Narjis

Narjis
Died Samarra
Resting place Sāmarrā, Iraq
Spouse(s) Abu Muhammad
Children Muhammad al-Mahdi

Narjis (Arabic: نرجس ‎‎) was reportedly the wife of Imam Hasan al-Askari (232–260 AH, c. 846 – c. 874 CE) and the mother of the final Imam of Twelver Shia Islam. Her name has been recorded as Fatima, Narjis, Rayhana, Maryam b. Zayd al-’Alawiyya, Saqil, and Sawsan in books.[1] more sources have described her as a "Roman (i.e. Byzantine) princess" who pretended to be a slave so that she might travel from her kingdom to Arabia.[2][3][4] Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, in Encyclopedia of Iranica, suggests that the last version is "undoubtedly legendary and hagiographic".[3] According to Ibn Babawayh's account,[5] Narjis saw Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, in her dreams and converted to Islam.[6]

Early life and marriage

Allamah Majlesi in al-Ghaibah,[6] she was a Christian[5] Narjis was the granddaughter of a Roman Caesar who was a descendant of the Apostle Simon.

Fatima, Narges Khatoon,[7] Rayhana, Sawsan, and Maryam[3] Maryam b. Zayd al-’Alawiyya and Saqil[5] are names attributed to her in the sources.[1] According to the Sibt ibn al-Jawzi and Ibn Talhah, Sunni narrators, she had been known as Sawsan.[8] It is possible that her original name has been Narjis, with other ones (except for Saqil) being names by which her associates such as Hakimah Khātūn, sister of Ali al-Hadi, tenth Imam, used to call her.[5]

According to Ibn Babawayh's account,[5] Narjis saw Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, in her dreams on fourteen nights. They asked her to become Muslim and travel to Medina by masquerading as a captive of the Muslim army.[3] According to al-Ghaibah, after conversion to Islam upon the request of Mary and Fatima, she had another dream in which she visited Hasan al-Askari, the eleventh Shia Imam. The Imam tells her that her grandfather will shortly send an army to fight against Muslims and that she should turn herself in as a captive without being identified.[6]

According to Donaldson, Ali al-Hadi, Hasan al-Askari's father, wrote a letter and handed it to his friend Bashar ibn Sulaiman with 220 dinars in a red pouch. He asked Bashar to go to Baghdad where slaves were sold to inquire of Amr ibn Yazid about a slave girl who would shout in the language of Rum: "Even if you have the wealth and glory of Solomon, son of David, I will not turn to you. So don't waste your money!" Ali al-Hadi had predicted that the slave seller would respond that in any case he would have to sell the slave girl but she would respond: "Don't rush and let me select the buyer". Bashar narrates that as per Ali al-Hadi's request, he handed the letter to the slave girl. The girl read the letter and cried. Then she asks Amr ibn Yazid to sell her to the writer of the letter, "for if you refuse I will surely kill myself". Bashar narrates that on their way to Samarra, the girl kisses the letter frequently, rubbing it on her face and body. When Bashar asks her about the reason, she replies: "May the offspring of the Prophet dispel your doubts". After a while she reveals to Bashar her dreams and her escape from her father's palace.[9] After joining Ali al-Hadi, he invites his sister, Hakimah Khātūn, and says to her about Narjis: "she is the wife of Hasan al-Askari and mother of Al-Qa'im. Teach her duties and traditions".[6]

Birth of Muhammad al-Mahdi

According to the views of scholars, especially Muhammad Khawja Bukhari in his book Fasl-ul-Khetab, Hamidah the daughter of Muhammad al-Jawad, the ninth Shira Imam, and the aunt of Hasan al-Askari, used to pray a lot to witness the son of Hasan al-Askari. On the eve of 14 Sha'ban in 255 AH she met Hasan al-Askari. When she decided to return, Hasan al-Askari asked her to stay with them in order to witness the birth of the child whom she wished so much to see. Hamidah narrates that when it was the dawn, Nargis felt a sudden twinge of pain. Hakima went to her. After a few moments, Narjis delivered the child.[10][11] Hakima embraced the child and brought him to Hasan al-Askari. He took the child in his arms and he stroked his back and his eyes. Then he said aloud Adhan (call to prayer) in his right ear and Iqama (the second call to prayer) in his left ear.[10][11]

There were no signs of pregnancy and birth in Narjis.[10] Hakimah Khatun has said that the "pregnancy of Narjis was like pregnancy of Moses without any signs for the protection of the child".[10] That is because the Abbasid decided to kill the expected child, who was known as the savior.[3][6][12] After the birth of the child, Hasan al-Askari revealed the child to his forty close followers and then the child was hidden.[3][6][12]

According to Kohlberg, after the death of Hasan al-Askari, some Shia followers believed he was Qaem and Muhammad al-Mahdi was not his son because he did not have any child. Also, the group believed that he had not died and had gone into occultation.[13]

Another part of historians studying the pedigrees of some Central Asian "shejere" saints, believe that the 12th Imam was not the only son of Imam Hasan al-Askari. In the 11th Imam had two sons, Sayyid Muhammad (i.e. Imam Mahdi) and Sayyid Ali Akbar.[14] One descendant of Sayyid Ali Akbar was Saint Ishan (Eshon) Imlo of Bukhara. Ishan Imlo[15] - Bukhara "saint of the last time," as he is called in Bukhara, as it is believed that after him the Saints had no more. The average Asian Muslims revere him as the last of the Saints. Ishan Imlo.[16] according to the source, died in 1162 AH (1748-1749), the mausoleum (Mazar) is in a cemetery in Bukhaara.The existence of any descendant of Imam Hasan al Askari is disputed by many people. However it is believed by Sunni and Shia followers of the Twelve Imams that Imam Hasan al-Askari had a son called Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi, who will be the redeemer of Islam. Genealogy trees of middle eastern families, mostly from Persia and Khorasan show that Imam Hasan al-Askari had also a second son called Sayyid Ali Akbar. It definitely indicates that Imam al-Askari had children and it also substantiates the existence of Imam Muhammad al Mahdi. The reason, why the fact that Imam Al Askari had children or not is till today disputed was maybe because of the political conflicts between the followers of the Imamah and the leadership of the Abbasids and Ghulat Shiites who had not believe Hasan al-Askaris Imamah. Notable descendants of Sayyid Ali Akbar are Sufi Saints like Bahauddin Naqshband, descendant after 11 generations,[17] Khwaja Khawand Mahmud known as Hazrat Ishaan, descendant after 18 generations and Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mir Jan, maternal descendant of Imam Hasan al Askari and Hazrat Ishaan.[18] In her book "Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India" p. 32, Dr.Annemarie Schimmel writes:"Khwaja Mir Dard`s family, like many nobles, from Bukhara; led their pedigree back to Baha'uddin Naqshband, after whom the Naqshbandi order is named, and who was a descendent, in the 11th generation of the 11th Shia imam al-Hasan al-Askari." Although Shiite historians generally reject the claim Hasan al-Askari fathered children other than Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Shiite hadith book Usul al-Kafi, in Bab Mawlid Abi Muhammad al-Hasan b. 'Ali confirms the Sufi claim that Hasan al-Askari had more than one wife, in addition to slave girls, with whom he had relations. In his Usul, al-Kafi writes, "When the caliph got news of Imam Hasan 'Askari's illness, he instructed his agents to keep a constant watch over the house of the Imam...he sent some of these midwives to examine the slave girls of the Imam to determine if they were pregnant. If a woman was found pregnant she was detained and imprisoned...".[17][19][20][21][22]

Death and grave

Al-Askari Shrine

As mentioned by Ibn Babawayh, Narjis' death preceded the death of Hasan al-Askari in 260 AH, but according to al-Najashi, a Shia scholar, she remained alive afterwards hiding in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Hamza, one of the close followers of Hasan al-Askari.[5]

The grave of Narjis is located in the Al-Askari Shrine in Samarra, Iraq. It is next to the grave of Hasan al-Askari. Ali al-Hadi and Hakimah Khatun are also buried at this holy site.[23][24]

Main article: Princess of Rome

Princess of Rome is an animated movie about Narjis, the mother of Muhammad al-Mahdi. The story holds that she was the granddaughter of the Roman Emperor and came to Samarra after many adventures to finally marry Hasan al-Askari. The movie has been directed by Hadi Mohamadian. Princess of Rome was screened at the 33rd Fajr International Film Festival on February 2015 in Tehran and received positive notes.[25]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Sachedina, Abdulaziz (1981). Islamic Messianism. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press. pp. 72–74, 78. ISBN 0-87395-458-0.
  2. ↑ Online Islamic Courses
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali. "ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  4. ↑ Algar, Hamid (18 October 2001). Imam Musa al-Kadhim. University of California, Berkeley, USA.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hussain, Jassim M. "The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam (A Historical Background)". Al-islam. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Muhammad Baqir, Majlisi. "Kitab al-ghaibah" (PDF). islamicmobility.
  7. ↑ Young, Robert E. (September 2008). The Sign of Your Coming?. Tate Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0615249858.
  8. ↑ Staff, Writer. "Hasan al-Askari". cgie.
  9. ↑ Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. BURLEIGH PRESS. pp. 217–222.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Mohammed Raza Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (2012). A Brief Biography of Imam Muhammad bin Hasan (a.s.): al-Mahdi. Bilal Muslim mission of Tanzania.
  11. 1 2 Sadr, Sayyed Sadruddin. "AL-MAHDI" (PDF). .nabacultural.
  12. 1 2 Al-Shaykh al-Saduq. "Kamaaluddin wa Tamaamun Ni'ma" (PDF). duas.
  13. ↑ Arjomand, Amir. "ḠAYBA". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  14. ↑ АХЛ аль-БЕЙТ, Имам Махди (да приблизит Аллах его пришествие!)
  15. ↑ »ЭШОН ИМЛО БУХОРИЙ.
  16. ↑ "Türkistan Seyyidler ve Şerifler derneği"
  17. 1 2 Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 63
  18. ↑ https://www.ziaislamic.com/interface/Gulzar_auliya/5.html ZiaIslamic "Gulzar auliya"
  19. ↑ al-Kafi, by Muhammad Ya'qub Kulayni. Translated by Muhammad Sarwar. Chap. 124, Birth of Abi Muhammad al-Hasan ibn 'Ali, p.705
  20. ↑ Dr.Annemarie Schimmels book "Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India" BRILL, 1976, p.32
  21. ↑ ZiaIslamic "Gulzar auliya"
  22. ↑ Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster "Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari" 2011, ISBN 978-6-1341-5642-4
  23. ↑ Shrine of Imām al-Hādī and Imām al-‘Askarī Archived March 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. (ArchNet Digital Library)
  24. ↑ Staff, Writter. "The grave of mother of Muhammad al Mahdi". mashreghnews. Retrieved February 2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  25. ↑ "Princess of Rome released". www.irna.ir. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
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