Nimr al-Nimr

Nimr al-Nimr
Religion Islam[1]
Denomination Twelver Shia
School Ja'fari jurisprudence
Education Iran, Syria[1]
Personal
Nationality Saudi
Born (1959-06-21)21 June 1959
Al-Awamiyah, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Died 2 January 2016(2016-01-02) (aged 56)
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Senior posting
Title Sheikh, ayatollah
Religious career
Post Friday Prayers leader, al-Awamiyah[2][3]
Website www.sknemer.com

Nimr Baqir al-Nimr (Arabic: نمر باقر النمر‎‎ Nimr Bāqr an-Nimr;[1] 21 June 1959 – 2 January 2016; also Romanized Bakir al-Nimr,[4] al-Nemr,[5] al-Namr,[6] al-Nimer, al-Nemer, al-Namer), commonly referred to as Sheikh Nimr, was a Shia Sheikh in al-Awamiyah in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province whose arrest and execution created diplomatic tension between Shia and Sunni governments.[7]

He was popular among youth[1][8] and critical of the Saudi Arabian government,[1] calling for free elections in Saudi Arabia.[9] He was arrested by Saudi authorities in 2006, at which time al-Nimr said he was beaten by the Mabahith.[1] In 2009, he criticised Saudi authorities and suggested that if Saudi Shia rights were not respected, the Eastern Province should secede.[2][7][10] Saudi authorities responded by arresting al-Nimr and 35 others.[2][6] During the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr called for protestors to resist police bullets using "the roar of the word" rather than violence,[5][11] and predicted the collapse of the government if repression continued.[3] The Guardian described al-Nimr as having "taken the lead in [the] uprising."[8]

On 8 July 2012 Saudi police shot al-Nimr in the leg and arrested him in what police described as an "exchange of gunfire."[12][13] Saudi police fired into a crowd of thousands who protested al-Nimr's arrest, killing two men, Akbar al-Shakhouri and Mohamed al-Felfel.[13][14][15] Al-Nimr started a hunger strike and allegedly was tortured.[15][16][17] The Asharq Center for Human Rights expressed concern for al-Nimr's health during his hunger strike on 21 August, calling for international support to allow access by family, lawyer and human rights activists.[18]

On 15 October 2014 al-Nimr was sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court for "seeking 'foreign meddling' in Saudi Arabia, 'disobeying' its rulers and taking up arms against the security forces."[19] His brother, Mohammad al-Nimr, was arrested on the same day for tweeting information about the death sentence.[19][20] Al-Nimr was executed on or shortly before 2 January 2016, along with 46 others.[21] His execution was condemned by Iran and Shiites throughout the Middle East, as well as by Western figures and Sunnis opposed to sectarianism. The Saudi government said the body would not be handed over to the family.[22]

Religious career

Al-Nimr had been a Shia Sheikh in al-Awamiyah since 2008 or earlier.[1] He studied for about ten years in Tehran and also studied in Syria. He initially followed Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussaini Shirazi and as of 2008, followed Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi.[1]

As of 2008, he was independent of the two main political groups in the Eastern Province Shia community, Islahiyyah (the Shirazis) and Hezbollah Al-Hejaz (Saudi Hezbollah).[1]

Al-Nimr had been the Friday prayers leader in al-Awamiyah since 2009 or earlier.[2]

Points of view

Al-Nimr supported "something between" individual and council forms of guardianship of the Islamic Jurists as a form of government.[1] He supported Kurdish majority control of Iraqi Kurdistan.[1] Al-Nimr believed that Shia ayatollahs would not promote violence and "murder in the name of God". He supported "the idea of elections".[1]

Al-Nimr criticized Bahrain's Sunni monarchy, which brutally suppressed massive pro-democracy Shia-led demonstrations in Bahrain in 2011.[23] Al-Nimr also criticized Syria's Bashar Assad,[24] saying "(Bahrain's ruling family) Al Khalifa are oppressors, and the Sunnis are innocent of them. They're not Sunnis, they're tyrants. The Assads in Syria are oppressors ... We do not defend oppressors and those oppressed shouldn't defend the oppressor."[25]

In August 2008, he said that he saw US citizens as a natural ally of Shia as the thinking of both US citizens and Shia is "based on justice and liberty".[1] He told a diplomat that he believed in these “American ideals”.[26]

He believed that the Saudi state is "particularly reactionary" and that "agitation" is needed to influence the state in general and the Saudi state in particular.[1] According to John Kincannon, Counselor for Public Affairs at the U.S. embassy in Riyadh, Al-Nimr made statements "perceived as supporting Iran".[1] In August 2008, he stated that he believed that Iran and other states outside of Saudi Arabia act mainly out of self-interest, not out of religious solidarity.[1] He distanced himself from Iran.[25]

Al-Nimr stated that in the case of internal conflict in Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Shia would have the right to ask for international intervention in analogy to requests for foreign military intervention by Kuwaitis and Saudis to the US in the 1990–91 Gulf War and people from Darfur during the War in Darfur.[1]

Al-Nimr criticised Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, who was crown prince of Saudi Arabia, following Nayef's death in June 2012. He stated that "people must rejoice at [Nayef's] death" and that "he will be eaten by worms and will suffer the torments of Hell in his grave".[27][28][29]

Popularity

Al-Nimr was described by US diplomat Michael Gfoeller as "gaining popularity locally" in 2008.[1] The Guardian described him as "[seeming] to have become the most popular Saudi Shia cleric among local youth" in October 2011.[8] He retained his popularity in 2012, with thousands of people participated in Qatif street demonstrations in his support following his July 2012 arrest.[13]

Early arrests and activity

2004 and 2006 arrests

The Saudi authorities reportedly detained him for the first time in 2003, for leading public prayers in the village of Al-Awamiyah.[30] Al-Nimr was detained for several days in 2004.[15] He was arrested by Mabahith in 2006 and beaten during his detention. Residents of al-Awamiyah campaigned to support him and he was released[1] after several days.[15]

2009 sermon and arrest order

In February 2009, an incident occurred in Medina involving differences in Shia and Sunni customs at the tomb of Muhammad, filming of Shia women by the religious police, protests by Shia in Medina and arrests. Six children were arrested during 4–8 March for taking part in a 27 February protest in Safwa.[6]

Al-Nimr criticised the authorities' February actions in Medina and the Minister of Interior in particular for discrimination against Saudi Arabian Shia.[4][6] In a sermon, he threatened secession,[7][10] stating "Our dignity has been pawned away, and if it is not ... restored, we will call for secession. Our dignity is more precious than the unity of this land."[2]

A warrant for his arrest was issued in response. Protests took place in al-Awamiyah starting 19 March. Four people were arrested, including al-Nimr's nephew, 'Ali Ahmad al-Faraj, aged 16, who was arrested on 22 March.[6] The police started tracking al-Nimr in order to arrest him and tried to take his children hostage.[4] By 1 April, a total of 35 people had been arrested and security forces installed checkpoints on roads to al-Awamiyah, but al-Nimr was not arrested during this time.[2]

The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information said that the authorities were "persecuting Shia reformist Nimr Bakir al-Nimr for his criticism of policies of sectarian discrimination against the Shia in Saudi Arabia and for his call for reform and equality."[4]

Protests, arrest and death sentence

2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests

In October 2011, during the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr said that young people protesting in response to the arrests of two al-Awamiyah septuagenarians were provoked by police firing at them with live ammunition. On 4 October,[5] he called for calm, stating, "The [Saudi] authorities depend on bullets ... and killing and imprisonment. We must depend on the roar of the word, on the words of justice".[11] He explained further, "We do not accept [the use of firearms]. This is not our practice. We will lose it. It is not in our favour. This is our approach [use of words]. We welcome those who follow such [an] attitude. Nonetheless, we cannot enforce our methodology on those who want to pursue different approaches [and] do not commit to ours. The weapon of the word is stronger than the power of bullets."[5]

In January 2012, he called on authorities to "stop bloodshed", predicting that the government would be overthrown if it continued its "month-long crackdown" against protestors.[3] He criticised a list of 23 alleged protestors published by the Ministry of Interior. The Guardian described him as having "taken the lead in [the] uprising".[8]

July 2012 arrest and hunger strike

On 8 July 2012 al-Nimr was shot by police in the leg and arrested. According to Ministry of Interior spokesperson Mansour al-Turki, policemen tried to arrest al-Nimr and colleagues who were in a car. Al-Nimr and his colleagues fired live bullets at the policemen, police shot their guns in response, al-Nimr and his colleagues attempted to escape and crashed into a police car.[12] According to al-Nimr's brother Mohammed al-Nimr, Nimr al-Nimr was arrested "while driving from a farm to his house in al-Qatif".[13]

The Saudi Press Agency stated that al-Nimr was charged with "instigating unrest".[15] Mohammed al-Nimr said that his brother "had been wanted by the Interior Ministry for a couple of months because of his political views".[13]

Thousands of people protested in response.[13] Two men, Akbar al-Shakhouri and Mohamed al-Felfel, were killed in the protest.[15] Pictures of al-Nimr "covered with what appeared to be a blood-stained white blanket" were published online by Eastern Province activists.[15] On 16 July, activist Hamza al-Hassan stated that al-Nimr had received a brief visit by his family during which officials stated that the purpose of the visit was to request al-Nimr's family to "calm the angry protestors". According to al-Hassan[16] and Press TV,[17] al-Nimr had been tortured, had bruises on his face and had broken teeth".

On 19 July, al-Nimr's family said that al-Nimr had started a hunger strike.[17] Al-Nimr's family visited him again on 22 July. They stated that he had been badly tortured, with signs of torture on his head, that he was continuing his hunger strike, and that he had weakened.[31]

Al-Nimr's wife, Muna Jabir al-Shariyavi, died in a New York City hospital while he was imprisoned. Two thousand people attended the funeral in Safwa on the evening of 30/31 August, called for al-Nimr to be unconditionally freed, for all Shia and Sunni detainees to be freed, and chanted "Down with Hamad", "Bahrain Free Free, Peninsula Shield out".[14]

On 21 August, the Asharq Center for Human Rights expressed concern that al-Nimr was on the 45th day of his hunger strike while in prison and said that he had not been charged. The Asharq Center appealed for international support for allowing access to al-Nimr by his family, lawyer and human rights activists.[18]

Trial

Amnesty International stated that apart from the charge of firing at security forces on 8 July 2012, the other charges, of "disobeying the ruler", "inciting sectarian strife" and "encouraging, leading and participating in demonstrations" were based on documentary evidence of al-Nimr's sermons and interviews. Amnesty viewed these as representing the right to free speech and that al-Nimr did not incite violence in these. Amnesty stated that witnesses whose testimonies were used during the trial did not testify in court and that al-Nimr's lawyer was not given a fair possibility to defend him.[20]

The European Saudi Society for Human Rights (ESSHR) reported details of five of al-Nimr's court appearances following the 8 July 2012 arrest. According to the ESSHR, 33 charges were laid in the first appearance, on 25 March 2013. On the 29 April 2013 court appearance, the defence was unable to respond to the charges because it did not have the details of the list of charges. On 23 December 2013, al-Nimr's lawyer said that al-Nimr was unable to respond to the charges because he did not have a pen and paper. Al-Nimr's lawyer was informed one day before the fourth appearance, on 15 April 2014. The ESSHR stated that neither al-Nimr's lawyer nor his family were informed prior to the fifth court session, on 22 April 2014.[32]

October 2014 death sentence

On 15 October 2014, al-Nimr was sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court for "seeking 'foreign meddling' in [Saudi Arabia], 'disobeying' its rulers and taking up arms against the security forces".[19] Said Boumedouha of Amnesty International stated that the death sentence was "part of a campaign by the authorities in Saudi Arabia to crush all dissent, including those defending the rights of the Kingdom's Shi'a Muslim community."[20]

Nimr al-Nimr's brother, Mohammad al-Nimr, tweeted information about the death sentence[19] and was arrested on the same day.[20]

The head of Iran’s armed forces warned Saudi Arabia that it would “pay dearly” if it carried out the execution.[33]

2015 appeal and imminent execution

In March 2015 the Saudi Arabian appellate court upheld the death sentence against al-Nimr.[34]

On 25 October 2015, the Supreme Religious Court of Saudi Arabia rejected al-Nimr's appeal against his death sentence. During an interview for Reuters, al-Nimr's brother claimed that the decision was a result of a hearing which occurred without the presence or notification of al-Nimr's lawyers and family. This being said, he still remained hopeful that King Salman would grant a pardon.[35][36][37]

Reactions against death sentence

Petitions from NGOs

On 20 November 2015, besides two volunteers working for human rights and international religious freedom, 15 organisations from different religions and communities functioning for rule of humanity and justice have collectively requested the US Secretary of State to approach and press the King of Saudi Arabia to waive the sentence of death awarded to Sheikh Nimr, Ali al-Nimr, Dawood al-Marhoon and Abdullah al-Zaher.

The signatories of the petition were: Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB); Amnesty International; Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy; Center for Inquiry (CFI); European Center for Democracy & Human Rights (ECDHR); European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights (ESOHR); Freedom House Human Rights Foundation; Human Rights Watch; Hindu American Foundation (HAF), International Institute for Religious Freedom (IIRF); Monitor of Human Rights in Saudi Arabia (MHRSA); Muslim Public Affairs Council; PEN American Center; Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED); Shia Rights Watch (SRW); Dr. Toby Matthiesen, Senior Research Fellow in International Relations of the Middle East at the University of Oxford; William C. Walsh, lawyer.[45]

Execution and reaction against

Wikinews has related news: Saudi Arabia executes 47 people as 'terrorists'
Iranian protests changed name of a street near Saudi embassy to Sheikh al-Nimr

On October 2014, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court approved the death sentence of Nimr for disobeying the ruler, inciting sectarian strife, and encouraging, leading and participating in demonstrations.[20] According to sources main charge was criticism against Saudi's officials.[21][35][46] On 2 January 2016, Saudi Arabia government executed 47 prisoners and declared that Nimr had been among them.[21][47]

Protests were held in various countries such as Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, United Kingdom, Turkey, Australia, and United States following the execution.[48][49][50][51][52][53] People in the Qatif region of Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province have taken to the streets with protesters marching from Nimr's hometown of al-Awamiyah to Qatif, chanting: "Down with the Al Saud".[54] Also, many religious and political figures declared their opinions and reactions about execution of Sheykh Nimar.

Personal life

Nimr al-Nimr's nephew, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr, who participated in the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests,[55][56] was arrested in 2012 at the age of 17, sentenced to death in 2014, and expected ratification of his sentence by King Salman, to be carried out by beheading and crucifixion.[55][56]

Mona al-Jubeir, his wife, died in a hospital in New York City when he was arrested.[57]

Mohammed al-Nimr, the cleric's brother, has blamed US President Barack Obama for failing to use his influence with the Saudi government to prevent his brother’s execution. He said: "We asked very clearly for the American president to intervene as a friend of Saudi Arabia — and the Americans did not intervene".[58]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Gfoeller, Michael (2008-08-23). "Meeting with controversial Shi'a sheikh Nimr". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 08RIYADH1283. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abu-Nasr, Donna (2009-04-01). "Saudi government cracks down on Shiite dissidents". The San Diego Union-Tribune/AP. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
  3. 1 2 3 AGB/HGH (21 January 2012). "Saudi cleric warns Al Saud regime". Press TV. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Shia reformist Nimr Bakir al-Nimr persecuted by security forces for criticising government policies". IFEX/ANHRI. 2009-03-22. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Sheikh Nemr Refuses Use of Violence against Security Forces". Rasid News Network. 2011-10-06. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Shi'a men and teenagers held incommunicado by Saudi Arabian authorities". Amnesty International. 2009-03-23. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
  7. 1 2 3 Laessing, Ulf; Reed Stevenson; Michael Roddy (2011-02-22). "Watching Bahrain, Saudi Shi'ites demand reforms". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Matthiesen, Toby (2012-01-23). "Saudi Arabia: the Middle East's most under-reported conflict". London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  9. ↑ "Saudi execution of Shia cleric sparks outrage in Middle East". The Guardian. 2 January 2016.
  10. 1 2 Hemeid, Salah (2009-05-07). "Bomb-for-peace". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
  11. 1 2 Abul-Samh, Rashid (2011-10-13). "Saudi Shias riot yet again for better conditions". Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
  12. 1 2 "Al-Awamiyah instigator arrested". Saudi Gazette/Saudi Press Agency. 2012-07-09. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Al Sharif, Asma; Angus McDowall; Sami Aboudi; Christopher Wilson (2012-07-08). "Saudi police arrest prominent Shi'ite Muslim cleric". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  14. 1 2 السلطات تمنع تشييع عقيلة آية الله النمر والآلاف يخرجون في مسيرة غاضبة (in Arabic). Awamia.net. 2012-08-01. Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2012-08-01.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Saudi protest crackdown leaves two dead". Al Jazeera English. 2012-07-09. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
  16. 1 2 "'Sheikh Nimr Tortured by Saudi Authorities'". Al-Manar. 2012-07-17. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  17. 1 2 3 "Saudi Arabia's jailed Sheikh Nemr goes on hunger strike". Press TV. 2012-07-19. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  18. 1 2 "Asharq Center expresses concern for the safety of the health and humanitarian situation of Sheikh Nimr Baqr al-Nimr" (in Arabic). Asharq Center for Human Rights. 2012-08-21. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2012-08-23.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Saudi Shia cleric Nimr al-Nimr 'sentenced to death'". BBC News. 2014-10-15. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Saudi Arabia: Appalling death sentence against Shi'a cleric must be quashed". Amnesty International. 2014-10-15. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
  21. 1 2 3 "Saudi announces execution of 47 'terrorists'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  22. ↑ "Saudi govt. secretly buries Sheikh Nimr's body". Mehr News Agency. 3 January 2016.
  23. ↑ "Saudi Arabia executes opposition Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr al-Nim". CBC News. 2 January 2016.
  24. ↑ "Nimr al-Nimr: Britain and the US must condemn 'reckless' Saudi Arabia over cleric's execution". International Business Times. 5 January 2016.
  25. 1 2 "Sayings of executed Saudi cleric Nimr al-Nimr". Reuters. 6 January 2016.
  26. ↑ B.C. "Who was the Shia cleric killed in Saudi Arabia?". The Economist. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  27. ↑ "MEMRI: Saudi Shiite Cleric Nimr Al-Nimr Rejoices in the Death of Saudi Crown Prince Nayef: "He Will Be Eaten by Worms and Suffer the Torments of Hell in His Grave"". MEMRITV – The Middle East Media Research Institute. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  28. ↑ "Prince Nayef's death makes a big difference in the Middle East". The Guardian. London. 19 June 2012.
  29. ↑ "Images; Thousands of Saudis celebrate the death of Nayef bin Abdul Aziz in Eastern provinces". 17 June 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  30. ↑ Keleny, Anne (5 January 2016). "Nimr Baqir al-Nimr: Saudi Arabian Shia cleric who denounced the kingdom's rulers and called for religious freedom". The Independent. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  31. ↑ "Saudi Shia cleric Sheikh Nemr 'tortured' in jail: Family members". Press TV. 2012-07-22. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
  32. ↑ "Follow-up of Sheikh Al-Nemer's Prosecution: Fifth Trial, Secret.". European Saudi Society for Human Rights. 2014-04-23. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
  33. ↑ The Shia in Saudi Arabia: The sword unsheathed, economist.com.
  34. ↑ "Tasnim News Agency – Saudi Appeal Court Upholds Sheikh Nimr's Death Sentence". Tasnim News Agency.
  35. 1 2 "Saudi court upholds death sentence for Shi'ite cleric". Reuters. 25 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  36. ↑ Brittany Felder (26 October 2015). "Saudi Arabia top court confirms death sentence of Shiite Muslim Cleric". JURIST. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  37. ↑ October 26, 2015. "Saudi Arabia court confirms Shia cleric death sentence". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  38. ↑ "Fact Corner: Britons protest Saudi death sentence for Sheikh Al Nimr". PRESS TV. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  39. ↑ "Event Reports: Demonstration protesting Death Sentence of Sheikh Nimr in Geneva". Islamic Human Rights Commission. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  40. ↑ "Nigerians Stage Protest in Solidarity with Jailed Sheikh Nimr". Tasnim News Agency. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  41. ↑ "Iranian senior clerics warn Saudis over death sentence for Sheikh Al Nimr". The Iran Project. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  42. ↑ "KSA to hang opposition Shia cleric amid large protests". News One, Pakistan. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  43. ↑ "Peaceful rally in solidarity with Sheilh al-Nimr staged in Berlin, Germany / Pics". Ahlul Bayt News Agency. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  44. ↑ "Farsnews".
  45. ↑ "NGOs Urge Sec. Kerry to Act in Case of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr". Shia Rights Watch. 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.Online version: http://shiarightswatch.org/ngos-urge-sec-kerry-to-act-in-case-of-sheikh-nimr-al-nimr/?print=pdf
  46. ↑ Eurasia Review (4 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia Carries Out Largest Mass Execution Since 1980". Eurasiareview. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  47. ↑ Associated Press (2 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia says Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, leading Shiite Muslim cleric, among 47 executed". Washington Post. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  48. ↑ Chambers, Bill. "Chicago Muslims Protest Killings in Nigeria and Execution in Saudi Arabia". chicagomonitor.com. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  49. ↑ "PressTV".
  50. ↑ "PressTV".
  51. ↑ "Iraqis, Greeks stage protests against Saudi execution of Nimr".
  52. ↑ "Protest outside Saudi Embassy in Washington against Sheikh Nimr's Execution".
  53. ↑ "Tasnim News Agency – Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr Execution: Hundreds Protest outside Saudi Embassy in Australia". Tasnim News Agency.
  54. ↑ "People in Saudi Arabia's Qatif slam Nimr execution". PressTV.
  55. 1 2 "Saudi Arabia: Stop execution of Ali al-Nimr". Amnesty International. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
  56. 1 2 Hartley, Eve (2015-09-22). "Ali Mohammed Al-Nimr Sentenced To Crucifixion In Saudi Arabia For Attending Pro-Democracy Protest". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
  57. ↑ نمر، صدای بهار عربی در عربستان سعودی BBC Persian
  58. ↑ "Obama blamed for failing to prevent Shiite cleric’s death". Yahoo News. 5 January 2016.

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