Neutral buoyancy pool

A neutral buoyancy pool or neutral buoyancy tank is a pool of water in which neutral buoyancy is used to train astronauts for extravehicular activity and the development of procedures. These pools began to be used in the 1960s and were initially just recreational swimming pools; dedicated facilities would be built later.

Space agencies

NASA

Buzz Aldrin training at the McDough School for his Gemini 12 spacewalk

Prior to May 1960, NASA recognized the possibility of underwater neutral buoyancy simulations, and began testing their efficacy. NASA engaged Environmental Research Associates, a company based in Baltimore, to try neutral buoyancy simulations first in a pool near Langley Research Center. Visitors and other issues disturbed those efforts, so they moved the operation to a swimming pool at the McDonogh School in Maryland, where Scott Carpenter was the first astronaut to participate suited. Then, after difficult EVAs through Gemini 11 in mid-September 1966, the Manned Spacecraft Center (later renamed the Johnson Space Center) fully understood the importance of testing procedures underwater, and sent the Gemini 12 crew to train at McDonogh.[1][2][3][4]

Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS)

Further information: Neutral Buoyancy Simulator

The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator, located at the Marshall Spaceflight Center in Alabama, operated from 1967 through 1997.[5] The facility had three tanks. The first had a diameter of 2.4 meters (8 ft) and a depth of 2.4 meters (8 ft). The second tank was built in 1966 and had a diameter of 7.6 meters (25 ft) and a depth of 4.6 meters (15 ft). A third tank was added around 1968 for Skylab and other planned projects; it had a diameter of 23 meters (75 ft) and was 12 meters (40 ft) deep.

Training in the NBS decreased when the Johnson Space Center opened its own neutral buoyancy pool in 1980, it eventually was closed in 1997.[5]

Water Immersion Facility (WIF)

WIF was used for the Gemini and Apollo programs and was located in Building 5 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

The pool had a diameter of 7.6 meters (25 ft) and a depth of 4.9 meters (16 ft).

Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF)

WETF, in operation from 1980 through 1998, was located in Building 29 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.[5][6] The dimensions of the pool were 24 meters (78 ft) by 10 meters (33 ft), with a depth of 7.6 meters (25 ft).[6]

Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL)

Further information: Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory

In the late 1980s, NASA began to consider replacing the WETF, which was too small to hold useful mock-ups of many of the space station components planned for Space Station Freedom, which later morphed into the International Space Station. NASA purchased the then-processing facility from McDonnell Douglas in the early 1990s, and began refitting it as a neutral-buoyancy training center in 1994 with construction ending in December 1995. The NBL began operation in 1997.[7]

The NBL is located at the Sonny Carter Training Facility, near the Johnson Space Center in Houston.[8] The pool's dimensions are 62 meters (202 ft) by 31 meters (102 ft), with a depth of 12 meters (40 ft).[8]

Roscosmos

Astronauts being lowered into Hydro Lab

Following the Voskhod 2 mission, a group at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC) proposed training for EVAs in a pool.[9] In September 1969, GCTC created a working group to further study the idea, and some experiments were performed in their swimming pool near the end of that year.[9] In 1970, cosmonauts Andriyan Nikolayev and Vitaly Sevastyanov visited NASA's new 23 meters (75 ft)-diameter pool at Marshall.[9] Sevastyanov was even allowed to don a training suit and enter the pool.[9] Following the visit, further interest in a similar facility began to grow within the Soviet space program.[9] In November 1973, it was officially decided to construct a dedicated pool; until then, the center's swimming pool continued to be used.[9]

Hydro Lab

Hydro Lab was completed in early 1980; the pool there has a diameter of 23 meters (75 ft) and a depth of 12 meters (39 ft).[9][10]

CNSA

Neutral Buoyancy Facility (NBF)

The Chinese NBF[11] is located at the China Astronaut Research and Training Center in Beijing. It has a diameter of 23 meters (75 ft) and depth of 10 meters (33 ft).[12]

ESA

Neutral Buoyancy Facility (NBF)

The European NBF is located at the European Astronaut Center in Cologne, Germany.[13] It has an octagonal shape and dimensions of 22 meters (72 ft) by 17 meters (56 ft), with a depth of 10 meters (33 ft).[14]

JAXA

Weightlessness Environment Test System (WETS)

WETS was located at the Tsukuba Space Center in Ibaraki, Japan.[5] It opened in 1997 and closed in 2011 due to extensive earthquake damage.[5] The pool had a diameter of 16 meters (52 ft), and depth of 10.5 meters (34 ft).[15]

Others

University of Maryland Neutral

Buoyancy Research Facility (NBRF)

The NBRF is located at the University of Maryland in the US.[16] The pool has a diameter of 15 meters (50 ft) and a depth of 7.6 meters (25 ft).[16] It was built in 1992, and is the only neutral buoyancy facility on a college campus.[16] The NBRF is part of the Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) which was originally located at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[16] It split from MIT when the SSL was awarded a grant from NASA to build a dedicated neutral buoyancy pool.[16] Since there was not enough space at MIT for the pool, it was decided to move the SSL to the University of Maryland.[16]

Images

Scale comparison of neutral buoyancy pools (the top images depict overhead views; the bottom images depict side views)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Levine, Raphael B.: Null-Gravity Simulation. Paper presented at the 3lst Annual Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association, May 9-11, 1960.
  2. ↑ Trout, Otto F.; Loats, Harry L.; Mattingly, G. Samuel (Jan 1966). "A Water-Immersion Technique for the Study of Mobility of a Pressure-Suited Subject under Balanced-Gravity Conditions NASA TN D-3054" (PDF). NASA Contract Rep NASA CR.
  3. ↑ Otto F. Trout, Jr., Harry L. Loats, Jr., and G. Samuel Mattingly [ "NASA Contract NAS1-4059 with supplemental agreements"], January 1966
  4. ↑ Roylance, Frank D. (July 19, 2009). "Historic Mark". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 M. S. Laughlin, J. D. Murray, L.R. Lee, M. L. Wear, and M. Van Baalen (2016). "Compiling a Comprehensive EVA Training Dataset for NASA Astronauts" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  6. 1 2 Taylor, Larry (2004). "One Giant Step". Retrieved 19 November 2015. the actual training now occurs in a 78' x 33' swimming pool that is 25 feet deep. The pool itself appears no different from any other swimming pool. It is filled with water and reeks of chlorine.
  7. ↑ Hutchinson, Lee (4 March 2013). "Swimming with spacemen: training for spacewalks at NASA's giant pool". Ars Technica. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  8. 1 2 "Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory" (PDF). NASA. 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "TsPK: The training pool" (in French). Kosmonavtika. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  10. ↑ Rex D. Hall, Shayler David, Bert Vis (2007). "Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center". Springer. p. 53. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  11. ↑ M.S. Laughlin; J.D. Murray; L.R. Lee; M.L. Wear; M. Van Baalen (2016). "Compiling a Comprehensive EVA Training Dataset for NASA Astronauts" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 17 April 2016. China operates the Neutral Buoyancy Facility at the Astronaut Center of China
  12. ↑ "10米水下"太空漫步" (A "space stroll" under 10 meters of water)" (in Chinese). Sohu.com. 25 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  13. ↑ "ESA's Neutral Buoyancy Facility at EAC". ESA. 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  14. ↑ Gary E. Musgrave Ph.D, Axel Larsen, Tommaso Sgobba (2009). "Safety Design for Space Systems". Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 780. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  15. ↑ "Weightless Environment Test Building". JAXA. 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility". University of Maryland. 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
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