Translations of The Lord of the Rings

The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, written originally in English, has since been translated, with varying degrees of success, into dozens of other languages. Tolkien, an expert in Germanic philology, scrutinized those that were under preparation during his lifetime, and had comments that reflect both the translation process and his work. To aid translators, and because he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators such as Åke Ohlmarks,[1] Tolkien wrote his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings in 1967 (released publicly in 1975 in A Tolkien Compass, and in full in 2005, in The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion).

Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the Red Book of Westmarch, with the English language in the original purporting to represent the Westron of the original, translators need to imitate the complex interplay between English and non-English (Elvish) nomenclature in the book. An additional difficulty is the presence of proper names in Old English (names of the Rohirrim) and Old Norse ("external" names of Dwarves). Their relation to English (within the history of English, and of the Germanic languages more generally, respectively) is intended to reflect the relation of the purported "original" names to Westron.

Early translations

The first translations of The Lord of the Rings to be prepared were those in Dutch (1956-7, Max Schuchart) and Swedish (1959–60, Åke Ohlmarks). Both took considerable liberties with their material, apparent already from the rendition of the title, In de Ban van de Ring "Under the Spell of the Ring" and Härskarringen "The Ruler Ring", respectively. Most later translations, beginning with the Polish Władca Pierścieni in 1961, render the title in literal translations. Further non-literal title translations after the Polish translation are the Japanese 指輪物語　(ゆびわものがたり) "Legend of the Ring", Finnish Taru Sormusten Herrasta "Legend of the Lord of the Rings", the first Norwegian translation Krigen om ringen "The War of the Ring", and West Frisian, Master fan Alle Ringen "Master of All Rings".

Tolkien in both the Dutch and the Swedish case objected strongly while the translations were in progress, in particular regarding the adaptation of proper names. Despite lengthy correspondence, Tolkien did not succeed in convincing the Dutch translator of his objections, and was similarly frustrated in the Swedish case.

Dutch translation (Schuchart)

Regarding the Dutch version, he wrote

In principle I object as strongly as is possible to the 'translation' of the nomenclature at all (even by a competent person). I wonder why a translator should think himself called on or entitled to do any such thing. That this is an 'imaginary' world does not give him any right to remodel it according to his fancy, even if he could in a few months create a new coherent structure which it took me years to work out. [...] May I say at once that I will not tolerate any similar tinkering with the personal nomenclature. Nor with the name/word Hobbit.
— 3 July 1956, to Rayner Unwin, Letters, pp. 249-51

However, if one reads the Dutch version, little has changed except the names of certain characters. This to ensure that no reading difficulties emerge for Dutchmen who don't speak English. Schuchart's translation as of 2008 remains the only authorized translation in Dutch. However, there is an unauthorized translation by E.J. Mensink-van Warmelo, dating from the late 1970s.[2] A revision of Schuchart's translation was initiated in 2003, but the publisher Uitgeverij M decided against publication of the revised version.

Swedish translation (Ohlmarks)

Åke Ohlmarks (1911–1984) was a prolific translator, who during his career besides Tolkien published Swedish versions of Shakespeare, Dante and the Qur'an. Tolkien intensely disliked Ohlmarks' translation of The Lord of the Rings, however, more so even than Schuchart's Dutch translation.

Ohlmarks' translation remained the only one available in Swedish for forty years, and until his death in 1984, Ohlmarks remained impervious to the numerous complaints and calls for revision from readers.

After The Silmarillion was published in 1977, Christopher Tolkien consented to a Swedish translation only on the condition that Ohlmarks have nothing to do with it. After a fire at his home in 1982, Ohlmarks incoherently charged Tolkien fans with arson, and subsequently published the book Tolkien och den svarta magin (Tolkien and the black magic) - a book connecting Tolkien with "black magic" and Nazism.[3]

Ohlmarks' translation was only superseded in 2005, by a new translation by Erik Andersson with poems interpreted by Lotta Olsson.[4]

German translation (Carroux)

For Shire, Tolkien endorses the Gouw of the Dutch version and remarks that German Gau "seems to me suitable in Ger., unless its recent use in regional reorganization under Hitler has spoilt this very old word."

The German translator, Margaret Carroux, decided that this was indeed the case, and opted for the more artificial Auenland "meadow-land" instead.

Rivendell Tolkien considered as a particularly difficult case, and recommends to "translate by sense, or retain as seems best." Carroux (1972) opted for literal translation, Bruchtal.

Another difficult case is the name of Shelob, formed from the pronoun she plus lob, a dialectal word for "spider" (according to Tolkien; the OED is only aware of its occurrence in Middle English). Tolkien gives no prescription; he merely notes that "The Dutch version retains Shelob, but the Swed. has the rather feeble Honmonstret ["she-monster"]." Carroux chose Kankra, an artificial feminine formation from dialectal German Kanker "Opiliones" (cognate to cancer).

"Elf" was rendered as Elb, the plural Elves as Elben. The choice reflects Tolkien's suggestion:

With regard to German: I would suggest with diffidence that Elf, elfen, are perhaps to be avoided as equivalents of Elf, elven. Elf is, I believe, borrowed from English, and may retain some of the associations of a kind that I should particularly desire not to be present (if possible): e.g. those of Drayton or of A Midsummer Night's Dream [...] I wonder whether the word Alp (or better still the form Alb, still given in modern dictionaries as a variant, which is historically the more normal form) could not be used. It is the true cognate of English elf [...] The Elves of the 'mythology' of The L.R. are not actually equatable with the folklore traditions about 'fairies', and as I have said (Appendix F[...]) I should prefer the oldest available form of the name to be used, and leave it to acquire its own associations for readers of my tale.

The Elb chosen by Carroux instead of the suggested Alb is a construction by Jacob Grimm in his 1835 Teutonic Mythology. Grimm, like Tolkien, notes that German Elf is a loan from the English, and argues for the revival of the original German cognate, which survived in the adjective elbisch and in composed names like Elbegast. Grimm also notes that the correct plural of Elb would be Elbe, but Carroux does not follow in this and uses the plural Elben, denounced by Grimm as incorrect in his German Dictionary (s.v. Alb).

The name "Baggins" was rendered as Beutlin (containing the word Beutel meaning "bag").

Russian translations

Interest in Russia awoke soon after the publication of The Lord of the Rings in 1955, long before the first Russian translation. A first effort at publication was made in the 1960s, but in order to comply with literary censorship in Soviet Russia, the work was considerably abridged and transformed. The ideological danger of the book was seen in the "hidden allegory 'of the conflict between the individualist West and the totalitarian, Communist East'" (Markova 2006), while, ironically, Marxist readings in the west conversely identified Tolkien's anti-industrial ideas as presented in the Shire with primitive communism, in a struggle with the evil forces of technocratic capitalism.

Russian translations of The Lord of the Rings circulated as samizdat and were published only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but then in great numbers; no less than ten official Russian translations appeared between 1990 and 2005 (Markova 2006). Tolkien fandom grew especially rapidly during the early 1990s at Moscow State University. Many unofficial and incomplete translations are in circulation. The first translation appearing in print was that by Kistyakovski and Muravyov (volume 1, published 1982).

Hebrew

The first translation of The Lord of the Rings into Hebrew (שר הטבעות) was done by Canaanite movement member Ruth Livnit, aided by Uriel Ofek as the translator of the verse. The 1977 version was considered a unique book for the sort of Hebrew that was used therein, until it was revised by Dr. Emanuel Lottem according to the second English edition, although still under the name of the previous translators, with Lottem as merely "The editor".[5]

The difference between the two versions is clear in the translation of names with the book:

Elves, for an example, were first translated as "בני לילית" (Bneyi Lilith, i.e. the "Children of Lilith") but in the new edition was transcribed in the form of "Elefs" maintained through Yiddish as "עלף". The change was made because "Bneyi Lilith" essentially relates with Babylonian-derived Jewish folklore character of Lilith, mother of all demons, an inappropriate name for Tolkien's Elves.[6] Since the whole seven appendices and part of the foreword were dropped in the first edition, the rules of transcript therein were not kept. In the New edition Dr. Lottem translated the appendices by himself, and transcribed names according to the instructions therein. Furthermore, the old translation was made without any connection to the rest of Tolkien's mythological context, not The Silmarillion nor even The Hobbit. Parts of the story relating to events mentioned in the above books were not understood and therefore either translated inaccurately, or even dropped completely. There are also major inconsistencies in transcript or in repetitions of similar text within the story, especially in the verse.[7]

Tolkien's "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings"

The Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings is a guideline on the nomenclature in The Lord of the Rings compiled by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1966 to 1967, intended for the benefit of translators, especially for translations into Germanic languages. The first translations to profit from the guideline were those into Danish (Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen) and German (Margaret Carroux), both appearing 1972.

Frustrated by his experience with the Dutch and Swedish translations, Tolkien asked that

when any further translations are negotiated, [...] I should be consulted at an early stage. [...] After all, I charge nothing, and can save a translator a good deal of time and puzzling; and if consulted at an early stage my remarks will appear far less in the light of peevish criticisms.
— Letter of 7 December 1957 to Rayner Unwin, Letters, p. 263

With a view to the planned Danish translation, Tolkien decided to take action in order to avoid similar disappointments in the future. On 2 January 1967 he wrote to Otto B. Lindhardt, of the Danish publisher Gyldendals Bibliotek:

I have therefore recently been engaged in making, and have nearly completed, a commentary on the names in this story, with explanations and suggestions for the use of a translator, having especially in mind Danish and German.
— Tolkien-George Allen & Unwin archive, HarperCollins, cited after Hammond and Scull 2005

Photocopies of this "commentary" were sent to translators of The Lord of the Rings by Allen & Unwin from 1967. After Tolkien's death, it was published as Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings, edited by Christopher Tolkien in A Tolkien Compass (1975). Hammond and Scull (2005) have newly transcribed and slightly edited Tolkien's typescript, and re-published it under the title of Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings in their book The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion.

Tolkien uses the abbreviations CS for "Common Speech, in original text represented by English", and LT for the target language of the translation. His approach is the prescription that if in doubt, a proper name should not be altered but left as it appears in the English original:

All names not in the following list should be left entirely unchanged in any language used in translation (LT), except that inflexional s, es should be rendered according to the grammar of the LT.

The names in English form, such as Dead Marshes, should be translated straightforwardly, while the names in Elvish should be left unchanged. The difficult cases are those names where

the author, acting as translator of Elvish names already devised and used in this book or elsewhere, has taken pains to produce a CS name that is both a translation and also (to English ears) a euphonious name of familiar English style, even if it does not actually occur in England.

An example of such a case is Rivendell, the translation of Sindarin Imladris "Glen of the Cleft", or Westernesse, the translation of Númenor. The list gives suggestions for "old, obsolescent, or dialectal words in the Scandinavian and German languages".

The Danish (Ludvigsen) and German (Carroux) translations were the only ones profiting from Tolkien's "commentary" to be published before Tolkien's death in 1973. Since then, throughout the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, new translations into numerous languages have continued to appear.

List of translations

The number of languages into which Tolkien's works has been translated is subject to some debate. HarperCollins explicitly lists 38 (or 39) languages for which translations of "The Hobbit and/or The Lord of the Rings" exist:

Basque, Breton, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Marathi, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (European, Brazilian), Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese.[8]

For some of these languages, there is a translation of The Hobbit, but not of The Lord of the Rings. For some languages, there is more than one translation of The Lord of the Rings. These notably include Russian, besides Swedish, Norwegian, German, Polish and Slovenian.

In addition to languages mentioned above, there are published translations of the Hobbit into Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Belarusian, Esperanto, Faroese, Georgian, Irish, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, and Persian.[9]

Comparatively few translations appeared during Tolkien's lifetime: when Tolkien died on 2 September 1973, the Dutch, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Danish, German and French translations had been published completely, and the Japanese and Finnish ones in part. The Russian translations are a special case because many unpublished and unauthorized translations circulated in the 1970s and 1980s Soviet Union, which were gradually published from the 1990s.

language title year translator publisher ISBN
Dutch In de Ban van de Ring 1957 Max Schuchart Het Spectrum, Utrecht
Swedish Härskarringen 1959 to 1961 Åke Ohlmarks Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm ISBN 978-91-1-300998-8
Polish Władca Pierścieni 1961 to 1963 Maria Skibniewska (poems by Włodzimierz Lewik and Andrzej Nowicki)) Czytelnik, Warsaw
Italian Il Signore degli Anelli 1967 to 1970 Vittoria Alliata di Villafranca Bompiani, Milan ISBN 9788845210273
Danish Ringenes Herre 1968 to 1972 Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen[10] Gyldendal, Copenhagen ISBN 978-87-02-04320-4
German Der Herr der Ringe 1969 to 1970 Margaret Carroux and Ebba-Margareta von Freymann (poems) Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart ISBN 978-3-608-93666-7
French Le Seigneur des anneaux 1972 to 1973 Francis Ledoux Christian Bourgois ISBN 9782266201728
Japanese Yubiwa Monogatari (指輪物語, lit. "The tale of the Ring(s)" ) 1972 to 1975 Teiji Seta (瀬田貞二) and Akiko Tanaka (田中明子) Hyouronsha(評論社), Tokyo ISBN 978-4-566-02350-5, ISBN 978-4-566-02351-2, ISBN 978-4-566-02352-9
Finnish Taru sormusten herrasta 1973 to 1975 Kersti Juva, Eila Pennanen, Panu Pekkanen
Norwegian (Bokmål) Krigen om ringen 1973 to 1975 Nils Werenskiold Tiden Norsk Forlag ISBN 82-10-00816-1, ISBN 82-10-00930-3, ISBN 82-10-01096-4
Portuguese O Senhor dos Anéis 1975 to 1979 António Rocha and Alberto Monjardim Publicações Europa-América ISBN 978-972-1-04102-8, ISBN 978-972-1-04144-8, ISBN 978-972-1-04154-7
Russian Властелин колец Vlastelin kolec 1976 (publ. 2002) A. A. Gruzberg
Spanish El Señor de los Anillos 1977 to 1980 Luis Domènech (Francisco Porrúa) and Matilde Horne Minotauro Buenos Aires ISBN 84-450-7032-0 (Minotauro)
Greek Ο Άρχοντας των Δαχτυλιδιών O Archontas ton Dachtylidion 1978 Eugenia Chatzithanasi-Kollia Kedros, Athens ISBN 960-04-0308-2
Hebrew שר הטבעות Sar ha-Tabbaot 1979 to 1980 Ruth Livnit Zmora-Bitan, Tel Aviv
Norwegian (Bokmål) Ringenes herre 1980 to 1981 Torstein Bugge Høverstad Tiden Norsk Forlag ISBN 978-82-10-04449-6
Hungarian A Gyűrűk Ura 1981 Chapters 1-11: Ádám Réz
Rest: Árpád Göncz and Dezső Tandori (poems) 		Gondolat Könyvkiadó (1981)
Európa Könyvkiadó (since 1990), Budapest 		First: ISBN 963-280-963-7, ISBN 963-280-964-5, ISBN 963-280-965-3
2008 reworked: ISBN 978-963-07-8646-1[11]
Serbian Господар Прстенова Gospodar Prstenova 1981[12] Zoran Stanojević Nolit, Belgrade no ISBN
Russian Властелин колец Vlastelin kolec 1982 to 1992 V. S. Muravev (2nd to 6th books, poems), A. A. Kistyakovskij (first book) Raduga, Moscow ISBN 5-05-002255-X, ISBN 5-05-002397-1, ISBN 5-05-004017-5
Russian Властелин колец Vlastelin kolec 1984 (publ. 1991) H. V. Grigoreva and V. I. Grushetskij and I. B. Grinshpun (poems) Severo-Zapad ISBN 5-7183-0003-8, ISBN 5-352-00312-4 (Azbuka)
Catalan El Senyor dels Anells 1986 to 1988 Francesc Parcerisas Vicens Vives, Barcelona ISBN 84-316-6868-7
Korean 반지이야기 (Banjiiyagi), (reprinted as 완역 반지제왕 (Wanyeok Banjijewang)) 1988 to 1992 강영운 (Kang Yeong-un) Dongsuh Press, Seoul
Armenian Պահապաննէրը Pahapannērë 1989 Emma Makarian Arevnik, Yerevan Only The Fellowship of the Ring, no ISBN
Korean 반지전쟁 (Banjijeonjaeng), (reprinted as 반지의 제왕 (Banjieui Jewang)) 1990 김번, 김보원, 이미애 (Kim Beon, Kim Bo-won, Lee Mi-ae) Doseochulpan Yemun, Seoul ISBN 8986834200, ISBN 8986834219, ISBN 8986834227
Russian Повесть о Кольце Povest' o Kol'tse 1990 Z.A. Bobyr' Interprint no ISBN Condensed translation
Bulgarian Властелинът на пръстените Vlastelinăt na prăstenite 1990 to 1991 Lyubomir Nikolov Narodna Kultura Sofia
Czech Pán Prstenů 1990 to 1992 Stanislava Pošustová Mladá fronta, Prague ISBN 80-204-0105-9, ISBN 80-204-0194-6, ISBN 80-204-0259-4
Russian Властелин колец Vlastelin kolec 1991 V.A.M. (Valeriya Aleksandrovna Matorina) Amur, Khabarovsk no ISBN
Korean 마술반지 (Masulbanji) 1992 to 1994 이동진 (Lee Dong-jin) Pauline (Baorottal), Seoul Only The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers. ISBN 8933103422 (first volume)
Icelandic Hringadróttinssaga 1993 to 1995 Þorsteinn Thorarensen and Geir Kristjánsson (poems) Fjölvi, Reykjavík
Lithuanian Žiedų valdovas 1994 Andrius Tapinas and Jonas Strielkūnas Alma Littera, Vilnius ISBN 9986-02-038-7, ISBN 9986-02-487-0, ISBN 9986-02-959-7
Portuguese (BRA) O Senhor dos Anéis 1994 Lenita M. R. Esteves and Almiro Pisetta Martins Fontes ISBN 85-336-0292-8
Russian Властелин колец Vlastelin kolec 1994 Mariya Kamenkovich and Valerij Karrik Terra-Azbuka, St. Petersburg ISBN 5-300-00027-2, ISBN 5-300-00026-4
Croatian Gospodar prstenova 1995 Zlatko Crnković Algoritam ISBN 953-6166-05-4
Slovenian Gospodar prstanov 1995 Polona Mertelj, Primož Pečovnik, Zoran Obradovič Gnosis-Quarto, Ljubljana
Esperanto[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] La Mastro de l' Ringoj 1995 to 1997, 2nd ed. 2007[25][26] William Auld[27][28] Sezonoj, Yekaterinburg, Kaliningrad ISBN 5745004576, ISBN 9785745004575
Polish Władca Pierścieni 1996 to 1997 Jerzy Łozinski and Marek Obarski (poems) Zysk i S-ka, Poznań ISBN 8371502419, ISBN 8371502427, ISBN 8371502435
Estonian Sõrmuste Isand 1996 to 1998 Ene Aru and Votele Viidemann Tiritamm, Tallinn ISBN 9985-55-039-0, ISBN 9985-55-046-3, ISBN 9985-55-049-8
Turkish Yüzüklerin Efendisi 1996 to 1998 Çiğdem Erkal İpek, Bülent Somay (poems) Metis, İstanbul ISBN 975-342-347-0
Romanian Stăpânul Inelelor 1999 to 2001 Irina Horea, Gabriela Nedelea, Ion Horea Editorial Group Rao
German Der Herr der Ringe 2000 Wolfgang Krege Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart ISBN 978-3-608-93639-1
Korean 반지의 제왕 (Banjieui Jewang) 2001 한기찬 (Han Ki-chan) 황금가지 (Hwanggeum Gaji), Seoul 6 volumes. ISBN 8982732888, ISBN 8982732896, ISBN 898273290X, ISBN 8982732918, ISBN 8982732926, ISBN 8982732934, ISBN 898273287X (set)
Polish Władca Pierścieni 2001 Books I–IV : Maria and Cezary Frąc ; Book V : Aleksandra Januszewska ; Book VI : Aleksandra Jagiełowicz ; Poems : Tadeusz A. Olszański ; Appendices: Ryszard Derdziński Amber, Warszawa ISBN 8372457018, ISBN 8324132872, ISBN 978-83-241-4424-2
Slovenian Gospodar prstanov 2001 Branko Gradišnik Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana ISBN 8611162447, ISBN 8611163001, ISBN 861116301-X
Chinese (Traditional) 魔戒 2001 to 2002 Lucifer Chu (朱學恆)[29] Linking Publishing (聯經出版公司), Taipei
Galician O Señor dos Aneis 2001 to 2002 Moisés R. Barcia Xerais, Vigo ISBN 84-8302-682-1
Slovak Pán prsteňov 2001 to 2002 Otakar Kořínek and Braňo Varsik Vydavatelstvo Slovart, Bratislava ISBN 8071456063, ISBN 8071456071, ISBN 807145608-X
Thai ลอร์ดออฟเดอะริงส์ 2001 to 2002 Wanlee Shuenyong Amarin, Bangkok ISBN 974-7597-54-3
Macedonian Господарот на прстените Gospodarot na prstenite 2002 Romeo Širilov, Ofelija Kaviloska AEA, Misla, Skopje ISBN 9989-39-170-X, ISBN 9989-39-173-4, ISBN 9989-39-176-9
Russian Властелин колец Vlastelin kolec 2002 V. Volkovskij, V. Vosedov, D. Afinogenova AST, Moscow ISBN 5-17-016265-0
Russian Властелин Колец Vlastelin kolec 2002 Alina V. Nemirova AST, Kharkov ISBN 5-17-009975-4, ISBN 5-17-008954-6, ISBN 966-03-1122-2 (Folio)
Basque Eraztunen Jauna 2002 to 2003 Agustin Otsoa Eribeko Txalaparta, Tafalla ISBN 84-8136-258-1
Indonesian The Lord of the Rings 2002 to 2003 Anton Adiwiyoto, Gita K. Yuliani Gramedia, Jakarta ISBN 9796866935, ISBN 9792200355, ISBN 979220556-X
Latvian Gredzenu Pavēlnieks 2002 to 2004 Ieva Kolmane Jumava, Riga ISBN 9984-05-579-5
Persian ارباب حلقه‌ها Arbāb-e Halqehā 2002 to 2004 Riza Alizadih Rawzanih, Tehran ISBN 964-334-116-X, ISBN 964-334-139-9, ISBN 964-334-173-9
Ukrainian Володар Перснів Volodar persniv 2003 Alina V. Nemirova[30] Фолио (Folio) ISBN 966-03-1915-0 ISBN 966-03-1916-9 ISBN 966-03-1917-7
Faroese Ringanna Harri 2003 to 2005 Axel Tórgarð Stiðin, Hoyvík ISBN 99918-42-39-X
Swedish Ringarnas herre 2004 to 2005 Erik Andersson[31] and Lotta Olsson (poems) Norstedts ISBN 91-1-301153-7
Ukrainian Володар Перстенів Volodar Persteniv 2004 to 2005 Olena Feshovets, Nazar Fedorak (poems) Astrolabia, Lviv ISBN 966-8657-18-7
Albanian Lordi i unazave, republished as Kryezoti i unazave 2004 to 2006 Ilir I. Baçi (part 1), Artan Miraka (2 and 3) Dudaj, Tirana ISBN 99927-50-96-0 ISBN 99943-33-11-9 ISBN 99943-33-58-5
Norwegian (Nynorsk) Ringdrotten 2006 Eilev Groven Myhren Tiden Norsk Forlag, Oslo ISBN 82-05-36559-8
Arabic سيد الخواتم، رفقة الخاتم، خروج الخاتم Sayyid al-Khawātim, Rafīqat al-Khātim, Khurūj al-Khātim 2007 Amr Khairy Malamih, Cairo ISBN 978-977-6262-03-4, only The Fellowship of the Ring, Book I
Belarusian Уладар пярсьцёнкаў: Зьвяз пярсьцёнка, Дзьве вежы, Вяртаньне караля Uladar pyars'tsyonkaŭ: Z'vyaz Pyars'tsyonka, Dz've vezhy, Vyartan'ne karalya 2008 to 2009 Дзьмітрый Магілеўцаў and Крысьціна Курчанкова (Dźmitry Mahileŭcaŭ and Kryścina Kurčankova) Mensk Nonconformant orthography
Arabic سيد الخواتم Sayyid al-Khawātim 2009 Farajallah Sayyid Muhammad Nahdet Misr, Cairo ISBN 977-14-4114-0, ISBN 977-14-1134-9, ISBN 977-14-1127-6
Georgian ბეჭდების მბრძანებელი: ბეჭდის საძმო, ორი ციხე–კოშკი, მეფის დაბრუნება Bech'debis Mbrdzanebeli: Bech'dis Sadzmo, Ori Tsikhe-k'oshki, Mepis Dabruneba 2009 to 2011 Nika Samushia (prose and poems) and Tsitso Khotsuashvili (poems in The Fellowship of the Ring) Gia Karchkhadze Publishing, Tbilisi ISBN 978-99940-34-04-8, ISBN 978-99940-34-13-0, ISBN 978-99940-34-14-7
Frisian Master fan alle ringen 2011 to ??? Liuwe Westra Frysk en Frij and Elikser, Leeuwarden ISBN 978-90-8566-022-4. Only Fellowship of the Ring
Ukrainian Володар перснів Volodar persniv 2013 Kateryna Onishchuk-Mikhalitsyna, Nazar Fedorak (poems) Astrolabia, Lviv ISBN 978-617-664-022-6, ISBN 978-617-664-023-3, ISBN 978-617-664-024-0
Yiddish דער האַר פֿון די פֿינגערלעך Der Har fun di Fingerlekh 2016 Barry Goldstein ISBN 978-1500410223, ISBN 978-1512129038
Vietnamese Chúa tể những chiếc Nhẫn 2013 to 2014 (Prose) Nguyễn Thị Thu Yến (f), Đặng Trần Việt (m); Tâm Thuỷ (f); (Poetry) An Lý (f) Nhã Nam, Hanoi (NA)
Marathi Swami Mudrikancha (I,II,III) 2015 Mugdha Karnik Diamond Publications, Pune ISBN 978-8184836219
French Le Seigneur des anneaux 2014 to 2016 Daniel Lauzon Christian Bourgois ISBN 9782267027006

See also

References

  1. ↑ Letters, 305f.; c.f. Martin Andersson "Lord of the Errors or, Who Really Killed the Witch-King?"
  2. ↑ Mark T. Hooker, "Dutch Samizdat: The Mensink-van Warmelo Translation of The Lord of the Rings," in Translating Tolkien: Text and Film, Walking Tree Publishers, 2004, pp. 83-92.
  3. ↑ Tolkien och den svarta magin (1982), ISBN 978-91-7574-053-9.
  4. ↑ Löfvendahl, Bo (30 December 2003). "Vattnadal byter namn i ny översättning" (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  5. ↑ The second edition was therefore soon replaced the older one on the shelves, and it was published under the name: "שר הטבעות, תרגמה מאנגלית: רות לבנית. ערך מחדש: עמנואל לוטם ("The Lord of the Rings". Translated by Ruth Livnit, revised by Emanuel Lottem. Zmora Beitan [זמורה ביתן] publication: Tel Aviv, 1991)
  6. ↑ The new version, Editor's endnote.
  7. ↑ Yuvl Kfir, who assisted Dr. Lottem in the revision, wrote an article in favour of the new edition, translated by Mark Shulson: "Alas! The Aged and Good Translation!"
  8. ↑ FAQ at tolkien.co.uk
  9. ↑ Translations of The Hobbit
  10. ↑ a special edition of 1977 included illustrations by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, working under the pseudonym of Ingahild Grathmer.
  11. ↑ The terminology was reworked and several mistakes corrected. For example, the original Hungarian translation left unclear whether Éowyn or Merry killed the Witch-king which caused confusion when the movie version was released.
  12. ↑ "COBISS/OPAC | Грешка". Vbs.rs. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  13. ↑ "Tolkien en Esperanto: Nova e-libro ĉe La Balta Ondo". Sezonoj.ru. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  14. ↑ Aleksander Korzhenkov. "Tolkien en Esperanto". Esperanto.org. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  15. ↑ Nomo (necesa) (1979-04-14). "Verkoj de William Auld en Biblioteko Butler | Bonvenon al la Biblioteko Butler!". Biblbut.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  16. ↑ Tolkieniano (2001-03-07). "La Mastro de l'Ringoj, edizione in esperanto | Tolkien collection". Tolkieniano.blogspot.fr. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  17. ↑ "Esperanto Collections". Bl.uk. 2003-11-30. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  18. ↑ "100 plej legindaj tradukaĵoj". Esperanto.net. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  19. ↑ Mastro de L'Ringoj, La. "Mastro de L'Ringoj, La". Belabutiko.esperanto.org.br. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  20. ↑ Sutton, Geoffrey. Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto: 1887-2007. Mondial, 2008. ISBN 1595690905, 9781595690906. p. 275
  21. ↑ "La mastro de l' ringoj". Esperanto-USA. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  22. ↑ Aleksander Korzhenkov (2007-06-01). "Tolkien en Esperanto". Esperanto.org. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  23. ↑ www.tolkienbooks.net/php/esperanto.php
  24. ↑ www.worldcat.org/title/mastro-de-lringoj/oclc/718069645
  25. ↑ "Elrond's Library - Tolkien in Esperanto". Elrondslibrary.fr. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
  26. ↑ http://www.esperanto-usa.org/retbutiko/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=20_260&products_id=11080
  27. ↑ Obituary published in The Scotsman
  28. ↑ Mentioned in Daily Telegraph obituary.
  29. ↑ Turning fantasy into a reality that helps others Gavin Phipps, Taipei Times, 6 March 2005, page 18.
  30. ↑ Unlicensed edition, translated from Alina Nemirova's Russian translation (2002, AST Publisher), in Maksym Strikha. Ukrainskyi khudozhniy pereklad: mizh literaturoyu i natsiyetvorennyam. Kyiv: Fakt, 2006. p. 305.
  31. ↑ published Översättarens anmärkningar "translator's notes" in 2007 (ISBN 978-91-1-301609-2)

Bibliography

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