2012) -- Text only. Video access requires subscription.
• Hooked: Why Bad Habits are Hard to Break—Freely accessible video at 60 Minutes' YouTube Channel
• Nora Volkow: Two Paths to the Future (Vanderbilt University Medical Center Article - February 2006)
• Works by or about Nora Volkow in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Nora Volkow - the Time 100, 2007
• Zuger, Abigail. "A General in the Drug War". New York Times, June 13, 2011.
• Wingert, Pat. "Nora Volkow."Newsweek, 24 December 2006.
• Vastag, Brian. "Nora Volkow, MD." JAMA, 26 November 2003.
• NIDA's New Leader JAMA
• Why Is It So Damn Hard to Change? by Rebecca Skloot, O, the Oprah Magazine
• Dr. Nora Volkow Interview, Oral History Program, Office of NIH History, 6 April 2005.