Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development (Australia)
Minister for Infrastructure and Transport | |
---|---|
Department of Infrastructure and Transport | |
Style | The Honourable |
Appointer | Governor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Australia |
Inaugural holder | Thomas Paterson |
Formation | 1928 |
The Australian Minister for Infrastructure and Transport is The Honourable Darren Chester MP, since 18 February 2016.[1]
The Minister for Regional Development and the Minister for Local Government and Territories is Senator the Honourable Fiona Nash, since 18 February 2016 and 9 July 2016 respectively.
The ministers are supported by the Minister for Urban Infrastructure, the Hon. Paul Fletcher MP, since 9 July 2016.
Scope
In the Government of Australia, the minister has overall responsibility for all of the matters falling within the Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government portfolio, including regulation, safety and funding in relation to aviation, shipping, roads and railways and policy on regional development, local government and the territories, including the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. His ministerial responsibility includes the following agencies.
- Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, including:
- Office of Transport Security; and
- Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics (BTRE)
- Australian Transport Safety Bureau
History
Under the Constitution of Australia the federal government was not given any specific responsibilities for transport, except for "railway construction and extension in any State with the consent of that State" (section 51(xxxiv)). In 1916, Billy Hughes appointed Patrick Lynch as Minister for Works and Railways to administer Commonwealth Railways and the construction of the Trans-Australian Railway. In December 1928, Stanley Bruce appointed Thomas Paterson as Minister for Markets and Transport, which included responsibility for funding road construction via grants to the states. In January 1932, this portfolio was renamed Minister for Transport, but in April 1932 it was absorbed into the new portfolio of Minister for the Interior along with the position of Minister for Works and Railways.
In December 1938, with the growth of significance of civil aviation and the commonwealth's assumption of responsibility for regulating it under international treaties, Joseph Lyons appointed Harold Thorby as the first Minister for Civil Aviation. In 1941 Robert Menzies re-established the transport portfolio with the appointment of Hubert Lawrence Anthony. The Curtin government was determined to establish a government shipping company, ultimately the Australian National Lines, and John Curtin appointed Jack Beasley as Minister for Supply and Development in 1941. This position was renamed Minister for Shipping, Fuel and Transport in 1950 under the Menzies government and Minister for Shipping and Transport in 1951. Gough Whitlam combined the transport and civil aviation porfolios in 1973, but it was re-divided with Malcolm Fraser's appointment of Wal Fife as Minister for Aviation in 1982. Bob Hawke abolished the aviation portfolio in 1987 with the creation of the "super" departments. Since 1987, there has been a single senior transport minister in Cabinet.
Agency and bodies
Other agencies and bodies the portfolio include:
- Australian Transport Safety Bureau
- Airservices Australia
- Australian Bicycle Council
- Australian Global Navigation Satellite System Coordination Committee (AGCC)
- Australian Local Government and Planning Ministers' Council
- Australian Maritime College
- Australian Maritime Safety Authority
- Australian Motor Vehicle Certification Board
- Australian Rail Operations Unit
- Australian Rail Track Corporation
- Australian Transport Advisory Council
- Christmas Island Administration
- Civil Aviation Safety Authority
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands Administration
- East Kimberley Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Indigenous Trial
- International Air Services Commission
- Jervis Bay Territory Administration
- Local Government and Planning Joint Committee
- National Capital Authority
- National Transport Commission
- Navigation Safety Advisory Committee
- Administrator of the Northern Territory
- Office of the Administrator Norfolk Island
- Regional Development Council
- Regional Women's Advisory Council
- Standing Committee on Regional Development Secretariat
- Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee
- Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme Review Authority
Transport
List of ministers for infrastructure and transport
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Infrastructure and Transport, or any precedent titles:[2]
Order | Minister | Party | Prime Minister | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Thomas Paterson | Country | Bruce | Minister for Markets and Transport | 10 December 1928 | 22 October 1929 | 316 days | |
2 | Parker Moloney | Labor | Scullin | 22 October 1929 | 21 April 1930 | 2 years, 76 days | ||
Minister for Transport | 21 April 1930 | 6 January 1932 | ||||||
3 | Archdale Parkhill | United Australia | Lyons | 6 January 1932 | 12 April 1932 | 97 days | ||
4 | Larry Anthony | Country | Menzies | Minister for Transport | 26 June 1941 | 28 August 1941 | 316 days | |
Fadden | 28 August 1941 | 7 October 1941 | ||||||
5 | George Lawson | Labor | Curtin | 7 October 1941 | 21 September 1943 | 1 year, 349 days | ||
6 | Eddie Ward | 21 September 1943 | 6 July 1945 | 6 years, 89 days | ||||
Forde | 6 July 1945 | 13 July 1945 | ||||||
Chifley | 13 July 1945 | 19 December 1949 | ||||||
7 | Howard Beale | Liberal | Menzies | 19 December 1949 | 17 March 1950 | 88 days | ||
8 | George McLeay | Minister for Shipping, Fuel and Transport | 17 March 1950 | 11 May 1951 | 5 years, 181 days | |||
Minister for Shipping and Transport | 11 May 1951 | 14 September 1955 | ||||||
9 | John Spicer | 14 September 1955 | 27 September 1955 | 13 days | ||||
10 | Shane Paltridge | 27 September 1955 | 5 February 1960 | 4 years, 131 days | ||||
11 | Hubert Opperman | 5 February 1960 | 18 December 1963 | 3 years, 316 days | ||||
12 | Gordon Freeth | 18 December 1963 | 21 January 1966 | 4 years, 72 days | ||||
Holt | 26 January 1966 | 19 December 1967 | ||||||
McEwen | 19 December 1967 | 10 January 1968 | ||||||
Gorton | 110 January 1968 | 28 February 1968 | ||||||
13 | Ian Sinclair | Country | 28 February 1968 | 5 February 1971 | 2 years, 342 days | |||
14 | Peter Nixon | 5 February 1971 | 10 March 1971 | 1 year, 304 days | ||||
McMahon | 10 March 1971 | 5 December 1972 | ||||||
15 | Gough Whitlam | Labor | Whitlam | 5 December 1972 | 19 December 1972 | 14 days | ||
16 | Charles Jones | Minister for Transport | 19 December 1972 | 11 November 1975 | 2 years, 327 days | |||
n/a | Peter Nixon | National Country | Fraser | 11 November 1975 | 8 December 1979 | 4 years, 27 days | ||
17 | Ralph Hunt | 8 December 1979 | 7 May 1982 | 3 years, 93 days | ||||
Minister for Transport and Construction | 7 May 1982 | 16 October 1982 | ||||||
National | 16 October 1982 | 11 March 1983 | ||||||
18 | Peter Morris | Labor | Hawke | Minister for Transport | 11 March 1983 | 24 July 1987 | 4 years, 135 days | |
19 | Gareth Evans | Minister for Transport and Communications | 24 July 1987 | 2 September 1988 | 1 year, 40 days | |||
20 | Ralph Willis | 2 September 1988 | 4 April 1990 | 1 year, 214 days | ||||
21 | Kim Beazley | 4 April 1990 | 9 December 1991 | 1 year, 249 days | ||||
22 | John Kerin | 9 December 1991 | 20 December 1991 | 18 days | ||||
Keating | 20 December 1991 | 27 December 1991 | ||||||
21 | Graham Richardson | 27 December 1991 | 18 May 1992 | 143 days | ||||
22 | Bob Collins | 18 May 1992 | 24 December 1993 | 1 year, 220 days | ||||
23 | Laurie Brereton | Minister for Transport | 24 December 1993 | 11 March 1996 | 2 years, 78 days | |||
24 | John Sharp | Nationals | Howard | Minister for Transport and Regional Development | 11 March 1996 | 25 September 1997 | 1 year, 198 days | |
25 | Mark Vaile | 25 September 1997 | 21 October 1998 | 1 year, 26 days | ||||
26 | John Anderson | Minister for Transport and Regional Services | 21 October 1998 | 6 July 2005 | 6 years, 258 days | |||
27 | Warren Truss | 6 July 2005 | 29 September 2006 | 1 year, 85 days | ||||
n/a | Mark Vaile | 29 September 2006 | 3 December 2007 | 1 year, 65 days | ||||
28 | Anthony Albanese | Labor | Rudd | Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government | 3 December 2007 | 24 June 2010 | 5 years, 289 days | |
Gillard | 24 June 2010 | 28 June 2010 | ||||||
Minister for Infrastructure and Transport | 14 September 2010 | 27 June 2013 | ||||||
Rudd | 27 June 2013 | 18 September 2013 | ||||||
n/a | Warren Truss | National | Abbott | Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development | 18 September 2013 | 15 September 2015 | 2 years, 153 days | |
Turnbull | 15 September 2015 | 18 February 2016 | ||||||
29 | Darren Chester | Minister for Infrastructure and Transport | 18 February 2016 | Incumbent | 302 days |
List of ministers for aviation
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Aviation, or any precedent titles:
Order | Minister | Party | Prime Minister | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Harold Thorby | Country | Lyons | Minister for Civil Aviation | 24 November 1938 | 7 April 1939 | 153 days | |
Page | 7 April 1939 | 26 April 1939 | ||||||
2 | James Fairbairn | United Australia | Menzies | 26 April 1939 | 13 August 1940 | 1 year, 109 days | ||
3 | Arthur Fadden | Country | 14 August 1940 | 28 October 1940 | 75 days | |||
4 | John McEwen | 28 October 1940 | 28 August 1941 | 344 days | ||||
Fadden | 28 August 1941 | 7 October 1941 | ||||||
5 | Arthur Drakeford | Labor | Curtin | 7 October 1941 | 6 July 1945 | 8 years, 73 days | ||
Forde | 6 July 1945 | 13 July 1945 | ||||||
Chifley | 13 July 1945 | 19 December 1949 | ||||||
6 | Thomas White | Liberal | Menzies | 19 December 1949 | 11 May 1951 | 1 year, 143 days | ||
7 | Larry Anthony | Country | 11 May 1951 | 9 July 1954 | 3 years, 61 days | |||
8 | Athol Townley | Liberal | 9 July 1954 | 24 October 1956 | 2 years, 107 days | |||
9 | Shane Paltridge | 24 October 1956 | 10 June 1964 | 7 years, 230 days | ||||
10 | Denham Henty | 10 June 1964 | 26 January 1966 | 1 year, 230 days | ||||
11 | Reginald Swartz | Holt | 26 January 1966 | 19 December 1967 | 3 years, 290 days | |||
McEwen | 19 December 1967 | 10 January 1968 | ||||||
Gorton | 10 January 1968 | 12 November 1969 | ||||||
12 | Bob Cotton | 12 November 1969 | 10 March 1971 | 3 years, 23 days | ||||
McMahon | 10 March 1971 | 5 December 1972 | ||||||
13 | Gough Whitlam | Labor | Whitlam | 5 December 1972 | 19 December 1972 | 14 days | ||
14 | Charles Jones | 19 December 1972 | 30 November 1973 | 3 years, 23 days | ||||
15 | Wal Fife | Liberal | Fraser | Minister for Aviation | 7 May 1982 | 11 March 1983 | 280 days | |
16 | Kim Beazley | Labor | Hawke | 11 March 1983 | 13 December 1984 | 1 year, 277 days | ||
17 | Peter Morris | 13 December 1984 | 24 July 1987 | 2 years, 223 days | ||||
18 | Gary Punch | Labor | Hawke | Minister for Telecommunications and Aviation Support | 2 September 1988 | 28 March 1989 | 207 days | |
19 | Ros Kelly | 6 April 1989 | 4 April 1990 | 363 days | ||||
20 | Bob Collins | Labor | Hawke | Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support | 7 May 1990 | 20 December 1991 | 2 years, 20 days | |
Keating | 20 December 1991 | 27 December 1991 | ||||||
Minister for Shipping and Aviation | 27 December 1991 | 27 May 1992 | ||||||
21 | Peter Cook | Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support | 27 May 1992 | 24 March 1993 | 301 days |
List of ministers for shipping
The following individuals were appointed as Ministers for Shipping, or any precedent titles:
Order | Minister | Party | Prime Minister | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Patrick Lynch | Labor | Curtin | Ministers for Shipping | 17 October 1942 | 2 February 1945 | 2 years, 108 days | |
2 | Bill Ashley | 2 February 1945 | 6 July 1945 | 4 years, 320 days | ||||
Chifley | 13 July 1945 | 6 April 1948 | ||||||
Minister for Shipping and Fuel | 6 April 1948 | 19 December 1949 | ||||||
3 | George McLeay | Liberal | Menzies | 19 December 1949 | 17 March 1950 | 5 years, 269 days | ||
Minister for Fuel, Shipping and Transport | 17 March 1950 | 11 May 1951 | ||||||
Minister for Shipping and Transport | 11 May 1951 | 14 September 1955 | ||||||
4 | John Spicer | 14 September 1955 | 27 September 1955 | 13 days | ||||
5 | Shane Paltridge | 27 September 1955 | 5 February 1960 | 4 years, 131 days | ||||
6 | Hubert Opperman | 5 February 1960 | 18 December 1963 | 3 years, 316 days | ||||
7 | Gordon Freeth | 18 December 1963 | 21 January 1966 | 4 years, 72 days | ||||
Holt | 26 January 1966 | 19 December 1967 | ||||||
McEwen | 19 December 1967 | 10 January 1968 | ||||||
Gorton | 110 January 1968 | 28 February 1968 | ||||||
8 | Ian Sinclair | Country | 28 February 1968 | 5 February 1971 | 2 years, 342 days | |||
9 | Peter Nixon | 5 February 1971 | 10 March 1971 | 1 year, 304 days | ||||
McMahon | 10 March 1971 | 5 December 1972 | ||||||
10 | Gough Whitlam | Labor | Whitlam | 5 December 1972 | 19 December 1972 | 14 days | ||
11 | Bob Brown | Labor | Hawke | Minister for Land Transport and Shipping Support | 24 July 1987 | 4 April 1990 | 2 years, 254 days | |
12 | Bob Collins | Minister for Shipping | 4 April 1990 | 7 May 1990 | 2 years, 53 days | |||
Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support | 7 May 1990 | 20 December 1991 | ||||||
Keating | 20 December 1991 | 27 December 1991 | ||||||
Minister for Shipping and Aviation | 27 December 1991 | 27 May 1992 | ||||||
13 | Peter Cook | Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support | 27 May 1992 | 24 March 1993 | 301 days |
List of ministers for works and railways
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Works and Railways, or any precedent titles:
Order | Minister | Party | Prime Minister | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Patrick Lynch | National Labor | Hughes | Minister for Works and Railways | 14 November 1916 | 17 February 1917 | 95 days | |
2 | William Watt | Nationalist | 17 February 1917 | 27 March 1918 | 1 year, 38 days | |||
3 | Littleton Groom | 27 March 1918 | 21 December 1921 | 3 years, 269 days | ||||
4 | Richard Foster | 21 December 1921 | 9 February 1923 | 1 year, 50 days | ||||
5 | Percy Stewart | Country | Bruce | 9 February 1923 | 8 August 1924 | 1 year, 181 days | ||
6 | William Hill | 8 August 1924 | 29 November 1928 | 4 years, 113 days | ||||
7 | William Gibson | Country | Bruce | Minister for Works and Railways | 10 December 1928 | 22 October 1929 | 316 days | |
8 | Joseph Lyons | Labor | Scullin | 22 October 1929 | 4 February 1931 | 1 year, 105 days | ||
9 | Albert Green | 4 February 1931 | 6 January 1932 | 336 days | ||||
10 | Charles Marr | United Australia | Lyons | 6 January 1932 | 12 April 1932 | 97 days |
List of ministers supporting the transport minister
Since the creation of the enlarged portfolios in the third Hawke Ministry on 24 July 1987 there has usually been a minister outside cabinet supporting the Minister for Transport.
Order | Minister | Party | Prime Minister | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Peter Duncan | Labor | Hawke | Minister for Land Transport and Infrastructure Support | 24 July 1987 | 19 January 1988 | 206 days | |
2 | Minister for Transport and Communications Support | 19 January 1988 | 15 February 1988 | |||||
3 | Peter Morris | 15 February 1988 | 2 September 1988 | 200 days | ||||
4 | Bob Brown | Minister for Land Transport and Shipping Support | 2 September 1988 | 4 April 1990 | 4 years, 203 days | |||
Minister for Land Transport | 4 April 1990 | 20 December 1991 | ||||||
Keating | 20 December 1991 | 24 March 1993 | ||||||
5 | Ian Macdonald | Liberal | Howard | Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government | 21 October 1998 | 26 November 2001 | 3 years, 36 days | |
6 | Wilson Tuckey | Liberal | Howard | Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government | 25 January 2002 | 7 October 2003 | 1 year, 255 days | |
7 | Ian Campbell | Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads | 7 October 2003 | 18 July 2004 | 285 days | |||
8 | Jim Lloyd | 18 July 2004 | 3 December 2007 | 3 years, 138 days | ||||
9 | Catherine King | Labor | Gillard | Minister for Road Safety | 25 March 2013 | 1 July 2013 | 98 days | |
10 | Sharon Bird | Rudd | 1 July 2013 | 18 September 2013 | 79 days | |||
10 | Jamie Briggs | Liberal | Abbott | Assistant Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development | 18 September 2013 | 15 September 2015 | 2 years, 102 days | |
Turnbull | 15 September 2015 | 21 September 2015 | ||||||
Minister for Cities and the Built Environment | 21 September 2015 | 29 December 2015 | ||||||
11 | Paul Fletcher | Liberal | Turnbull | Minister for Urban Infrastructure | 19 July 2016 | Incumbent | 150 days |
List of local government and territories ministers
The following individuals have been appointed Minister for Local Government and Territories, or any precedent titles:[2]
Order | Minister | Party | Prime Minister | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tom Uren | Labor | Whitlam | Minister for Urban and Regional Development | 19 December 1972 | 11 November 1975 | 2 years, 327 days | |
2 | John Carrick | Liberal | Fraser | 11 November 1975 | 22 December 1975 | 41 days | ||
n/a | Tom Uren | Labor | Hawke | Minister for Territories and Local Government, Minister assisting the Prime Minister for Community Development and Regional Affairs |
11 March 1983 | 13 December 1984 | 4 years, 135 days | |
Minister for Local Government and Administrative Services | 13 December 1984 | 24 July 1987 | ||||||
3 | Margaret Reynolds | Labor | Hawke | Minister for Local Government | 18 September 1987 | 4 April 1990 | 2 years, 198 days | |
4 | Wendy Fatin | 4 April 1990 | 20 December 1991 | 1 year, 267 days | ||||
Keating | 20 December 1991 | 27 December 1991 | ||||||
5 | David Simmons | 27 December 1991 | 24 March 1993 | 1 year, 87 days | ||||
6 | Brian Howe | Minister for Housing, Local Government and Community Services | 24 March 1993 | 23 December 1993 | 1 year, 1 day | |||
Minister for Housing, Local Government and Human Services | 23 December 1993 | 25 March 1994 | ||||||
7 | Warwick Smith | Liberal | Howard | Minister for Sport, Territories and Local Government | 11 March 1996 | 9 October 1997 | 1 year, 212 days | |
8 | Alex Somlyay | Minister for Regional Development, Territories and Local Government | 9 October 1997 | 21 October 1998 | 1 year, 12 days | |||
9 | Sandy Macdonald | Nationals | Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government | 21 October 1998 | 26 November 2001 | 3 years, 36 days | ||
10 | Wilson Tuckey | Liberal | Howard | Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government | 25 January 2002 | 7 October 2003 | 1 year, 255 days | |
11 | Ian Campbell | Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads | 7 October 2003 | 18 July 2004 | 285 days | |||
12 | Jim Lloyd | 18 July 2004 | 3 December 2007 | 3 years, 138 days | ||||
13 | Anthony Albanese | Labor | Rudd | Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government | 3 December 2007 | 24 June 2010 | 2 years, 207 days | |
Gillard | 24 June 2010 | 28 June 2010 | ||||||
14 | Simon Crean | Minister for Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government | 28 June 2010 | 25 March 2013 | 2 years, 270 days | |||
n/a | Anthony Albanese | Minister for Regional Development and Local Government | 25 March 2013 | 1 July 2013 | 98 days | |||
15 | Catherine King | Rudd | Minister for Regional Australia, Local Government and Territories | 1 July 2013 | 18 September 2013 | 79 days | ||
16 | Paul Fletcher | Liberal | Turnbull | Minister for Territories, Local Government and Major Projects | 21 September 2015 | 19 July 2016 | 302 days | |
17 | Fiona Nash | Nationals | Minister for Local Government and Territories | 19 July 2016 | Incumbent | 150 days |
List of regional development ministers
The following individuals have been appointed Minister for Regional Development, or any precedent titles:[2]
Order | Minister | Party | Prime Minister | Title | Term start | Term end | Term in office | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tom Uren | Labor | Whitlam | Minister for Urban and Regional Development | 19 December 1972 | 11 November 1975 | 2 years, 327 days | |
2 | John Carrick | Liberal | Fraser | 11 November 1975 | 22 December 1975 | 41 days | ||
3 | Alan Griffiths | Labor | Keating | Minister for Industry, Technology and Regional Development | 24 March 1993 | 23 January 1994 | 305 days | |
4 | Peter Cook | 30 January 1994 | 25 March 1994 | 54 days | ||||
5 | Brian Howe | Minister for Housing and Regional Development | 25 March 1994 | 11 March 1996 | 1 year, 352 days | |||
4 | John Sharp | Nationals | Howard | Minister for Transport and Regional Development | 11 March 1996 | 25 September 1997 | 1 year, 198 days | |
5 | Mark Vaile | 25 September 1997 | 21 October 1998 | 1 year, 26 days | ||||
6 | John Anderson | Minister for Transport and Regional Services | 21 October 1998 | 6 July 2005 | 6 years, 258 days | |||
7 | Warren Truss | 6 July 2005 | 29 September 2006 | 1 year, 85 days | ||||
n/a | Mark Vaile | 29 September 2006 | 3 December 2007 | 1 year, 65 days | ||||
8 | Anthony Albanese | Labor | Rudd | Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government | 3 December 2007 | 24 June 2010 | 2 years, 207 days | |
Gillard | 24 June 2010 | 28 June 2010 | ||||||
9 | Simon Crean | Minister for Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government | 28 June 2010 | 25 March 2013 | 2 years, 270 days | |||
n/a | Anthony Albanese | Minister for Regional Development and Local Government | 25 March 2013 | 1 July 2013 | 98 days | |||
10 | Sharon Bird | Rudd | Minister for Regional Development | 1 July 2013 | 18 September 2013 | 79 days | ||
n/a | Warren Truss | Nationals | Abbott | Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development | 18 September 2013 | 15 September 2015 | 2 years, 153 days | |
Turnbull | 15 September 2015 | 18 February 2016 | ||||||
11 | Fiona Nash | Minister for Regional Development | 18 February 2016 | Incumbent | 302 days |
References
- ↑ "Ministerial Swearing-in Ceremony". Events. Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- 1 2 3 "Ministries and Cabinets". 43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament. Parliament of Australia. 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2013.