New Zealand and the United Nations

New Zealand
United Nations membership
Membership Full member
Since 1945 (1945)
UNSC seat Non-permanent
Permanent Representative Gerard van Bohemen

New Zealand is a founding member of the United Nations, having taken part in 1945 in the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco.

Since its formation, New Zealand has been actively engaged in the organisation. New Zealand sees the UN as a means of collective security, mainly in the South Pacific region, particularly because New Zealand is a relatively small nation and has very little control over much larger countries or significant events. The UN was also seen as a way of safe-guarding New Zealand, at the time, a somewhat fledgling country. The successor New Zealand governments also felt that the United Nations was an important political and military ally to have as it was an integral part of New Zealand's "Collective Security".[1]

Former Prime Minister Helen Clark has since April 2009 headed the United Nations Development Programme, making Clark the most senior New Zealander within the UN bureaucracy. In April 2016, Clark declared her candidacy for the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations.[2]

History

New Zealand's membership of the United Nations as a founder was a considerable change in foreign policy, although strongly supported by the First Labour Government which in 1935 had a firm belief in the concept of collective security through the League of Nations.[3] Previous governments had put all their political and military reliance in the "Mother Country" (the United Kingdom), and expressed reservations about particular policies privately.

During the Second World War, New Zealand realized that it could no-longer rely on Britain to protect her. After the Royal Navy's defeat in the Pacific, New Zealand began searching for a way to increase security of its waters and people through mainly collective security arrangements. The Prime Minister of the time after the war Peter Fraser became actively involved in the creation of the United Nations. He believed that an organization such as the UN could be a place to solve international problems peacefully, ensure New Zealand a say in world affairs, protect the interests of small powers and ally her with major world powers like the United States (later reinforced by the ANZUS security agreement). Although on some issues Peter Fraser disagreed with fellow founding members over, especially on the creation of the United Nations Security Council, he was against giving major countries veto power, because it allowed one power to stop any action and would exclude smaller powers from having a say in world issues. He feared that the USA, USSR, UK and France (China not being a major power of the time) would not accept equal status with smaller countries. Fraser later quoted on the issue: "It is very bad if one nation can hold up the advancement of mankind".

United Nations Security Council

New Zealand (and Norway) declined nomination to the Security Council in 1946, refusing nomination by the Ukrainian SSR. New Zealand had proposed Australia as the "obvious choice" for a South Pacific region representative.

New Zealand served on the United Nations Security Council as a non-permanent member for the Western European and Others Group in 1954–55, 1966[4] and 1993–94. It secured a seat again in 2015–16 after the election in 2014.[5][6]

Support for UN military actions

Right from the start, Peter Fraser supported the formation of Israel. Successive governments have provided military support in the Middle East, Kashmir, India/Pakistan, Cyprus, Cambodia and Korea. More recently, New Zealand peace-keeping troops have been sent to East Timor, Iraq and Afghanistan.

Korean War

Poster created during World War II (1943), according to the Declaration by United Nations of 1942 with, among others, the New Zealand Flag.

New Zealand was among the first nations to respond to the United Nations call for help. New Zealand joined 15 other nations including the United Kingdom and the United States in the anti-communist war. But the Korean War was also significant, as it marked New Zealand's first move towards association with the United States and United Nations in supporting that country's stand against communism.

New Zealand contributed six frigates, several smaller craft and a 1044 strong volunteer force (known as K-FORCE) to the Korean War. The ships were under the command of a British flag officer and formed part of the U.S. Navy screening force during the Battle of Inchon, performing shore raids and inland bombardment. New Zealand troops remained in Korea in significant numbers for four years after the 1951 armistice, although the last New Zealand soldiers did not leave until 1957 and a single liaison officer remained until 1971. A total of 3,794 New Zealand soldiers served in K-FORCE and 1300 in the Navy deployment. 33 were killed in action, 79 wounded and one soldier was taken prisoner. That prisoner was held in North Korea for eighteen months and repatriated after the armistices. This showed the United Nations that New Zealand was committed to the organization and was willing to support the UN if required.

Kashmir conflict

In 1952, three New Zealand officers were seconded as military observers for the United Nations Military Observer Group in the Kashmir, to supervise a ceasefire between India and Pakistan. Many New Zealand officers, including Territorial Force officers, saw service with the force until 1976.

East Timor

Following East Timor's vote for independence in 1999, the United Nations INTERFET (International Force for East Timor) was dispatched into the area. INTERFET was made up of contributions from 17 nations, about 9,900 in total. At its peak, the New Zealand Defence Force had 1,100 personnel in East Timor - New Zealand's largest overseas military deployment since the Korean War. Overall New Zealand's contribution saw just short of 4,000 New Zealanders serve in East Timor. In addition to their operations against militia, the New Zealand troops were also involved in construction of roads and schools, water supplies and other infrastructural assistance. English lessons and medical aid were also provided.

Iraq War

Further information: Iraq War

The New Zealand government opposed and officially condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the US-led "Coalition of the Willing" and did not contribute any combat forces. However, in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 New Zealand contributed a small engineering and support force to assist in post-war reconstruction and provision of humanitarian aid. The engineers returned home in October, 2004 and New Zealand is still represented in Iraq by liaison and staff officers working with coalition forces.

Support for UN Aid Programmes

New Zealand supported aid programmes through UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) and UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). In 1947, New Zealand joined ECAFE (Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East), a UNO regional commission from Iran to Japan, which tries to promote Economic development. Promoting economic development was seen as a way of maintaining global peace because it believed that poverty and unemployment was a main factor in social unrest that could lead to uprise or war.

United Nations Humans Rights Council

New Zealand is standing for election next year to the 47-seat United Nations Human Rights Council for the term 2009-2012, and New Zealand is the first country from the Pacific region to stand. New Zealand’s bid for election is supported by Canada and Australia, who are its partners under the 'CANZ' agreement.[7] New Zealand has a long history of legislation that advances human rights, such as being the first country to give women the right to vote.[8]

Internationally, New Zealand works closely with Pacific Island partners to support and assist the promotion and protection of human rights to influence positive and real change that makes lasting differences in people’s lives. In May 2008, New Zealand’s work to improve the rights of people with disabilities both domestically and internationally was recognised through the Franklin Delano Roosevelt International Disability Award.

Diplomatic representation

Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City, USA.

New Zealand currently has a permanent diplomatic mission to the UN in New York City and also has Permanent Missions to the United Nations Offices in Geneva and Vienna, which focus on human rights and disarmament issues respectively. Mission staff is engaged in multilateral diplomacy with many different countries and organizations. Representatives from the Missions communicate New Zealand’s policy positions to UN officials and foreign delegates, and to convey their views back to Ministry representatives in Wellington and New Zealand’s overseas posts. The Missions also promote New Zealand’s positions in negotiations on UN resolutions, reports and activities.

New Zealand’s contribution to the budget for 2008 was 0.256% of the total United Nations budget totaling NZD$7.3m. New Zealand provided NZD$1.2m in 2008 to financing of the Capital Master Plan for the phased renovation of the UN Headquarters. New Zealand also paid further instalments each year until 2011. In the 2006/07 New Zealand financial year, it contributed NZD$16.9m to 14 UN Peacekeeping operations around the world. New Zealand also contributed NZD$986,000 in 2008 to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.[9][10]

Several New Zealanders currently serve on the following United Nations bodies:

New Zealand is currently represented on the following United Nations bodies:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bowen, George; Agent, Roydon; Warburton, Graham (2007) [2007]. "8". Year 11 History. North Shore, Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0-7339-9280-3.
  2. ↑ Pilkington, Ed (4 April 2016). "Helen Clark, former New Zealand PM, enters race for UN secretary general". Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  3. ↑ McGibbon, I.C. (1981) Blue-Water Rationale:The Naval Defence of New Zealand 1914-1942 , page 256 (GP Print, Wellington, NZ) ISBN 0-477-01072-5
  4. ↑ Bowen, George (1997, 1999, 2000, 2001) [1997]. "4". Defending New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: Addison Wesley Longman. p. 12. ISBN 0-582-73940-3. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ "New Zealand lands seat on UN Security Council". Stuff. 17 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  6. ↑ "New Zealand UN Security Council Candidate 2015-16". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 January 2012. New Zealand is seeking a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council in 2015-16. Elections are in 2014.
  7. ↑ NZ Candidature for Human Rights Council 2009 - 2012 - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
  8. ↑ NZ seeks UN Human Rights Council seat - New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
  9. ↑ United Nations - NZ's engagement with the UN - NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade - Inside Page
  10. ↑ United Nations - NZ's contribution - NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
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