Herodes Atticus

Herodes Atticus bust, from his villa at Kephissia. mid-2nd century

Herodes Atticus (Greek: Ἡρῴδης ὁ Ἀττικός, Hērōidēs ho Attikos; AD 101–177),[1] or Atticus Herodes,[2][3] was a distinguished and rich Greek aristocrat and sophist who served as a Roman senator. Appointed consul at Rome in 143, he was the first Greek to hold the rank of consul ordinarius, as opposed to consul suffectus. In Latin, his full name was given as Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes (Greek: Λούκιος Βιβούλιος Ίππαρχος Τιβέριος Κλαύδιος Αττικός Ηρώδης).[1] According to Philostratus, Herodes Atticus was a notable proponent of the Second Sophistic. M.I. Finley described Herodes Atticus as "patron of the arts and letters (and himself a writer and scholar of importance), public benefactor on an imperial scale, not only in Athens but elsewhere in Greece and Asia Minor, holder of many important posts, friend and kinsman of emperors."[4]

Ancestry and family

Herodes Atticus was a Greek of Athenian descent. His ancestry could be traced to the Athenian noblewoman Elpinice, a half-sister of the statesman Cimon and daughter of politician Miltiades the Younger.[1] He claimed lineage from the Athenian King Theseus, the Athenian Monarch Cecrops, King Aeacus and the God Zeus. He had an ancestor four generations removed from him called Polycharmus, who may have been the Archon of Athens of that name from 9/8 BC-22/23.[5] His family bore the Roman family name Claudius. There is a possibility that a paternal ancestor of his received Roman citizenship from an unknown member of the Claudian gens.

Herodes Atticus was born to a distinguished and very rich family of consular rank.[6] His parents were a Roman Senator, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes and the wealthy heiress Vibullia Alcia Agrippina.[1][7][8] He had a brother named Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodianus and a sister named Claudia Tisamenis.[1] His maternal grandparents were Claudia Alcia and Lucius Vibullius Rufus, while his paternal grandfather was Hipparchus.[8]

His parents were related as uncle and niece.[7][8][9] His maternal grandmother and his father were sister and brother[8][9] His maternal uncle Lucius Vibullius Hipparchus was an Archon of Athens in the years 99-100[8][10] and his maternal cousin, Publius Aelius Vibullius Rufus was an Archon of Athens between 143–144.[8][10]

Life

Marble head of Herodes Atticus, the Athenian millionaire and philosopher. Roman, circa 177–180 CE. Said to be Alexandria, Egypt. Lent by Winchester City Museum. The British Museum, London
Bust of Polydeukes - Altes Museum, Berlin
Memnon, foster child of Herodes Atticus; marble bust (showing sub-Saharan facial features), ca. 170 AD, from the villa of Herodes Atticus at Loukou, Peloponnesus.

Herodes Atticus was born in Marathon, Greece[11] and spent his childhood years between Greece and Italy. According to Juvenal Satire III, he received an education in rhetoric and philosophy from many of the best teachers from both Greek and Roman culture.[12] Throughout his life, however, Herodes Atticus remained entirely Greek in his cultural outlook.[12]

The Roman Emperor Hadrian in 125 appointed him Prefect of the free cities in the Roman province of Asia. He later returned to Athens, where he became famous as a teacher. In the year 140, Herodes Atticus was elected and served as an Archon of Athens. Later in 140, the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius invited him to Rome from Athens to educate his two adopted sons, who were the future Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Sometime after Herodes Atticus came to Rome from Athens he was betrothed to Aspasia Annia Regilla, a wealthy aristocrat, who was related to the wife of Antoninus Pius, Empress Faustina the Elder.[13] When Regilla and Herodes Atticus married, she was 14 years old and he was 40. As Herodes Atticus was in favor with the Emperor, as a mark of his friendship Antoninus Pius appointed him Consul in 143.

Herodes Atticus and Regilla controlled a large area of land around the Third Mile of the Appian Way outside Rome, which was known as the "Triopio" (from Triopas, King of Thessaly). For his remaining years he travelled between Greece and Italy.

Some time after his consulship, he returned to Greece with his wife and their children.

Herodes Atticus was the teacher of three notable students: Achilles, Memnon and Polydeuces (Polydeukes). "The aged Herodes Atticus in a public paroxysm of despair at the death of his perhaps eromenos,[14] Polydeukes, commissioned games, inscriptions and sculptures on a lavish scale and then died, inconsolable, shortly afterwards."[15]

Herodes Atticus had a distinguished reputation for his literary work, most of which is now lost,[12] and was a philanthropist and patron of public works. He funded a number of building projects, including:

Throughout his life, Herodes Atticus had a stormy relationship with the citizens of Athens, but before he died he was reconciled with them.[12] When he died, the citizens of Athens gave him an honored burial, his funeral taking place in the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, which he had commissioned.[12]

Children

Regilla bore Herodes Atticus six children, of whom three survived to adulthood. Their children were:

After Regilla died in 160, Herodes Atticus never married again. When he died in 177, his son Atticus Bradua and his grandchildren survived him. Sometime after his wife’s death, he adopted his cousin’s first grandson Lucius Vibullius Claudius Herodes as his son.[16]

Legacy

Herodes Atticus and Regilla from the 2nd century until the present have been considered great benefactors in Greece, in particular in Athens. The couple are commemorated in Herodou Attikou Street and Rigillis Street and Square, in downtown Athens. In Rome, their names are also recorded on modern streets, in the Quarto Miglio suburb close to the area of the Triopio.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity
  2. ↑  Baynes, T.S., ed. (1875–1889). "Atticus Herodes". Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.).
  3. ↑  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  4. ↑ Finley, The Ancient Economy (Berkeley: University of California, 1973), p. 100
  5. ↑ Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination p. 238
  6. ↑ Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p.p. 349-350
  7. 1 2 Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p. 349
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Graindor, P., Un milliardaire antique p. 29
  9. 1 2 Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination p. 243
  10. 1 2 Sleepinbuff.com
  11. ↑ Article, Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes, Microsoft Encyclopedia 2002
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p. 350
  13. ↑ Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity p. 14
  14. ↑ "Polydeukion". Aedicula Antinoi: A Small Shrine of Antinous.
  15. ↑ Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, p. 143.
  16. ↑ Graindor, Un milliardaire antique p. 29

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary material

  • Gibbon, E., The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  • Day, J., An economic history of Athens under Roman domination, Ayers Company Publishers, 1973
  • Graindor, P., Un milliardaire antique, Ayers Company Publishers, 1979
  • Kennell, Nigel M. "Herodes and the Rhetoric of Tyranny", Classical Philology, 4 (1997), pp. 316–362.
  • Lambert, R., Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous, Viking, 1984.
  • Papalas, A. J, "Herodes Atticus: An essay on education in the Antonine age", History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Summer, 1981), pp. 171–188.
  • Tobin, Jennifer, Herodes Attikos and the City of Athens: Patronage and Conflict Under the Antonines, J. C. Gieben, 1997.
  • Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 18–395, Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-10058-8
  • Wilson, N. G., Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge 2006
  • Pomeroy, S. B., The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity, Harvard University Press, 2007
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herodes Atticus.
Political offices
Preceded by
Lucius Cuspius Pactumeius Rufinus
and Lucius Statius Quadratus		 Consul of the Roman Empire
143
with Gaius Bellicius Torquatus 		Succeeded by
Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus
and Titus Statilius Maximus
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