Maha Kapphina

Maha Kapphina (Kappina, Kaphina, Kapphina, Kampilla, Kaphila or Kashphila, or Maha Kappina),[1] also called Maha Kapphina Thera, was an eminent Arahant from Uttarapatha and is considered foremost among those who taught the monks.[2] Maha Kapphina was his monastic name. He became disciple of Buddha and is one of the five hundred Arahants who will be born as future Buddhas, according to the Buddhist beliefs. The reference to Kapphina is found in the Jatakas, Manorathapurani, the commentary on Dhammapada,[3] Visuddh magga, Samyutta Saratthappakasini Commentary, Simuutta Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya, Vinaya Pitaka, Theragāthā, Theragāthā Commentary etc., as well as in the Sanskrit Avadanashatika.[4]

Biography

Kapphina was born in a city called Kukkata (Kukkutavati according to some accounts) in a kingdom, three hundred yojanas in extent.[5][6] It was a frontier kingdom,[7][8][9] located near Himavanta or Himalaya[10][11] and was ruled by his father on whose death, he became its ruler under the name Maha Kapphina—Kapphina or Kappina being probably his appellative rather than a given name. His chief queen Anoja was a princess from Sagala of the Madra kingdom. Soon after ascending the throne, Kappina got attracted towards Buddhism through the medium of traders from Savatthi (Sarasvati in eastern UP)[12] who had visited Kukkatavati and told him about of the appearance in the world of Buddha, the Law, and the Sangha. Immediately on hearing this news, King Maha Kapphina and his thousand courtiers and Queen Anoja and her thousand ladies-in-waiting had given splendid gifts and set out to visit and see the Buddha in person. In this manner they crossed three rivers on dry foot: the Aravacchā, the Nilavāhana, and the Chandrabhaga on making Acts of Truth. The Buddha perceived them coming with his divine eye, and after he had eaten at Savatthi, went through the air to the banks of river Chandrabhaga (Chenab) and sat down under the great banyan tree facing the landing stage of the river. Maha Kapphina and his men saw the Buddha and prostrated themselves before him. The Buddha taught them the Doctrine and they all retired from the world, became arahants and joined the Order. Maha Kapphina exclaims wherever he goes: "aho sukham!, aho sukham"!! (Oh happiness!, Oh happiness!!!). The monks conclude that Kapphina has in mind the happiness of ruling. The Buddha informs that Kapphina refers to the happiness of Nibhana.[13][14]

Country of origin

Nothing definite is known about Maha Kapphina. He is mentioned both in the Buddhist[15] as well as in Sanskrit literature.[16][17][18] In Buddhist literature, he is stated to be king of Kukkatavati located beyond river Indus either in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan, in North-east Afghanistan[19] or in Kashmir.[20] But Medieval age Buddhist writer Śivasvāmin, the court poet of Avantivarman (855 AD - 883 AD), in his poetical composition (Avadanashatika) refers to Maha Kapphina as the king of Lilavati, the lord of Vindhya as well as king of Daksinatya etc.[21] Since Śivasvāmin is a very belated author (9th century AD), the scholar community does not give much credence to his version of Maha Kapphina legend compared to that from the ancient Buddhist texts.

The internal evidence of Kapphina legend tends to locate Kukkatavati somewhere near Pukkhlavati or Mashkavati in NWFP. It is notable that several similar ending names such as Utpalavati, Hamsavati, Oghavati (Apaga), Pokkharavatī (Sanskrit Pushkavati) and Pāṇinian Mashkavati (i.e. Massaga of Arrian) are documented in the NWFP.

Divyavadana attests a city called Utpalavati located in Uttarapatha.[22] The ancient name of Sanskrit Pushkalavati, Pali Pokkharavati or Pushkaravati is said to have been Utpalavati[23] and was located above the confluence of Swat and Kabul river, modern Charasadda. The story of Rupavati (Rupavatyavadana) specifically equates this Utpalavati to the Pushkalavati (modern Charasaddha, north of Peshawar). Thus, it has been conjectured that city of Kukkatavati may have been in NWFP of Pakistan or somewhere near Pushkalavati or Mashkavati (Massaga), or in north-east Afghanistan, in the land of Ashvaka Kambojas. The marriage of king Kapphina to Anoja, the princess of Madda (Madra) kingdom also points to this direction.

Kapphina related to Kapin/Kipin/Kophene (Kabul/Kapisa or Kamboja)

It has been suggested that the very name Kapphina or Kappina may be related to Chinese Kipin or Kapin or Greek Kophene. Kipin of Chinese is the same as Kophene of the Greek writings and the Kubha and/or Kapisa of the Sanskrit literature.[17][18][24][25] Pāṇini teaches that the name of the Kamboja king could be same as the name of his kingdom.[26] It therefore looks quite probable that name Kapphina was not a proper name but an appellation of its ruler and likewise may be related to name Kipin, Kapin and Kophene which are the Chinese and the Greek versions of the Sanskrit Kubha (Kabul) and Kapisa respectively. Equivalence of Kabul and Kapisa with Kamboja has also been accepted by scholar community.[27][28]

Alexander Cunningham writes: "Kipin is one of the most famous but also most puzzling terms of the Chinese geography of north-western India (now Pakistan). As a geographical term the word 'Kipin' is not to be found in Indian literature. We come acrorss King Maha Kapphina or Maha Kaphina, the hero of the many Buddhist legends. He is described as ruling in Kukutavati, a frontier region and this region is definitely localized in the extreme north-west of India (now Pakistan). According to Buddhist traditions, Kaphina was a Brahman. He met the Buddha during the latter's journey to the north-west. Kukatagiri, as mentioned by Pāṇini (V. 4. 147) seems to represent some low peaks of Hindukush in Afghanistan. Thus, Kipin or Kukutawati was situated in Afghanistan near the borders of Pakistan. It is probably Huphina of Hiuen Tsang or Huppian which is Kophen (=the kingdom of Kabul). King Kapphina of the Buddhist legends was the king of this region".[19]

King Maha Kapphina was, in all probability a powerful ruler whose kingdom besides Kabul (Kophene), probably also included parts of Gandhara. Kipin described in the Hou Han-shu may represent the region NWFP (now in Pakistan) dominated in turn by the Greeks, the Sakas, the Parthians and the Kushanas.[19]

Maha Kapphina is said to have met Buddha after crossing three northern rivers[7] i.e. river Aravacchā (probably Swat?), the Nīlavāhana and the Chandrabhaga. This shows that he must have come from north/north-west as river Chandrabhaga is identified with river Chenab and Nīlavāhana with river Indus (Nilab).

According to scholars like D. D. Kosambi, Kapphina was of a Kshatriya varna[29] but according to Alexander Cunningham, Kapphina was a of Brahman varna.[30][31] But these conflicting views are least problematic here since Kambojas in ancient times were given to both Kshatrya as well as Brahmanical pursuits. Pali texts' legend of Maha Kapphina however, does not specify anywhere that Kapphina was a Brahmin or a Kshatriya.[32] But internal evidence of Kapphina legend points to his belonging to the Kshatriya varna.

Maha Kapphina is described by Buddha as pale (or white) (? odata), thin and having a characteristic thin and prominent nose (tanukam tunganasikam).[33] Thus, the personal features, especially the Aryan nose also resemble that of a man from the North/north-west[34] and therefore the Kambojas/Gandharas.

Pukkusati of Gandhara vs Maha Kapphina of Kukkutavati

Anguttara Nikaya mentions sixteen great countries that flourished during Buddha's time of which only two i.e. the ‘Gandhara–Kashmira’ and the ‘Kamboja’ were located in Uttarapatha.[35] Culla-Niddesa adds the Kalinga to the sixteen and substitutes Yona for the Gandhāra[36] thus showing that when Chulla-Niddesa was composed, Kamboja Mahajanapada in the Uttarapatha was more important than even the Gandhara and further indicates that Gandhara may have formed part of the Kamboja Mahajanapada at this time. In Buddha's time, Gandhāra and Kasmira formed one country since the two countries are always mentioned together in one expression as "Kasmīra-Gandhāra" in the Pali texts.[37][38] According to Gandhara Jataka, Kasmira was included in Gandhara.[39][40] In Buddha's time, Pukkusāti, contemporary of the Buddha was the king of Gandhara i.e. 'Gandhara-Kasmira' . As he learnt about the appearance of Buddha, his Dharama and Sangha from his friend king Bimbisara, Pukkusati immediately decided to become a Buddha follower, ordained himself as a monk, renounced his kingdom and traveled all the way to Sāvatthi to see the Buddha.[41] Pali texts refer to Maha Kapphina as a great king of the frontier kingdom of Kukkutavati, 300 Yojana in extent, (in Uttarapatha) and also make him contemporary of the Buddha and Pukkusati. Immediately on hearing of the appearance of Buddha and his Law and Sangha, king Maha Kapphina of Kukkatavati renounced the throne, set forth towards Savatthi to see the Buddha, and like king Pukkusati, he too became a Buddha follower and a monk.[42] The above Buddhist evidence makes it quite clear that Pukkusati and Maha Kapphina were contemporary rulers, both belonged to the Uttarapatha, both abnegated the throne and both had become monks and Buddha followers soon after the appearance of Buddha's Law and Sangha. Since according to Pali textual evidence, Pukkusati was king of ‘Gandhara-Kasmira’, hence his contemporary king Maha Kapphina, said to be a great ruler of a frontier country (hence also from Uttarapatha), could not have been a king either of Gandhara or of Kasmira, as D. D. Kosambi speculates. This clearly means that Maha Kapphina could only have been a king of Kamboja alone (the only other Mahajanapada or great country located in the Uttarapatha division). And being immediate neighbor to Gandhara, king Maha Kapphina had followed king Pukkusati or vice versa and embraced the Buddhist faith.

Conclusion

General Alexander Cunningham has identified Kukkatavati kingdom of Maha Kapphina with Chinese Kipin (=Pāṇinian Kapisa) or Greek Kophene and the Kukatagiri with some low peak of Hindukush region, which obviously refers to the land of ancient Kambojas. D . D. Kosambi has located Kukkatavati of king Maha Kapphina near Kamboja (or Kashmir).[43] Scholars like Gauri Shankar and Michael Hahn[44] as well as the authors of Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference and of Indian Linguistics also connect Kipin of the Chinese records with Buddhist name Kapphina but identify Kipin with Kashmir.[17][45] But it is generally accepted among the scholar community that the Chinese name Kipin is applied to Kapisa country which was a part of ancient Kamboja[46][47][48][49] (See: Kapisa Province). Hence Kapphina and Kapin/Kipin must be related not to Kashmir but to the Kapisa (Kafiristan/Kohistan) and to Kophene (Kabul) and therefore, to the Kamboja. Since Ashvakas of Mashkavati (Massaga) and Kunar valleys were merely a specialized branch (i.e. Ashva-Yuddha-Kushalah) of the more general ethnic term Kamboja, hence D. D.Kosambi's views also reinforce the conclusion that Maha Kaphina was probably a ruler of the Ashvaka country of the Kambojas which around the time of Buddha was only a provincial district of the bigger Kamboja Mahajanapada. It is also not very insignificant to note that there still exists among the modern Kamboj a clan name known as Kukkar (< Kukkad/Kukkat) who claim to have come to Punjab from north-west across the Indus.

References

  1. ↑ Lalitavistara has the variants of Kapphina as Kaphila or Kashphila (See: Indian Linguistics, 1966, p 499, Linguistic Society of India.
  2. ↑ Anguttara Nikaya, I, p 25.
  3. ↑ Book VI. The Wise man, Pandita Vagga, 4=79.
  4. ↑ Buddhist Savants of Kashmir, 1987, p 87, Advaitavadini Kaul.
  5. ↑ See: Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, pp 614, 613, and see also p 473, G. P. Malalasekera.
  6. ↑ According to G. P. Malalasekera, Kukkuta was probably the name of the kingdom and Kukkatavati that of its capital (See: Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, pp 614, G. P. Malalasekera).
  7. 1 2 Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, p 473, G. P. Malalasekera.
  8. ↑ A History of Pāli Literature, 2000, p 497, B. C. Law.
  9. ↑ Northern India According to the Shui-ching-chu, 1950, p 66, Luciano Petech, Daoyuan Li.
  10. ↑ Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, p 613, G. P. Malalasekera.
  11. ↑ Himalaya of the ancient texts and traditions extended from eastern ocean to western ocean and, thus included Hindukush and Karakoram ranges as well (Ref: Sumangavilasini,I.1; Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1972, p 65).
  12. ↑ Ancient capital of Kosala.
  13. ↑ Book VI, Pandita Vagga, The Wiseman, 4=79; Harvard Oriental Series, 1921, p 101, Harvard University - Sanskrit literature.
  14. ↑ Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, p 474, G. P. Malalasekera.
  15. ↑ Manorathapurani and in the commentary on Dhammapada (Book VI. The Wise man, Pandita Vagga, 4=79) etc.
  16. ↑ Kapphinabhuyudaya in Avadanashatika by Sivaswami, XVIII.
  17. 1 2 3 Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1933, p 117, All-India Oriental Conference.
  18. 1 2 Indian Linguistics, 1966, p 499, Linguistic Society of India.
  19. 1 2 3 The Ancient Geography of India: 1975, p xxvii, Alexander Cunningham.
  20. ↑ Śivasvāmin's Kapphiṇābhyudaya, or, Exaltation of King Kapphiṇa: or, Exaltation of King Kapphiṇa, 1989, Gauri Shankar, Michael Hahn; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1933, p 118, All-India Oriental Conference.
  21. ↑ Kapphinabhuyudaya in Avadanashatika by Sivaswami, XVIII.104; XX.1; Cf: Indian Kavya Literature, 1988, p 175, A. K. Warder; Cf: A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular, 2005, p 81, Sisir Kumar Das.
  22. ↑ Divyavadana, p 470; Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, p 363, G. P. Malalasekera.
  23. ↑ The geographical dictionary of ancient and mediaeval India, 1979, pp 163, 200, Nundo Lal Dey; India as Described in Early Texts of Buddhism and Jainism, 1980, p 87, B. C. Law; A History of Indian Civilization, 1958, pp 62, 462, Radhakamal Mukerjee; Foreign Influence on Ancient India, 1992, p 309, Krishna Chandra Sagar; Gandhara and Its Art Tradition, 1978, p 15, Ajit Ghose; Buddhist Remains in Afghanistan, 1991, p 25, R. B. Narain - Buddhism; The Society of the Ramayana, 1991, p 79, Ananda W. P. Guruge; The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal, 1882, p 316, Rājendralāla Mitra, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India). Library, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society of Bengal Oriental Library; History of Buddhism in Afghanistan, 1990, p 207, Buddhism; Bhāratī: Bulletin of the College of Indology, 1983, p 92, Banaras Hindu University College of Indology, Banaras Hindu University Dept. of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology.
  24. ↑ Śivasvāmin's Kapphiṇābhyudaya, or, Exaltation of King Kapphiṇa: or, Exaltation of King Kapphiṇa, 1989, Gauri Shankar, Michael Hahn; Northern India According to the Shui-ching-chu, 1950, p 66-67, Luciano Petech, Daoyuan Li.
  25. ↑ The Ancient Geography of India: By Alexander Cunningham. New Enl. Ed. / Foreword by B. Ch. Chhabra ; Introd. by Asim Kumar Chatterjee ; Additional Notes by Jamna Das Akhtar, 1975, p xxvii, Alexander Cunningham.
  26. ↑ Ashtadhyayi IV.1.175.
  27. ↑ For Kabul = Kamboj equivalence, see refs: Ethnologische Forschungen und Sammlung von Material für dieselben, 1871, p 244, Adolf Bastian – Ethnology; The People of India: A Series of Photographic Illustrations, with Descriptive Letterpress, of the Races and Tribes of Hindustan, Originally Prepared Under the Authority of the Government of India, and Reproduced by Order of the Secretary of State for India in Council, 1868, p 155, John William Kaye, Meadows Taylor, Great Britain India Office – Ethnology; Supplementary Glossary, p. 304, H. M. Elliot; Various Census of India, 1867, p 34; Memoir on Cuneiform Inscription, 1849, p 98, Cuneiform inscriptions; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1849, p 98, Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
  28. ↑ For Kapisa= Kamboja equivalence, see refs: Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India, Edition 1993, p 121, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jules Bloch, Dr Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 43, Dr Moti Chandra – India; The Greeks in Bacteria and India 1966 p 170, 461, Dr William Woodthorpe Tarn; Indian Antiquaries, 1923, p 54; The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 291; Indian historical quarterly, Vol XXV-3, 1949, pp 190-92; Epigraphia Indica, Vol XIX-1, p 11; Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia, 1953, p 58, Sir William Kerr Fraser-Tytler, M. C. Gillet; JBORS, XVI, 1930, p 229, Dr K. P. Jayswal; cf: Visnu Purana, II, p 182, Wilson quoted in Kāṭhakasaṅkalanam: 1981, p xiv, Surya Kanta; Prācīna Kamboja, Jana aura Janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 44, 147, 155, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī; Kāṭhakasaṅkalanam: Saṃskr̥tagranthebhyaḥ saṅgr̥hītāni Kāṭhakabrāhmaṇa, Kāṭhakaśrautasūtra, 1981, pe xii, Dr Surya Kanta.
  29. ↑ The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline, 2000, p 120; Ancient India: A History of Its Culture and Civilization, 1965, Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi.
  30. ↑ The Ancient Geography of India: By Alexander Cunningham. New Enl. Ed. / Foreword by B. Ch. Chhabra; Introd. by Asim Kumar Chatterjee ; Additional Notes by Jamna Das Akhtar, 1975, p xxvii, Alexander Cunningham.
  31. ↑ Ānanda: Papers on Buddhism and Indology: a Felicitation Volume Presented to Ananda Weihena Palliya Guruge on His Sixtieth Birthday, 1990, p 175, Ananda W. P. Guruge, Y Karunadasa - Buddhism.
  32. ↑ See: Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, p 473 seq, G. P. Malalasekera.
  33. ↑ Jataka ii. 284; Kindered Sayings II, pp 193-94; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, Item notes: 7th 1933, p 118, Published by Bihar and Orissa Research Society; The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline, 2000, p 120, D. D. Kosambi; Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, p 475, G. P. Malalasekera.
  34. ↑ Indian Linguistics, 1966, p 499, Linguistic Society of India; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1933, p 118, All-India Oriental Conference.
  35. ↑ Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, pp 363, 526, G. P. Malalasekera. See also entry under Mahajanapada.
  36. ↑ Culla-Niddesa, (P.T.S.), p.37.
  37. ↑ Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, pp 543, 749, G. P. Malalasekera; See also: Asoka and His Inscriptions, 1968, p 93, Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa.
  38. ↑ Cf: "Some Pali texts mention Kasmira and Gandhara as one country ruled by one king" (Asoka and His Inscriptions, 1968, p 93, Dr. Benimadhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa).
  39. ↑ Jataka No 406.
  40. ↑ Asoka and His Inscriptions, 1968, p 93, Dr. Benimadhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa.
  41. ↑ See: Papañca Sūdanī, Majjhima Commentary, (Aluvihāa Series, Colombo), ii.979ff); See also: Gandhara in: Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, pp 749, G. P. Malalasekera.
  42. ↑ See: Maha Kappina Thera in: Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2003, p 473 seq, G. P. Malalasekera.
  43. ↑ An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, 1996, p 150, D. D. Kosambi; The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline: In Historical Outline, 1965, p 120, D. D. Kosambi.
  44. ↑ Śivasvāmin's Kapphiṇābhyudaya, or, Exaltation of King Kapphiṇa: or, Exaltation of King Kapphiṇa, 1989, Gauri Shankar, Michael Hahn.
  45. ↑ Indian Linguistics, 1966, p 499, Linguistic Society of India - India.
  46. ↑ History and Culture of Indian People, Vol III, pp 122, 617, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr. K. M. Munshi.
  47. ↑ Indian Antiquaries, 52, part 2, 1923.
  48. ↑ Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India, 1993 edition, p 121, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jules Bloch, Dr Jean Przyluski, Asian Educational Services.
  49. ↑ Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 43, Dr Moti Chandra - India.

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