Nontronite
| Nontronite | |
|---|---|
|
Nontronite from Slovakia | |
| General | |
| Category |
Phyllosilicates Smectite group |
| Formula (repeating unit) | (CaO0.5,Na)0.3Fe3+2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O |
| Strunz classification | 9.EC.40 |
| Crystal system |
Monoclinic Unknown space group |
| Identification | |
| Color | Yellow, olive-green, green, orange, brown |
| Crystal habit | Earthy masses |
| Cleavage | Perfect basal |
| Mohs scale hardness | 1.5 to 2 |
| Luster | Earthy to dull |
| Streak | Colorless |
| Specific gravity | 2.3 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (-) |
| Refractive index | nα = 1.530 - 1.580 nβ = 1.555 - 1.612 nγ = 1.560 - 1.615 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.030 - 0.035 |
| References | [1][2][3] |
Nontronite is the iron(III) rich member of the smectite group of clay minerals. Nontronites typically have a chemical composition consisting of more than ~30% Fe2O3 and less than ~12% Al2O3 (ignited basis). Nontronite generally does not exist in economic deposits like montmorillonite, although it is not an uncommon clay mineral.[4][5] Like montmorillonite, nontronite can have variable amounts of adsorbed water associated with the interlayer surfaces and the exchange cations.
A typical structural formula for nontronite is Ca.5(Si7Al.8Fe.2)(Fe3.5Al.4Mg.1)O20(OH)4.[6] The dioctahedral sheet of nontronite is composed mainly of trivalent iron (Fe3+) cations, although some substitution by trivalent aluminium (Al3+) and divalent magnesium (Mg2+) does occur. The tetrahedral sheet is composed mainly of silicon (Si4+), but can have substantial (about 1 in 8) substitiution of either Fe3+ or Al3+, or combinations of these two cations. Thus, nontronite typically is characterised by having most (usually greater than 60%) of the layer charge located in the tetrahedral sheet. The layer charge is typically balanced by divalent calcium (Ca2+) or magnesium (Mg2+).
Nontronite forms from the weathering of biotite and basalts, precipitation of iron and silicon rich hydrothermal fluids and in deep sea hydrothermal vents.[7][8] Some evidence suggests that microorganisms may play an important role in their formation.[9] Microorganisms are also involved in reduction of structural iron in nontronite when soils undergo anoxia, and the reduced form of the clay appears to be highly reactive towards certain pollutants, perhaps contributing to the destruction of these compounds in the environment.[10][11]
References
- ↑ Mineral Handbook http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/nontronite.pdf
- ↑ Webmineral data http://webmineral.com/data/Nontronite.shtml
- ↑ Mindat http://www.mindat.org/min-2924.html
- ↑ Eggleton, 1977 Clay minerals,12:181-194
- ↑ Keeling et al., 2000 Clays and Clay Minerals, 48:537-548
- ↑ Mountainville nontronite, Gates et al., 2002 Clays and Clay Minerals, 50:223-239
- ↑ Bischoff, 1972, Clays and Clay Minerals, 20:217-223
- ↑ Eggleton 1975 American Mineralogist, 60:1063-1068)
- ↑ Kohler et al., 1994 Clays and Clay Minerals, 42:680-701
- ↑ Tor, J., C. Xu, J. M. Stucki, M. Wander, G. K. Sims. 2000. Trifluralin degradation under micro-biologically induced nitrate and Fe(III) reducing conditions. Env. Sci. Tech. 34:3148-3152.
- ↑ Xu, J., J. W. Stucki, J. Wu, J. Kostka, and G. K. Sims. 2001. Fate of atrazine and alachlor in redox-treated ferruginous smectite. Env. Tox. & Chem. 20: 2717-2724.